INDEX compiled by the author

Aalten: given shelter in, 376 Alkalai family: deported (1944), 666 Aaron (from Opoczno): recalls a Allach: liberation and death at (1945), deportation,5II-13 800 Aaronson, Rabbi Joshua Moshe: leads Almighty, the: Hitler cites 'the will of', 28; revolt, 597-8 his existence denied, 649; a letter to Abeles, Dr Ernest: his testimony, 836 n.19 (from an eleven-year-old girl), 666-7; Aboulker, Jose: and resistance in North 'will raise us up again', 668; his Africa, 482 punishment alleged 'for hiding Jews', Abramovich, Ariela: saved, 23 I 714; a 'revolt' against (in Dachau), 741 Abugov, Alexander: a Jewish partisan, 515 Almoslino, Hayim: his act of defiance, Acmecetka: mass murder of Jews at 173 (194 1- 2), 21 9 Alphabet ofJudaism: its author deported, 'Action Tiger': in Marseilles, 53 I 455 Adampol: Jewish girls rescued from, 301 Alt : Jews deported from (1940), Adjibel, Abram: killed (1942), 310 130 Adler, Stanislaw: and the Alter, Meir: his father killed (1943), deportation of January 1943, 522 522 Aegean Sea: barred to Jewish refugees Alter, Mieczyslaw: deported (1943),522 (1940),135 Alterleib, Nysin: shot (1941),241-2 Africa: possible Jewish emigration to Altman, Tosia: dies (1943), 635 (1940), 119 Altus, Abraham: recalls indignities against Agarici, Viorica: her act of mercy, 162-3 Jews (1939), 90 Aharonowicz (a prisoner): escapes, but American Jewish Joint Distribution wounded, 647 Committee (the 'Joint'): 55,68,98, 118; Ahasuerus: Jews to be cast once more in director of, in Warsaw, killed (1943), role of, 39 522; helps Wallenberg, 701; a Aicatherine: Jews hidden near, 551 representative of, killed in Warsaw Ainsztein, Reuben: his sister an eye-witness, (1944),717; an appeal to, to help record 247; on resistance against 'overwhelming 'the dreadful Jewish catastrophe' (1946), odds', 380; on resistance in Bialystok, 820; the testimony of a representative of, 486-7; on the living 'corpses' at Babi 836 n.19; report of, giving number of Yar, 613 Jews in post-war (1947), 896 n.28 Ajzenman,Julian: leads a resistance group, Amsterdam: aJew deported from (1939), 484 80; Jews find haven in (1939), 80; Jews Albania: Jews of, listed (1942), 281 rescued from (194°),120; occupied by Albeck, Lucy: killed, 712 German forces, 121; the first deportation Alderney Camp (Channel Islands): from (1941),143-4; a second conditions in, 598; fate of Jews sent back deportation from 166; an assurance in to from, 699 (1942),375; a Jewess from, too weak to Aleppo: an emissary from Eichmann at, survive liberation (1945), 798 682 Anielewicz, Mordecai: and resistance·in Alexander, Renate: deported (1940), Warsaw, 315,523; and the Warsaw II6-17 ghetto revolt, 557,561; killed (1943), Alexander, Vera: a witness of medical 565 experiments at Auschwitz, 689 Anin: a Jewess escapes in, 430 Alexeyevka: Jews in combat at, 543 Ankerman (ofWlodawa): seeks to save a Algeria: Je\'.s of, 28 I; resistance in, 482 rabbi, 351 Algiers: a war crimes trial in (March 1944), Ansbacher, Mordechai: his recollections of 854 n.22 Dachau, 758 898 .

Antonescu, General: opposes further 7I8-21; and an eye-witness of the killings (1943), 637 gassing at, 437-9; and the property of Antopol: mass murder at (1942), 425 'evacuated' Jews, 467-8; a deportation Apeldoorn: a deportation of mental to, prevented (1943), 543; death of a defectives from (1943), 526-30 Jewish underground fighter in, 552; Dr Arabia: rumours of Jews to be settled in Mengele reaches (24 May 1943), 581; (1942),3 21 deportations from, 686; deportees from, Archijowski, Menachem: at Chelmno, in a labour camp in Warsaw, 715; 264 brought to Plaszow, and safety from Argentine: 64, 80 (1944),755; final evacuations from Armenians: and Jews, 48-9; 'pitiful (1945),771-6; twins set out from existence' of, 556 (1945),782; death march of survivors of, Armistice Day (1918): an anniversary 784,792-3; fate of Jews evacuated from, punishment (1943), 633-4 797,803; and the 'hope' of revenge by Arnswalde (Pomerania): Jews beaten up in inmates of, 8 I I; survivors of, murdered (1934),42 after liberation, 8 I 7-I 8; and 'the denial Aron, Willi: murdered (1933), 38 of ', 826 Aronowicz, Gitla Hadasa: shot (1942), Auschwitz (town): Jews dispersed from, 50 3 121; Jews from, resettled, 148-9; fate of Aronson, Helen: and the fate of her father, a Jew born in, 310 85 8n·4° Australia: 47, 118; Jews driven to seek new Arretaz, Sergeant: turns Jews back from homes in, 819 Switzerland to France (1942),469 Austria: Jews find refuge in, 47; annexed by 'Aryan': Hitler's concept of, 26; the concept (1938),58-63; Jews forced to of, given legal status (1933), 36; in return to (1938), 65; becomes a German German-occupied Poland, 98; and Soviet province (1939), 80; refugees from, in prisoners-of-war, 159; and a death at Denmark, 119; refugees from, in Belzec, 305; children sentto, in Warsaw, Holland, 120; and the Patria tragedy, 320; two Jewesses disguised as, 338-40; 135; deportees from (1941),143; and Hitler's 'political testimony' (1945), refugees from, in Yugoslavia (1941), 804 147; Jews from, deported to (1942), Asch, Mosche: at Chelmno, 262 250; further deportations planned from Aschersleben: Jews evacuated from (1945), (1942),292; fate of Jews from, at 79 2 Sobibor (1942), 343-4; Jews from, at a Athens: occupied (1941),152; a train from, labour camp on the River Bug, 364; reaches Auschwitz (1944), 722 deportees from, sent from Theresienstadt Atlantic: refugees on (1940), 134 to Auschwitz, 526; refugees from, in Atlas, Dr Jechiel: killed, leading Jewish Denmark, 614; a naval Captain from, partisans (1942),385; his former deputy, helps Jews, 708; Jews from, rescued from murdered after liberation (1946), 818 Yugoslavia, 732; a death march through, Atlasowicz (in Pawiak prison): his prayers 733; Jews from driven towards, and his sermon, 616-17 753-4,766; days of liberation in (1945), Auerbach Rachel: records a testimony 799-800 (194 2),458 Aviel, Avraham: and a massacre, 242-3; Auschwitz (concentration camp): and a further massacre, 333-6 established Oune 1940), 121; first deportation to (1940), 122; fate (Kiev): massacre at (September elsewhere of a girl born at, 130; two Jews 1941),202-5; corpses dug up and sent to (1941),144; poison gas burned at (August-September 1943), experiments at (3 September 1941), 239; 612-13; a memorial gathering at an extension to (1942), 286-7; further (September 1944), 742; becomes a gassings at (1942),291; first systematic meeting place, 820; two tragic disasters deportations to (March-April 1942), at (1961),820-1 3°9-10,3 15,375-9,4°5,47°-1,478, Babiacki, Schlomo: at Chelmno, 268 479,499,5°7,538,543-4; Babikier, Nochum: recalls a deportation, Sonderkommando at, 340; factories and 535-7 labour camps in the region of, 353, 425, Bachi, Armando: gassed (1943), 633 673; and medical experiments, 373-5, : Jews deported from (1940), 130 472-3,576-7,581-3,689-9°, Baden Baden: in (1938), INDEX· 899

70-1; Jews escape near (1945), 788 Baum, Ignatz: killed (1942), 310 Baer, Kurt: leads attack on Jews (1934), 42; Baum, Julia: commits suicide (1942), 323 kills four Jews (1934), 44 Baum, Marianne: shot (1942), 349 Baja: deportation of Jews from (1944), Baumats, Eli: leads a resistance group, 538 679 Baumatz, Usiel: shot, 85 Bakon, Yehuda: and the deceptions at Bauminger, Leon: in Kovno, 155, 224 Auschwitz, 678; and a death march from Bauminger, Roza: and 'scenes from Dante's Monowitz, 774; and conditions in Inferno', 636 Mauthausen, 807-8; 'I will tell the Bautzen: a death march reaches (1945), world', 825 784 Baldwin Fund, the (for refugees): 78 Bavaria: Jews expelled from (1923), 25; the (of 1917): deportations SS in (1933), 33; Jews denied access to on anniversary of (1942), 489 holiday resorts in (1935),48; moments of Balta: resistance near, 189 liberation in (1945), 801-2, 802-3 : massacre at shore of, 779-8 I Bay, Dr Mojzesz: murdered (1943), 605 Baltoji-Volke camp: flight, and reprisals, Bayonne: defiant words of the Rabbi of, 590 before being gassed (1944), 667-8 Bamberg: Jews deported from (1942), 327 Beatus, Fania: commits suicide (1943), Bandet, Matilda: 'My place is with my 565 parents', 827 Becker, Leib: dies (1943),598 Banska Bystrica: Jews in liberation of, 726 Beckermann, Aron: shot (1941),152 Baptism: no protection on the road to Beda, Fritz: sent to Buchenwald (1938), 62; Chelmno, 34 5 deported to Auschwitz (1942), 479 Baranowicze: and an 'instinct' for the Beddo (a dog): at Sobibor, 343 'Jewish problem' (1942), 295; mass Bedzin: Jews killed in (1939), 87;Jews murder at (1942),298; and a train resettled in (1941),148; and deception at Treblinka, 5 I I; a Jew from, Merin, 151; a Jewess killed in, 340; Jews enters (May 1945),806 deported to Auschwitz from (1942), 418; Barasz, Ephraim: and plans to 'protect' his resistance at (1943),862 n.29, 598; the ghetto, 249-50, 370, 371, 488-9,544; story of a girl from, told a few moments and the final deportation, 599 before her death (1943), 650-1 'Barbarossa': launched (22June 1941), Beer, Jadzia: shot (1942), 462 154 Beethoven: played in the Lodz ghetto, Barenboim, Idel: hanged (1941),188 216 Barenboim, Itskhok: hanged (1941),188 Behar, Maurice: killed (1942), 310 Barenboim, Moshe: hanged (1941), 188 Beilin, Dr Aharon: an eye-witness of life Bari: Jews evacuated to (1944), 889 n.2 and death at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Barlas, Chaim: reports killing of Jews in 538-9,734-5,739; recalls a death Rumania (194°),123 march, 77 4 - 5; and the Jewish desire to Barlogi (Poland): and a deception (1941), assemble the evidence, 825 239 Bein, William: his report on Jews in post­ Barry (a dog): 'a wild beast', 326,432 war Poland (1947), 896 n.28 Bartoszewski, Wladyslaw: 'Their names are Bejski, Moshe: an eye-witness of events at not known', 564 Plaszow, 550; recalls a deportation Barzilai, Chief Rabbi Ilia (of Athens): from Plaszow, and its sequel, 754-5 escapes, 625 Bekerman, leek: hanged (1943), 610 Bas, Rosette: dies, after liberation (1945), BeiaH (a van driver): at Chelmno, 693 798 Belgium: 28;Jews find refuge in, 45, 47,64, Basch, Professor Victor: executed with his 80,82; occupied by Germany, 119; anti­ wife (1944), 654 Jewish laws in (1940), 123, 135, 176; : Hungarian Jews reach, from Belsen and the '', 284;1ews (1944),884 n·78 deported from (1942), 308; deportations Bau-Prussak, Dr Salomea: killed (1942), to Auschwitz from, 405, 418, 467, 494, 389 517-18,521,574-5,614,654,678; Baublis, Dr Petras: saves Jews, 230-1 Jews from, in a Warsaw labour camp, Bauer, Daria: deported to Auschwitz, 678 595, 715;Jews in, active in the resistance, Bauer, 5S Technical Sergeant: and the 664; a Jewess from, tries 'to make it 'naive Jewess', 326-7 easier' for others at Auschwitz, 683 Baum, Herbert: shot (1942), 349 Belgrade: 'You will all perish' (1941), 147; 900 . THE HOLOCAUST

Belgrade - cont. Beneschek (a Sudeten German): helps Jews, Jewish homes looted, 148; reprisals in, 486 173; gas vans sent from (1942),365; a Benjamin, Walter: commits suicide (1940), death march through (1944), 733 124 Belsen (Bergen-Belsen): Jews transferred to Benoit, Father (Father Benedetti): saves safety through (1943), 595, 667; Jews Jews, 622 sent to Auschwitz through, 620-1; Jews Berdichev: mass murder at (1941), 173 sent from Auschwitz to, 767; Jews sent Beregszasz (Beregovo): recollections of a from labour camps to, 784, 785, boy from, at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 677; 789-90; a death train reaches, 787; final on a death march to Sachsenhausen, 764; horrors in, 790-2; a death march reaches a Jewess fro,m, too weak to survive region of, 792-3; British troops enter, liberation, 798 793-4; deaths in, after liberation, Berendt, Haim: recalls a deportation, 229 794-6,800; the 'stench' at, like Dachau, Berenstein, Liliane: her letter to God, 799 666-7 Belsky, Achik: defends a 'family camp', Bereza Kartuska: mass murder at (1942), 609 380 Belsky, Asael: escapes (1941), 169; Berezovka: deportations to (1942), 289 captured, but escapes again (1942), 505; Berg (Norway): Jews interned at, 446 defends a 'family camp', 609; killed in Berg, Lena: deported from Warsaw, 562; at action, 609 Majdanek, 570; at Auschwitz, 621-2; an Belsky, Gershon: killed (1942), 505 'impossible dream' recalled, 695, 696-7; Belsky, Tobias: protects Jews and attacks and the fate of 'those selected to die', Germans, 504-5;Jews reach, 609 729-30; recalls the camp at Belsky, Zusl: anti-German attacks by, 609 Neustadt-Glowen, and liberation, Belzec: forced labour near (1940),112, 806-7; and events after liberation, 126,127; a death camp established near 812-13 (1942),286,288,294; deportations to Berg, Mary: and the Jews of Warsaw, 91; (1942),302-7,308-9; a 'crime' at, and the Jews of Lodz, 96-7,102-3,106; 3 I I - I 2; its location unknown to the returns to Warsaw, 109-10; and Pearl Jews of Lublin, 316; details of mass Harbor, 24 I; and the establishment of murder at, known in Szczebrzeszyn, the , 132,133,137-8; 316-17,319; a deportation to, from and the war news (1941), 196; and Zamosc, 319-20; Jews of Bilgoraj Jewish children frozen to death (194 I), deported to, 33 I; Jews of Cracow 233; and the death penalty (1942), 295; deported to, 358; and 'operation and 'talk of mass deportation' apparently Reinhard', 363;Jews held at Ujazdow contradicted, 321; and the killing of deported to, 365;Jews from Przemysl bakers in Warsaw, 324; and the deported to, 402; Jews of Tarnow execution of sixty Jews, 327-8; and the deported to, 404; Jews of Szczebrzeszyn execution of ten Jewish policemen, deported to, 408; complaints of villagers 361-2; survives, 392 at, 409; continued deportations to, 410, Bergen-Belsen: see index entry for Belsen 411-13,419,446,462,476,479,484, Berger, Gottlob: Himmler's letter to, 403, 492,500-1,521,532; plans for further 860 n.5 trains to, 471; death toll in, 502; a Berger, Joseph: and indignities against survivor of, murdered after liberation, Jewish prisoners-of-war (1939), 91-2 81 7 Berger, Oscar: an escape organizer, 647 Ben Shemen (): 52 Bergman, Dr: commits suicide (1941), Ben Ya'acov, Zvi: executed (1944), 761 181 Ben Zimra, Isaac: shot for his part in the Bergman, Professor: his son's death (1943), (1944), 885 n.5 602 Ben Zvi, Gedalia: reaches Stutthof from Bergman, Serge: murdered (1944), 685 Auschwitz, 758-9 Berkan, Hirsch: advises Jews to flee (1942), Benario (a Jewish lawyer): killed in Dachau 381 (1933),37 Berlin: anti-Jewish actions in (1919), 23; Benedics, Michael: a Jew, whose eight Jews killed in (1930), 29-30; and descendant saved Jews, 701 the Reichstag fire (1933),}2; Jews Benedyktowicz, Witold: saves Jews, 882 a ttacked in (1933), 33; and the German n·3 2 Deaf Association, 40; an incident in INDEX· 901

(1935),45; anti-Jewish riots in (1935), Bessarabia: deportations (1941), 161; 45; renewed anti-Jewish violence in death marches (1941),179; deportation (1938),63-4,69; Jews evicted from to death camps from (1942), 219 (1938),69-70; and the 'planned overall Besser, Aliza: recalls a death train to Belsen measures' against Jews (1939), 88-9; (1945),787 other measures ordered from (1939), Biala Poldlaska: a death march to (1940), 93-4; Bureau IV-D-4 established in (30 110-1 1,368; a deportation from (1941), January 1940), 112; first British air raids 153; a further deportation from (1942), on, 125-6; anti-Jewish films shown in 367; a survivor returns to (1944), 759; (194°),126; news reaches, of Gurs two Jews murdered in, after liberation camp (194°),130; Ethnic (1946),818 German allies of, 14 I; killing squad Bialer, Toshia: witnesses establishment of report to, 168, 186, 217; deportations Warsaw ghetto, 129-30 from (1941), 213, 229, 230, 237; and the Bialka: Poles shot for helping Jews, 504 possible use of poison gas (1941), 219; Bialas, Wanda: recalls fate of children at and the halting of an execution, 234; Majdanek,571 advice from ('liquidate them yourselves'), Bialystok: occupied by Soviet troops 245-6; and the (20 (1939),92; and the first days of the January 1942), 279, 280-5; a second German occupation (1941),160-1,166; deportation Conference held in (6 March killings continue in, 179, 182; Jews hope 1942),291-2; Jews seized in (3 April for a haven in, 228; Jews in region of 1942),322; the suicide ofJews from, (1942),281; visitors to, 339; and the 322,323,405; and Jews from, deported survival of the ghetto, 370, 371,486-7, from Lodz to Chelmo (1942), 345; 488-9,583; the Jewish Fighting Jewish defiance in (1942), 349; Jews Organization in (by the end of 1942), arrested in, 363-4; an eye-witness to 860 n.29; and a train deception at mass murder on a train to, 428; and a Treblinka, 5 II; and a deportation to train deception, at Treblinka, 510; Auschwitz (1943), 533-4; an act of deportations to Auschwitz from (1943), defiance in, 534-5; a further deportation 517,533-4; a deportation to to Auschwitz (1943),543-4; a decision Theresienstadt from, 586; a death camp to resist in, 544; a final deportation from, escapee reaches, on the day of victory, and revolt in (August 1943), 599-603; 619; Jews helped in, 626; skeletons sent fate of children from, 6 I 6; resistance in to Anthropological Museum in (1944), the region of (March 1944),664; the 721; and a cruel delay, 729-30; Hitler final defiance in Ouly 1944), 704-5; fate dictates his political testimony in (1945), of a survivor from (1945), 812 803-4; Hitler commits suicide in (30 Bibedgal, Schmuel: at Chelmno, 268, 269 April 1945), 804; surrenders (2 May Biblis (near Worms): 3 1,46 1945),805; the Jews of, at liberation, Biebow, Hans: strikes , 805-6 691; gives Jews assurances, 693, 718 Beriiner,: killed (1941),195 Bielefeld: Jews deported from, 67, Berliner, Meir: his act of defiance, 455 850 n.46 Berman, Adolf: and the 'tragic race' in the Bielsk Podlaski: liberation of a Jew from, at Warsaw ghetto (1942), 33 1-2; and the Ebensee, 808 deportation of children, 388, 392-3; and Bierman, John: records the fate of a the site of Treblinka after liberation, deportee and his family, 710, 724 765-6 'Big Whip': at Chelmno, 260, 264, 266, Bernadotte, Count Folke: negotiates release 267, 269,274,275 ofJews (1945), 796 Bikernieker forest (Riga): mass murder at Bernburg: Jews gassed at (194 1),238 (194 2),3 13 Bernheim, Franz: his petition, 39 Bilgoraj: deportations from (1942), 33 I Bernholz, Joseph: denounced, and killed Bilhaus, SS Second Lieutenant: his sadism (1944),74° (1942),3°0 Bernholz, Towa: killed in an air raid Bilski, Dr Richard: and a 'cruel hoax', 245 (1939),74° Bin, Szymon: shot (1942), 33 I Bernshtein, Zalman: leads a resistance Bingel, Lieutenant Erwin: an eye-witness to group, 189 mass murder (1941),196-9,6°5 Bernstein (a Jew from Berlin): given a Binsztejn-Syrkin, Zofia: commits suicide hundred lashes (1933), 32 (1943),523 902 . THE HOLOCAUST

Birenbaum, Halina: recalls punishment at death camp (Sobibor), 361, 618; recalls Auschwitz, 682 the Sobibor revolt, 6 18-I 9 Birkenau: established (1942), 286-7; gas­ Black Forest: an act of defiance in, 788 chambers at, not yet ready, 309, 310; : and Jewish refugees, 79, 80, 107, Jews held in barracks at, 3 15; labour 134; and the sinking of the Struma, camps near, 353,425; Jewesses sentto, 295-6 after medical experiments, 374-5; the Blagovshchina: mass murder-site near 'numbering' ofJews at, 375-6; an eye­ (1941-4),406,886 n·3 8 witness to mass murder at, 438-9, Blajman, David: murdered, with his wife 452-3; Jews from Theresienstadt (1942),324 deported to, 484, 518, 526, 53 1, 757; Blaskowitz, Field Marshal: reports death of mass murder at, 488, 497,507; Jewish children (1939),95 Norwegian Jews deported to, 499; Blaszczyk, Henryk: and the ' postcards from, 506; a Sabbath in, 521; (1946), 81 9 mental defectives arrive at, from Blechhammer: labour camp at, 673; death Holland, 526-30; suicides at, 539; a march to, 772 'quantity of old garments' at, 539; Bleyer, Moshe: a twin who survived, 756-7 continued deportations to (1943), Bleyer, Tibi: killed, 756 515-20,532-4,540,544-5,546,550, Blizyn: labour camp at, 604; labourers at, 55 1,594,601, 61 4,616,620-1,622-3, evacuated to Auschwitz, 712 627,632,633,636,637-8,641,654, Blobel, SS Colonel Paul: and the digging up 656,657; new crematoria at (March and burning of corpses (1943-4),584-5, 1943),550; medical experiments at, 612 576-7; Jews from, sent to a camp in 'Blobel Commando': in Lvov, 585; at Warsaw, 594-5,714; those judged too Ponary, 612, 668-70; at Babi Yar, sick in, gassed, 616, 648-53; acts of 612-13; near Chelm, 639, 646-7; at defiance at, 620-1, 626; 'Hatikvah' (the Kovno, 645-6; at Bialystok, 704 Jewish anthem) sung at, 622, 636; Bloch, Marc: executed (1944),685 escapes, and attempted escapes at, 641, Bloch, zeto: and plans for revolt, 596 695-7; the fate of the 'Czech Family Blom, Jacob: deported, aged ninety, 574 Camp' in, 657-9; and deceptions at, Bloom, Marcus: his death at Mauthausen 658,672; further deportations to· (1944),733 1944),666,672,674-81,683,686, Bluestein, Motl: shot (1942),500 710,711,712,718,727,727-8,741; Blum, Abrasha: tortured, then shot (1943), deportations from, 686, 699, 727-8, 57 2 -3 757-9; teeth strewn 'all over the terrain' Blum, Cwajga: shot (1941), lSI as evidence, 730; Sonderkommando Blum, Rene: deported, 467 murdered at, 735; revolt of Blumenfeld, Rabbi Jechiel Meir: saved, and Sonderkommando in (1944), then shot (1942), 454 743-50; fate of several hundred boys Blumenfrucht, Harry: hanged (1942), 366 in, 748-50; dismantled, 760-1; hunger Bobrek: labour camp at, 673 and exposure at, 767; last hours and Bobruisk: 'rebellious' Jews shot (1941), liberation at (1945), 773, 774-7; 21 7 deportees from, rescued, 777; fate of Bochnia: Jewish fighting organization in, survivors from (1945), 784-5, 789, 792, 862 n.29; Jews deported from 809; disappearance of a survivor from, (September 1943),878 n.44 after liberation, 812; and 'normal Bodzentyn: three Jews murdered at (1942), people', 8 16; a survivor of, murdered 317; two more Jews murdered at (1942), after liberation, 8 I 9; 'I will tell the 355 world', 825 Boetim, Dr Karol: dies (1941), 244 Birkenfeld, Leopold: provides a 'feast' for : mass murder of Jews at music lovers (1941), 216; deported and (1941-2),219,289 gassed (1942), 346 Bohdanowicz, Stanislaw: an eye-witness to Birnbaum (in Warsaw): a round-up at his deportation trains, 408-9; witnesses a house (1942), 397-8; killed, with his deportation, 480; and the death of an family, 398 escapee, 500 Bischoff, SS Major: letter of (1939), 839 Bohemia: 19,66,78-9; to be placed 'ahead n.23 of the line', 282; further deportations Biskowitz, Yaakov: his recollections of a planned from (1942), 291-2 INDEX· 903

Boim, Efim: leads a resistance group 149; Jews deported from (1944), 727; a (1941),188 Jew from, liberated (1945), 809 Boleslawiec: eight Jews killed in, after Braunschweig (Brunswick): anti-Jewish liberation (1945), 816 attacks in (1933), 33 Bolivia: 55 Brautigam, Otto: and 'clarification of the Bologna: Jews deported from (1943), 633 ' (1941), 246, 852 n.15 Bolzano: a train reaches Auschwitz from, Brazil: 64 757 Bremen: 67; Jews deported to from Bor: forced labour camp at, 532; a death (1941),229 march from, 733 Breslau: anti-Jewish measures in (1933), Bordeaux: Jews saved in (1940),120; an 33; Jews deported to Kovno from (1941), act of resistance in (1940), 124 230; and the 'final solution', 284; the Borenheim, Albert: shot (1941),241-2 results of medical experiments sent to, Borki: bodies dug up at, 639-40 577;]ewesses from camps in the region Bormann, Martin: and 'instructions' from of, evacuated to a camp near Liibeck, Hitler (1943), 590 806-7 Bornstein, Dr Roman: reports Jews killed Breslauer, Arie: and attempts to protect by Poles, 716 Jews in Budapest, 761-2 Boryslaw: mass murder at (194 I), 235, 851 Brest-Litovsk: Jews attacked in (1937), 54; n.63 occupied by Soviet troops (1939),92; Borzykowski, Tuvia: and resistance in mass murder ofJews after German Warsaw (1943),523,524; and the conquest of (1941),179,182; executions (April 1943), near (1942), 481 559,563; and the Polish uprising in Bretholz, Leo: deported from Drancy, Warsaw (August 1944), 717-18; given 494-6; escapes from the deportation shelter, 760; and the moment of train, 496-7 liberation, 768 Brezany: mass murder at (1941),235,851 Bosel, Siegmund: shot (1942),290 n.63 Bosnia: destruction of Jews in, 487 Briedys, Janis: helps Jews, 243 Bothmann, SS Captain Hans: and a reprisal Brisgys, : 'will not admit any Jews', (1944),694; and the final executions at 183 Chelmno (1945), 770 Britain: 19,28; German Jews emigrate to Botter, Aryeh: shot (1941),175 (1933-9),41,47,64; Jews flee to (1939), Botwin, Dawid: in the Lodz ghetto, 691 79; declares war on Germany (1939), 85; Boycott: ofJewish shops (Berlin, 1933), takes no offensive action against 33-5 Germany, 102, II8; abused by Nazis, Bracha (from Opoczno): 'My baby hasn't 105; Jews reach from Holland (1940), even been born yet', 5 II-I 2; 'why is he 120; puts pressure against Jewish doomed', 513 refugees (1940), 135; and the death of Brack, SS Colonel Dr Viktor: and poison Heydrich (1942), 363; an officer from, gas, 219; and need for 'a faster pace', 402 witnesses the fate of seven Jews at Braham, Randolph: 'nothing was Mauthausen (1943), 641-5; protests impossible', 663 from, concerning the Hungarian Braier, Gedalia: urges Jews to escape, 436 deportations (1944), 700-1; aJew from, Brailov: an act of courage in (1942), 295 killed at Mauthausen, 733; revulsion in Brajtman, Elja: executed (1939),106,839 (1945),790,794-5; Jews driven to seek n.27 . new homes in (1946), 819 Brams, Hannah (Ania): shot (1943),553 British army: soldiers from, enter Belsen Brams, Dr Maurycy: shot (1943), 553 (1945),793 Brand, Joel: and a proposed 'sale' of Jews, : Jews deported from, 238; J ewesses 682 receive medical help from, 755 Brandt, Dr Karl: provides skeletons, 5 I 5 Broad, SS Corporal Pery: his account of a Brandt, Rudolf: and the 'secrecy' needed for massacre (1942), 473-5 medical experiments (1942), 373, 860 Brodnica: Jewish women murdered at n.l (1945),770 Braslaw, Shmuel: helps organize an attack Brodskiy, I.: escapes, later killed in action, on a warehouse in Warsaw, 425; killed 61 4 (1942),452 Brody: near, destroyed, Bratislava: Jews escape through (1941), 5 15; deportation and resistance at, 904 . THE HOLOCAUST

Brody - cant. 1944-January 1945), 761 - 2, 767-8 579-80; Jewish Fighting Organization Budnik, David: escapes, later gives in, 860 n.29 evidence, 614 Brome, Vincent: told of fate of seven Jews Budy (near Auschwitz): a massacre at at Mauthausen, 642- 5 (1942),473-5 Brona, leek: dies (1941),138 Budzyn: labour camp at, 571-2; a Bronstein (a carpenter): and a labour camp deportation from, 628 revolt, 506 Buffum, David H.: a witness (1938), 70 Bronsztejn, Helen: 'They won't do it to us', Bug, River: 17,21, 92-3;Jews driven to 489 (1939),1°4; forced labour camps at Brooklyn: a message to (194 I), 177 (1941),143; the German border at Broyde, Berl: killed (1943), 565 (1939-41),153; a labour camp near, Brudzew: Jews from, sent to their deaths 233-4; death camps near (1942), 285-6, (1941),241,852 n.2 324,394; killings east of (1942),352; a Brunner, Alois: kills aJew (1942), 290 labour camp on, 364 - 5; a Pole flees Briinnlitz: Jews sent to forced labour at, across, 407-8;Jews helped at (1943), 676-7; Jews deported from Plaszow, find 597; Jews join near, 647 safety at, 754-5; an act of rescue at, 777 Bugaj: murder of Jews from (1942), 248, Bruskin, Pawel: killed (1943), 564 271,3 18 Brussels: Jews find haven in (1939), 80; Buhler, Dr Joseph: would 'welcome the German forces enter (194°),121 start of the final solution' (1942), 282-3 Brzesc Kujawski: and a deception during a Bulgaria: Jews reach safety of (194°),135; deportation (1942), 296 and the 'final solution', 284,466; and the Brzezie: Jewish girls find refuge in, 774 deportation of Jews from Macedonia and Brzeziny: a deportation from (1942), 348; Thrace (1943), 541-5; Jews of, not to be belongings ofJews from, reach Lodz, 349 deported, 547, 555; a protest to, 578; Brzuchowice: aJew in, 725 and a German propaganda proposal, Buber, Marceli: killed (1943),532 58r Bubes, Hirsz: murdered after the Germans Bulgaria, King of: intervenes to protect have left (1944), 71 I Jews (1943), 547 Bucharest: riots in (1936), 51; and the Iron Buna works (at Monowitz): 353, 53I Guard (1940), 123 Bureau IV-D-4: established (30 January Buchau: Jews murdered at (1945),792 1940), I 12; and the eastern killings Buchenwald (concentration camp): (1941),166; and the gassing of Jews established (1938), 62; Jews murdered at (1941),238; and deportations from the (1938-9), 69;Jews deported to (1941), Reich to the East (1942),290; the final 143; Jews from, gassed (194 1),238; a deportation of (April 1945), 793 deportation to Auschwitz from (1942), Burgenland: Jews driven from (1938), 61 479; a deportation from Auschwitz to a Burger, Max: recalls deportation (1939), 94 factory near (1944), 728; a death march Bursztyn, : shot (1941), 241-2 to, 733; evacuations to (1945), 784, 790; Burzec: Jews in hiding near, denounced, a death march from, 792; survivors from, 493 murdered after liberation, 8 I 7- I 8 Busse, Otto (a German): helps Jews, 487 Bucher, Flora: not to leave Germany, Butrimonys: mass murder at (1941), 206 237-8 Butrin, Adam: saves three Jews, 670 Buchman, Avraham: recalls a death march Buzhminski, Isidore: killed (1942), 366-7 (1940), 110 Buzhminski, Josef: and his brother's death, Buczacz: mass murder in (1941), 174; a 366-7; eye-witness to a deportation, deportation from (1943), 532; a round­ 402-3; eye-witness to a killing, 732-3 up near (1944), 654 Bydgoszcz: fate of aJew from (1942), 257 Budapest: anti-Jewish Law in (1939), 79; Byelorussia: see index entry for White fate ofJews from, 130; Jews deported to Russia Kamenets Podolsk from, and killed Bystrzyca: all Jews shot at (1942), 483 (1941),187; German measures against By ten: mass murder at (1942), 424 Jews in (1944), 662-3, 700; Jews protected in, 701-2, 732; Fascists seize Cabili, Salvator: eight months old, deported power in (October 1944), 751-5; a and killed (1942), 497 Jewess executed in (November 1944), Cahn, Ernst: his alleged 'resistance' (1941), 76 r ; terror in (November 143; shot, 144 INDEX· 905

Calo, Elena: aged six, deported to Charnoleskaya, Dr: commits suicide, with Auschwitz, 678 others (1943), 604 Calonder, Felix: and the Jews of Upper Chelm: deportation from (1939),103; Silesia,39 Sobibor death camp near (1942), 286; Campbell, Sir Ronald: protests (1940), 107, Jews deported to Belzec from (1942), 840 n·3 2 319; an execution in (28 May 1942), : 47, II8 35 I; to be linked by rail with Sobibor, 'Canada': at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 516-17, 471; a deportation from Paris to, 546; 540 reinforcements from, against a revolt, Canea: Jews seized in, and killed (1944), 619; bodies dug up near, 639-40 884 n.82 Chelmek: a labour camp at, 425 Cannibalism: evidence of, at Belsen, 795; Chelmno (Kulmhof): gassing of Jews at, recalled, at Mauthausen, 808 239-40,241,246-8,283,286,287, Canterbury, Archbishop of: and a protest 288,294; gassing of gypsies at, 250-1; meeting (1942), 485 an eye-witness to mass murder at (6-19 Cap Arcona: fate of Jews on (1945), 806 January 1942), 252-79; gassings Carlebach, Ezriel: and his uncle, 855 n.46 continued at (1942), 296-7, 298, Carlebach, Chief Rabbi Joseph: deported to 3 IO-II, 317-18,382; news of, reaches Riga (1941), 243-4; murdered (1942), Warsaw, 314; renewed deportations to, 313 from Lodz (4 May 1942),345-7; a Carlsbad: and Warsaw (in 1940), 109 report of, reaches Warsaw (I June 1942), Carvell, J. E. M.: issues Palestine 355; defects of gas-vans at 'a solitary Certificates (1937), 55 case', 365; renewed deportations to, 4 17, Casablanca: conference at (1943),520 433,443; death toll in, 502; and Caspari, Professor Wilhelm: dies (1944), 653 complaints concerning clothing from, Castres: Jews in liberation of, 726 514; renewed deportations from Lodz to Caucasus, the: German army reaches, 462, Oune-July 1944),692-4,713; revolt at 466 Oanuary 1945), 770-1; aJew who Cavendish-Bentinck, Victor: reports on escaped deportation to, murdered after killing of Jews in Poland after liberation liberation, 8 I 6 (1946), 81 7 Chernigov: two Jews killed east of (1941), Cavilio, Josef: his family helped by a 23 1 Muslim, 148 Chernis, Dr: in Minsk, 297 Central Office of Emigration (Berlin): 152 Chernov, Sergeant Major V. D.: his Central Office for Jewish Resettlement 'courage' (1942), 296 (1939),94 : swastika flags burnt in (1938), 74 Cervenka: six hundred Jews shot at (1944), Chief Rabbi's Emergency Council (Poland): 733 a car from, attacked (1946), 8 I 7 Chajet, Ruth: and the final evacuation from Chigier,Jacob: killed (1943), 532 Riga (August 1944), 718 Chigier, Jerzy: hidden, with his family, in Chalef, Chaim: a partisan, 538 the sewers of Lvov, 587 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart: and the Chile: 64, 80 concept of 'Semitic' races, 26 Chlebowski, Israel: gassed (1942), 310 Chamberlain, Neville: allows Jewish Chlodna Street (Warsaw): an incident on, children to enter Britain (1938), 75; on 137 the motives of German Chmura, Mordecai: 'a proud Jew', and his (1939),81 death (1942), 347 Chambon-sur-Lignon, Le: Jews hidden in, Cholawski, Shalom: his recollections, 403-4 159-60; and the Nieswiez ghetto revolt Chameides, Rabbi: given sanctuary, 410 Ouly 1942), 380-1, 382-4; and the 'day Channel Islands: a labour camp on, 598, ofliberation' (in 1944), 695; returns to 699 his horne town, 703 Chanukkah Oewish festival): Jews shot Chorazycki, Dr Julian: tries to organize during (1941),242; celebrated at revolt at Treblinka, 573-4; killed (1943), Monowitz (1944), 763 574; continued preparations for revolt Chaplinka: three Jewish families shot in after the death of, 596 (1942),353 Chorbrzany: Those damned Jews', 306-7; Charin, Dr Julian: betrayed, and shot the fate of Jews being deported through, (1943),552 480- 1 906 . THE HOLOCAUST

Chorostkow: mass murder at (1941),173 Cooperman, Dr: shot (194°),109 Choroszcza: two Jews attacked on their Copenhagen: 113; occupied by German return to, after liberation, 812 forces (1940), 121 Christian, Private: witnesses mass murder Corfu: Jews sent to Auschwitz from, 683, (1942),295 698-9 : no protection on the way to Council for Assistance to Jews: set up in Chelmno, 34 5 Warsaw, 505 Christmas: Jews beaten up on (1940),136; Council for German Jewry (Hull): 75 in the Lodz ghetto (1941), 244; seven Council ofJewish Elders: to be established Jews must die by (1943), 642-5; and an in each town of German-occupied Poland escape from Kovno (1943), 645-6; and (1939),89; for subsequent index entries an escape from Borki (1943), 646-7; and see Jewish Councils Birkenau (1943), 648 Courage, acts of: near Warsaw (1940), Chrzastowski, Getzel: at Chelmno, 262, 131; in Warsaw (194°),134; in Warsaw 266, 269,272 (1941),148,149; at Luck (1941),157; in Churchill, Randolph: and a scheme to help Bialystok (1941), 161; in Rowne (1941), Jews, 732 18 I; at Kamenets Podolsk, by Christians Churchill, Winston: warns of 'some (1941),188; atPiotrkow (1941),195; at hideous catastrophe' (1937), 54; tells of Babi Yar (1941), 205; in Berlin, by a 'methodical, merciless butchery' (1941), Catholic priest (1941), 216; by a German 186; and the Jewish 'will to resist', officer (1941), 228; by a Latvian 231-2; and 'the most bestial' of offences storeman (1941), 243; at Brailov (1942), (1942),450-1; and 'these vile crimes' 295; at Baranowicze, 298; at Zdunska (1942),485; at Casablanca (1943), 520; Wola, 299; during a deportation, 308; at circulates photographs of mass murder Dabrowa, 331; by two Jewish sisters, (1945),79° 338-40; at Pabianice, 347; in Ozorkow, Ciechanow: Jews deported from, 494 350; in Sosnowiec, 366; during the Ciechanowiec: Jews from, recaptured, 489 deportations from Warsaw, 391; in Oslo, Cifea, Tibor: shot (1944),727 446; at Lachwa, 446; by French Catholic Cipper, Polka: whipped (1942), 315 clergymen, 450, 451; at Kaluszyn, 467; Clark, General Mark: and Algerian at Zloczow, 491-2; at Piotrkow, 508-9; resistance, 482 at Lomza, 520; at Jasionowka, 531; in Clauberg, Professor: and medical France, 700; in the (of experiments, 373, 374, 577, 582, 584 August 1944), 715-16; see also index Cleve: 82 entries for Defiance, acts of and Cluj: recollections of a girl from, at Resistance, acts of Auschwitz, 761; on a death march, 774 Couturier, Claude Vaillant: recalls fate of Coblenz: Jews deported from region of Jewish deportees at Auschwitz, 530, (194 2),364 53 2-3,648,686-7 Cohn, Benno: recalls Berlin (1933), 33, 35; Cracow: Jewish deportees pass through recalls a friend of the Jews (1938), 74 (1939),94; forced labour decree and Cohn, Haim: and his uncle, 855 n.46 labour camps in (1939),95-6; decree Cohn, Marianne: executed (1944), 700 from, forces Jews to wear a special badge Cologne: 67, 82; deportations from (1941), (23 November 1939),98; first expulsions 2I3, 850 n.46; Jews from, in Lodz, from (I August 1940), 123; two rabbis deported to Chelmno, 34 5; bombed, from, killed (1941),144; a refugee from, with psychological repercussions in 155; a conference in, on Jews to be 'done Warsaw, 353 away with' (9 October 1941), 213; a Colombia: 80 further conference in (16 December Compiegne: Jews deported from detention 1941),245-6; and the 'final solution', camp at (1942), 309 284; and the death camp at Belzec Constanta (Rumania): 296 (1942),286; a further deportation from Constantine (Algeria): twenty-three Jews (June 1942), 356-8; fate of a killed (1934), 44 bacteriologist from, 410; Constantinople: death of a Jew from, at meetings at, and the Jews, 424, 657;]ews Auschwitz, 310; see also index entry for from, in Dzialoszyce, 443; a further Istanbul deportation from (October 1942), 484; Coombs, Peter: an eye-witness of Belsen resistance near, 487; the Jewish Fighting after liberation, 795-6 Organization in, 862 n.29; a Jewish' child INDEX· 907

from, given sanctuary by Catholics, Czerkaski, Asher: and a break-out from a 501-2; resistance in, 505-7; a further ghetto (1942), 352 deportation from, 548-9; acts of Czerniakow, Adam: chairman of the defiance in, 575; a J ewess poses as a Warsaw Jewish Council (1939-42), 96; Catholic in, 623-4; Poles help Jews in, hears news of mass murder (in Vilna), 626; Poles executed for helping Jews in, 233; and German assurances, 387; a 654; two escapees set off from Auschwitz deportation 'quota' demanded of, 388, for, 695; a final deportation to Plaszow 389; commits suicide, 390 from, 700; an accident on the way to, Czernowitz: mass murder at (1941),178 after liberation, 782; anti-Jewish riots in, Czestochowa: 'Bloody Monday' (1939), after liberation, 816; Jews murdered on 87; Jewish enterprises confiscated (1939), the way to, after liberation (1946), 816; a 88; Jewish forced labourers from (1940), ritual murder charge in, after liberation, 123; ghetto established in, 12 5; a 817; Jews travelling from, murdered after deportation to (1941), J 42-3; visitors to liberation, 817; anti-Jewish 'guffaws' in (1942),339-40; a postcard thrown from (1946),818; a Jewish girl's decision, to a train at, 507; the Jewish Fighting stay with her parents in (during an Organization in, 862 n.29; resistance, 'action'), 827 and reprisals in, 5I3-14; a mass Crete: Jews of, drowned (1944), 683 execution in (1943),552; and the : 'purged ofJews' (1942), 322 survival of the ghetto (1943), 583; the : fate ofJews in (1941), 147-8; author's great uncle murdered in, 586; Jews of, listed (1942), 281; the 'key Jews deported to Treblinka from, 586; questions ... already resolved', 282; resistance in (1943),590; evacuation of Italians refuse to deport remaining Jews labour camps near (1945), 775; a Jewess of, 402, 466; camps in, 487 from, too weak to survive liberation, Crysostomos, Archbishop: saves Jews, 798; two Jews nearly murdered in, after 683-4 liberation, 813-15 Cuba: and Jewish refugees (1939), 80 Czortkow: a deportation from (1942), Cuneo: six Jews shot at (1945), 798 4II-I3; a final 'action' in (1943), 588 Cung, Dr Wladyslaw: shot (1943), 553 Czuwak, Tuwia: and plans for revolt, 463 Curacao: no visa needed for, I 17 Czyste Hospital (Warsaw): forced to move Cytron, Tuviah: attends dying Germans, 5 3 8 premises to ghetto (1940), 13 I; a Czechoslovakia: 22,28; Jews find refuge in, massacre in (1943),560 47,61; disintegrates (1939), 78-9; refugees from, in Denmark, I 19; refugees Dabie: death ofJews from (1941), 241, from, in Holland, 120; and the Patria 253,318 tragedy, 134; refugees from, in Dabrowa (Cracow): a Jewish child given Yugoslavia, 14 7; and the Jews of sanctuary at, 501-2, 549 , 281; fate of Jews from, at Dabrowa (Silesia): a courageous act in, 331 Belzec, 305, 305-6; fate of Jews from, at Dabrowa (Tarnow): Jews murdered in Sobibor, 343-4; German reprisals in (1942),367 (1942), 363;Jew deported from, on the Dachau concentration camp: established River Bug, 364; Jews from, deported to (1933),32-3,36-7; four Jews murdered Warsaw, 389; Jews from, turned back in (1933), 38,40-1; 'model' punishment from Switzerland to France, 469-70; at, 40; Jews sentto (1937), 54;Jews Jews from, sent to Auschwitz from released from, 55, 57; descriptions of Theresienstadt, 526; Jews from, in ranks terror in (1938), 57-8, 62; and Shanghai, of the , 548; refugees from, in 76; Jews reach Britain from (1939), 76; a Denmark, 614; Jews from, murdered at death on the way to (1941), 216; a death Kovno, 645; fate of the 'Czech Family in, 471; the clothing of murdered Jews, Camp' ofJews from, at Birkenau, 657-9; sent to for sorting (1943),540; Jews Jews from, deported from Rhodes deported from Auschwitz to labour (1944),707; Jews from, rescued from camps in the region of (1944), 686; a Yugoslavia, 732; fate of a former ski helper of Jews deported to, 732; champion from, 742; last moments of a evacuations to (from October 1944), boy from (1945), 770; a Catholic rescues 758,784; aJew executed in (November some Jews from, 777 1944),761; the struggle to survive in a Czeremosz river: Jews drowned in (1941), camp near, 778-9; escape during a 175 march to (1945), 788; 908 . THE HOLOCAUST

Dachau concentration camp - cont. illusion, 328; and Palestine, 5Il, 513, troops enter, 798; the first sight of, 552,553; and Ponary, 554; at 798-9; a survivor of, liberated near, Auschwitz-Birkenau, 658, 678; by 799-800; death of survivors at, 800, postcard, 671-2; in Lodz, 691, 692; at 811; and revenge, 8 II-I 2; and a son Theresienstadt, 699; at Neumark, finds his father at, 815-16 764-5; at Palmnicken, 779 Dafni, Reuven: and a mission into occupied Defiance: acts of (1941),173,182; at Europe, 685 (1941),184; near Kiev (1941), 184; at Dalnik: mass murder at (1941), 218 Kedainiai (1941),184; in Kiev (1941), Dam Max Van: killed (1943), 619 205; at Zagare (1941), 206; in Lodz Daniel, Rabbi (of Kelme): his words of (1941),216; in White Russia (1941), wisdom on the eve of mass murder 217; at Krugoje, 217; at , 217; at (194 1), 184-5 Bobruisk, 217; at Kovno, 230; at Dankiewicz (of Pruszkow): hides a Jewess, Bilgoraj, 33 I; at Markuszow, 337; in 64 1 Berlin, 349; at Radziwillow, 352; in Dante: his 'inferno' seems 'almost a Warsaw, 365; at Dabrowa Tarnowska, comedy', 438, 636 367; in Warsaw Oune 1942), 369; at Danube, river: 61; Jews seek safety by, 79, Mielnica, 370; during the deportations I07, 134, 149; Jews and Serbs murdered from Warsaw to Treblinka, 393,4°7-8, at (1942), 287-8; Jews murdered at 424-5; at Krzemieniec, 409-10, 463; at (1944), 762, 767 Falenica, 430-1; at Treblinka, 434, 455, Danzig, Free City of: 57, Il5; deportees 461,603; in the Volhynia, 436-7; at pass through (1944), 722; evacuation of Lukow, 475; at Zwierzyniec, 480; in the labour camps near (1945), 779 Bialystok region, 489; between Danzig-: Jews expelled from Zwierzyniec and Treblinka, 500; in (1939),97 Lvov, 551,580; in Bialystok (February Dardanelles, the: barred to Jewish refugees 1943),534-5; in the cemetery at (1940), 13 5 Piotrkow, 552-3; at Ponary (April Darre, Walter: 54 1943),554-5; at Treblinka, 573-4; on Datner, Szymon: and Bialystok, 160-1; the Belgian-German border, 574; on the and a 'passive act of heroism', 531; his way to Plaszow camp, 575; in the own resistance activities, 537-8; and the undressing at Cracow, 575; at Sobibor, murder of Jews after liberation, 782-3; 575-6,605; at Rohatyn, 579-80; at and the disappearance of a Jew after Brody, 58o; at Michalowice, 583; at liberation, 8 I2 Vaivara camp, 594; at Turno, 606; at a Davydov, Vladimir: coordinates a labour camp in Nowogrodek, 608-9; at break-out, 613; escapes, later gives Babi Yar, 613-14; in Minsk, 619; at evidence, 6 I 4 Birkenau, 620-I, 626, 679, 696-7; Day of Atonement: indignities against Jews during the 'Harvest Festival' massacre during (1939), 89-91; and the (November 1943), 627-8; at Poniatowa, establishment of the Warsaw ghetto 632; at Miechow, 640; at the (194°),129; and 'eating', 177; and the in Kovno, 645-6; at Borki, 646-7; in eastern massacres (1941),199,206; in Kovno,665,678;atMunkacs,678-9;at Warsaw (1942), 462; at Birkenau (1943), Satoraljaujhely, 678-9; at Bialystok, 616; in the Pawiak prison (1943), 704-5; at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 748; in 616-17; in Riga (1943), 617; at Plaszow the Black Forest, 788; at Jasenovac, 798; (1943),618; at Sobibor (1943) 618; at see also index entries for Courage, acts of Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944), 735-40; at and Resistance, acts of Dachau (I944), 740-1 Deleanu, Lieutenant-Colonel N.: and the Days of Awe: killings during (1941),199 Rumanian occupation of , 218 'Death to a Dog': a 'turning point' in Jewish Demidenko (at Babi Yar): 'start history, 425 shovelling!', 204 Debica: Poles in, warned not to help Jews, Demir-Hisar: deportation through, 541 50 4 Denmark: Jews come within Nazi orbit in Deception: (and mass murder), 192, 239, (1940),119; and the German wish for 240, 245,246-7, 25 I , 270, 307, 3I8, deportations from (1942), 466; Jews of, 325,34°,343-4,386,396-7; at Belzec escape (September 1943), 614; Jews death camp, 414-15, 426-7; at from, released from Theresienstadt Treblinka, 429, 475-6,51°-1 I; and (1945),796 INDEX· 909

Department IV-D-4: see index entry for Draney (Paris): deportations from, 309-10, Bureau IV-B-4 376,470-1,494-7,533,656; death of a Dereczyn: mass murder at (1942), 385 Jew at, 657; further deportations from, Dessau, Leib: beaten to death (1939), 103 657 Deutsch, Stephan: dies (1942), 216 Draper, Colonel Gerald: and the scenes at Deweltaw, Roza: a Heroine of the Soviet Belsen after liberation, 794 Union, 544 Drescher (a teacher): shot (1941),175 Di Consiglio, Alina: aged three, deported to Dresden: and the 'final solution', 284; a Auschwitz, 678 labour camp on the road to, 699, 784; a Dibauer ( chief): his sadism, Jewess from, too weak to survive 299-300 liberation, 798 Djakovo: Jews murdered at, 487 Drexel, Hans: his demands (1939), 103 Djerba: homes plundered in, 578 Drobless, Matti: escapes from the Warsaw Dniester River: death marches to (1941), ghetto, 545 179; mass murder on banks of (1941), Drohiczyn: Jews flee from, 489; Jews shot 188 at (1942),500 Dobele: rescue of Jews from, 580-1 Drohobycz: mass murder at (1941),17°-1, Dobra: Jews from, sent to their deaths 173-4; deportations from (1942), 307, (1941),241,852n.2 476; mass murder at, of the remnants Dobroszycki, Lucjan: recalls the effect of (1943), 605 the Normandy landings in the Lodz Dryzin, Isaak: rescued, with his brother, ghetto, 684 61 7 Dobrzynski, Fraidla: commits suicide : eye-witness to mass murder in (1942),449 (1942),476-8; Jewish partisans in, Dobrzynski, leek: commits suicide (1942), destroyed, 5 I 5 449 Dubnov, Simon: killed (1941), 229-30; Dodd, William: appeals to Hitler (1937), 54 'write and record!', 825 'Dog with Dog': in Sosnowiec, 366 Dubossary: mass murder at (1941),188-9 Dogim, Isaac: helps lead an escape, 669-70 Dubski, Dr: dies (1941), 244 Dohnanyi, Hans von: helps Jews, 626 Dubski, Yisrael: shot (1942), 446 Dollfuss, Dr Engelbert: murdered (1934), Duenamuende: deportation to (1942), 291, 170- 1 31 2 Domanovka: mass murder ofJews at Dukor, Liya: helps revolt, 382 (1941-2),219,289 Dulski Uewish Council member): 228-9 Dombroveni: deportation from (1941),161 Dunand, Georges: tries to help Jews, 727 Dombrowska, Esther: shot (1942),392 Dunkirk: British withdraw from (1940), Donat, Alexander: and events in the 119 Warsaw ghetto, 152, 155, 323-4; and Diisseldorf: 67; deportation from (1941), the deportations from Warsaw to 213,850 n.46; plans for deportation Treblinka, 390, 454; and a 'turning discussed by a representative from point' in , 425; and the (1942),292; Jews from, in Lodz, Warsaw uprising, 560, 561-2; at deported to Chelmno (1942), 345; Majdanek,570- 1 recollections in a courtroom in, 571 Donoff, David: executed (1944), 698 Dvach, Anna: ensures survival of thirteen Dordogne: aJew killed in (1944), 664 Jews, 619 Dorebus, Joseph: deported, 546; leads Dvina river: Jews gassed on banks of revolt at Auschwitz, and killed (1944), (1944),718 746 Dvinsk (Daugavpils): 'murdered, in cold Dorebus, Pesa: deported, 890 n. I I blood!', 157-9; murder of children at, Dorfman, Bronislawa: dies after liberation 179; further mass murder at (1941),208; (1945),798 an execution in (1942), 295; work, hope Dornberg, Salomon: murdered, after and fear in, 329; an action in (I May liberation, 8 I 8 1942),3 29-30 Dorosiewicz, Stanislaw: escapes, 641 Dvorjetsky (Dworzecki), Meir Mark: learns Dortmund: Jews deported to Riga from of a mass murder site (1941),193-4; and (1941),850 n·46 the 'days of civilization', 228; and an Draenger, Gusta: her act of defiance, 575 escape into the Black Forest (1945), 788 Dragon, Szlama: recovers a manuscript, Dworzecki, Alter: shot (1942),338 888 n.63 Dyzenhaus, Ludwik: shot (1940), I I 2 910 . THE HOLOCAUST

Dziadlowo Camp (Mlawa, Poland): 142 and an appeal on behalf of a Jew, 290; Dzialoszyce: deportation from (1942), and imminent deportations (6 March 443-6; Jews murdered by Poles in, after 1942),291-2; an eye-witness to mass liberation, 8 I 2 murder (at Chelmno), 310-II; and the Dzienciolski, Haya: escapes (1941), 169; renewed deportations from Germany survives, 609 (April 1942),327; and a deportation to Dzierzoniow (Reichenbach): 896 Lublin Uune 1942), 364; his department, Dziobaty (an SS man): his cruelty, 570-1 and gas-vans, 365; angered, 376; a complaint made, to the office of, 483; East Prussia: Jews deported to camps in and Jewish skeletons, 51 5; in Hungary, (1944),7°5; mass murder in (1945), 662-3,671,682,701; leaves Budapest, 779-81 71 I; returns to Budapest (October 1944), East Upper Silesia: a concentration camp 752; visits Theresienstadt (April 1945), established in (1940),121; labour camps 79 2 in (1941), 145; Jewish Council in, 148; : a witness at, 647; a scar factories of (1942-5),286-7 shown at, 771 Eastermann, A. L.: statistics provided by Eimann, Kurt: and euthanasia shootings (1946),833 n·38, 835 n.1 (1939),95 Eastern Galicia: 167; mass murder in (killing squads): and the (1941),173,210-12; deportations to mass murder of Jews, 154 passim, 173, Belzec from (1942), 317,410; the search 178,206,207,217,281 for survival in (1943), 579 : killing operations Ebensee: survivors of Auschwitz and the report of (1941),168,170; at Kishinev, Polish labour camps evacuated to (1945), 171-2; in White Russia, 172, 235, 403; 786,807; a death march to, from in Eastern Galicia, 173; throughout the Mauthausen, 808; liberation of, 808-9 east, 180, 182, 184; at Vilna, 192-5; in Eberson (of Lvov): killed (1943), 532 Kiev, 202; at Nikolayev and Kherson, Eblagon, Albert: recalls conditions at 206; at Kovno, 227, 230; in , Alderney Camp, on the Channel Islands, 234-5; in the Crimea, 241; at a remote 59 8 ghetto, 242-3; at Khmelnik, 287; at Eckhardt, J. A.: fears 'renewal' of Jewry in Kremenchug, 290; in the Crimea, 322, the United States, 131 352-3; at Radziwillow, 352; in the Eckstein, Henry: killed (1942), 31o Kherson region, 352-3; and the use of Edelbaum, Ben: witnesses a hospital gas-vans, 365; at Mielnica, 370; at 'action', 440-2; and 'the most terrifying Rowne, 379-80; at Szarkowszczyzna, lamentations', 610; and a 'children's 381-2; and the exhumation and burning action' in Lodz, 666 of corpses, 584-5; in , 731-2 Edelbaum, Esther: the fate of her child Einsporn, Fritz: witnesses a deportation, (1942),44°-2 379 Edelman, David: killed in battle (1944), Einstein, Albert: forced into exile (1933), 7 1 5 38 Edelstein, Jacob: deported, 633; murdered, Eisenberg, Filip: killed (1942),410 690 Eisenhower, General: shocked by a mass Eden, Anthony: 53 grave (1945), 790 Edgar, Donald: sees women slave labourers Eisenstab (a furrier): at Chelmno, 262, 266, (194°),136 267,268 Edineti camp: deaths at (1941),179 Ejszyszki: mass murder at (1941), 200-1; Edvardson, Cordelia: 'I am alive', 824 death of two Jews at, after liberation : 4 I; British forces on defensive in, (1944),759 222 Ekstein, Pavel: shot (1944), 727 Ehrlich (from Silesia): killed (1942), 380 Electrocutions: rumoured (1942), 31 6, 317 Ehrlich, Dr: a partisan medical officer, 5 I 5 Elektoralna Street (Warsaw): death of aJew Eichmann, Adolf: and Jewish emigration from (1942), 363 (1938),62-3; and Jewish 'resettlement' Elizabeth, Queen of the Belgians: her (1939),94; and the eastern killings intervention, 467 (1941),166-8; and poison gas (194 I), Elkes, Elchanan: in Kovno, 180-1, 223 219; and the 'approaching final solution' Elyashiv, Vera: the 'terrible moments', in (194 1),222,237-8; and the Wannsee Kovno, 225; deported from Kovno, Conference (20 January J942), 283, 284; 7°3 INDEX· 911

Emmerich, SS Sergeant: wounded, 621 Fahn, Sidney: deported from Rhodes, 707; Endelman, Leon: commits suicide (1942), passes through his home town, 710; 389 reaches Auschwitz, 724; and the death of Endlosung (Final Solution): 'doubtless his wife and son, 724-5; survives, 803; imminent' (20 May 1941), 152 liberated, 809 Epaux, Annette: on the way to death Fain, Dr: hanged (1941),188 (1943),533 Fajgenblat, Dr: dies of wounds (1944), Epstein (a baker): 'terrified', 324 71 7 Epstein, Dr Bernard: killed with his wife Falenica: Jewish children shot in (1942), and two sons (1943), 552 430 Epsztejn, Esther: recalls deaths from Falesti: deportation from (1941),161 weakness, after liberation, 783 Family camps: discovered (near Erler, SS Corporal: killed (1944), 746 Brest-Litovsk), 48 I; established Esperanto: fate of children of inventor of, (north-west of Lublin), 485; finds a 99 protector, 504; bombardment of, 573; Essen: 67,284 defence of (in White Russia), 609; near Essentuki: Jews of, killed (1942), 462 Minsk,620 Esterwegen concentration camp: Farber, Yudi: joins in preparations for established (1933), 36 escape, 670 Estonia: 155; anti-Jewish decree in (1941), Farfel, Siomka: escapes, 383 182; 'without Jews' (1942), 281; a Farkas, Dr: attempts to save Jews, 761 deportation to, from Berlin (1942), 322; Feder, Aizik: deported to Auschwitz, Jews deported to a camp in (1942), from 541; does not survive, 541 Vilna and Kovno, 593-4; deportations Feferman-Wasoff, Mania: recalls from (1944),722; survivors from the indignities (1939), 90; recalls impact of labour camps in, escape in the Black fall of France on Jews of Poland (1940), Forest (1945), 788 122 Eszenbaum, Israel: executed (1941), Feigenbaum, Joseph: a survivor, 759 241-2,852 n·4 Feigman, Kalman: recalls an episode at 'EternalJew, The': exhibition, 55 Treblinka, 574 'Eternal Jew, The': an anti-Semitic film Feinberg, Nathan: cited, 39 (194°),134 Feinsilber, Alter: see his alias Jankowski, Ethnic Germans: 20-21; in Lodz (1941), Stanislaw 141-2; during a deportation, 142; and Feiwiszys, Israel: killed (1943), 632 the German invasion of Russia, 154; at Fejgelis, Hersch: executed (1943), 586 Chelmno (1942), 253; aJew mistaken Feldhendler, Leon: helps lead a revolt, 618; for, 278; and the Jews of Odessa, 289; at murdered after liberation, 789 Belzec, 304; in Piotrkow, 509; aJew Feldman, Nahum: a would-be partisan, helped by, 776; at Mauthausen, 808 300 Etkind, Michael: and 'the courage to Fell, Dr Boleslaw: shot (1941),178 commit suicide', 323; at Buchenwald, Fenelon, Fania: recalls an execution at 728; and the news of Hitler's death, Auschwitz (1944), 697; recalls torments 804-5 at Belsen (1945), 790-2; and the Eukodal: death of the discoverer of, 346 liberation of Belsen, 794 Euppen, SS Captain Theo: 'a sadist', 234 Fichtencwajg, Annette: her birth gives life, Evian Conference (1938): 64-5 586 Fickelburg, Dr: gassed (1942), 251 Fach, Ernestyna: shot (1941),178 Filatov, Torpedo Operator I.M.: his Fach, Dr Klara: shot (1941),178 'courage' (1942), 296 Fahn, Arnold: glimpses his family as they Filipowicz, Wanda: helps Jews, 505 are deported, 710 Filler, Rachel: escapes to the forest, with Fahn, Regina: deported from Rhodes, 707; her son, 384 'It happened so quickly', 724 Final solution: 'doubtless imminent' (20 Fahn, Rudolf: deported from Rhodes May 1941), 152; envisaged (31 July (1944),7°7; killed at Mauthausen 1941),176; 'approaching' (28 October (1945), 803 1941),222; and a 'discussion' of in Fahn, Shani (Alexander): glimpses his prospect, 245-6; and the Wannsee grandfather, 710; 'swallowed up in the Conference (20 January 1942), 280-5; crowd', 724 and an appeal to Eichmann, 290; and 912 . THE HOLOCAUST

Final solution - cant. Florence: Jews deported from (1943), 633; 'the total undertaking' (13 August 1942), a six-year-old girl from, deported to 417-18; Hitler's 'instructions' Auschwitz (1944), 678 concerning public reference to (I I July Flossenburg: a death march to (1944), 733; 1943),59° survivors of a death march reach (1945), Fingercwajg, Moise: executed (1944), 698 784; a death train from, recalled, 787; Finkelstein, Moses: killed (1945), 773 Jews evacuated to, 792 Finkelstein, Wolf: shot (1941),147 Fogel (from Pilica): warns Jews, 365 Finland: and Jewish refugees, 65, 135; Jews Fogel (a Slovak Jew): at Auschwitz, 529 of, listed (1942), 281;Jews deported to Fogelnest, Aron: executed (1939), 106, 839 Auschwitz from (1943), 534; successful n.27 protests against deportations in,s 3 4, Foley, Frank (Francis): and the German 548; aJew deported from, in a labour plan to 'eliminate' Jews (1935),48; camp in Warsaw, 715 reports on the Jews 'hunted like rats' Fintz, Leon: dies (1945), 785 (1938),64; a friend ofthe Jews, 74-5; Fintz, Miriam: in Belsen (1945), 785; dies seeks a 'humane' policy (1939), 75-6; (1945),794 continues to help Jews (1940), 120; and Fintz, Rachel: her helpers foiled, 708 the liberation of the camps (1945), 797 Fintz, Violette: recalls a deportation from Follman, Hava: an eye-witness to a Rhodes (1944), 707, 708-10; recalls her deportation, 359-60 arrival at Auschwitz (1944), 722, 724; Forbert, Henryk: killed (1944), 717 recalls Dachau and Belsen (1945), 785-6 Forcher, Celina: on the way to death Finzi, Gigliola: aged less than three months, (1943),533 deported to Auschwitz, 678 Foreign Office, London: and German First World War: and the Jews, 21-2, 38, designs against Jews (1938), 66; and 63; and a cavalry barracks at Auschwitz, visas for Shanghai (1939), 75-6; and 121; and a massacre of 1941, 176; fate of fears of being 'black-mailed' on behalf of a hero of, 732 refugees (1939), 78 Fischer, Dr Geza: killed (193 8), 74 Forst, SS Staff Sergeant: at Birkenau, 5 I 8 Fischer, Mrs Geza: commits suicide (1938), Fossoli: Jews deported to Auschwitz from, 74 678 Fischer, Ludwig: orders establishment of Fraenkel, Edith: shot (1942),349 Warsaw ghetto (3 October 1940), 127 Fraggi, Mordechai: killed in action (1940), Fischer, Dr Zygmunt: shot, with his wife 13 2 and child (1943), 548 Frajnd, Pejsach: saved (27 June 1941), 161; Fish, Moshe: organizes a mass escape killed (I August 1941), 166 (1942),382 Frampol: forced labour at, 112 Fisher, Lena: leaves for Palestine (before France: 19,22,28; Jews find refuge in, 44, 1939),712 45,47,64,79,82; declares war on Fisz, Adas: murdered, after liberation, 819 Germany (1939), 85; takes no offensive Fisz, Duczka: killed after liberation, 819 action against Germany, 102, 118; Fiszbaum, Motek: shot (1941), 233, 851 occupied by Germany, 119, 124, 176; n·55 resistance in, 151-2,664,685; Fiszlewicz, Mendel: attacks a German, emigration ofJews from, banned (1941), 513-14; killed (1943), 514 152; and the 'final solution', 284; Fiume: a helper of the Jews deported from, deportations to Auschwitz from (1942), 73 2 3°9-10,418,437,467,47°-1,494, Flater, Yetta: deported, 546 497-8,614,678,683; protests of Flehinger, Dr Arthur: a witness (1938), in, 437; protests of 70 - 1 churchmen in, 450; Churchill denounces Fleischmann, Aviva: her mother's death deportations from, 450-I; Jews sent (1944),761 back to, from Switzerland, 469-70, 494; Fleischmann, Gisi: gassed (1944), 756 Italians protect Jews in, 505; Jews from, Fleischmann, Moritz: recalls Vienna in a Warsaw labour camp, 595, 715; (193 8),59-60 Jews active in resistance in, before and Flensburg: death of an SS General at after the Normandy landings, 598-9, (1945),811 641,698; two Jewish refugees executed Fleysher (a children's nursery supervisor): in (1944), 654; a German-born Jewess at Minsk, 297 executed in, 700; a final deportation INDEX· 913

from, 7 I 2; a deportee from, falls in battle gives an assurance to Freud's sister, 476; in the Warsaw uprising (of August 1944), wounded,573-4 7 15; a German Catholic rescues some Franz Josef, Emperor: 167 Jews from (1945), 777; soldiers of, Free Corps: 176 liberated Jews in the Black Forest, 788 Freemasons: abused by the Nazis (1930), Franciszkanska Street (Warsaw): death of a 30 Jew from (1939), 101 Freese, SS Corporal Willi: killed (1944), Francken, Madame: and the turning back 746 of Jewish refugees by the Swiss police Freiberg, Dov: recalls a deportation and a (194 2),469 death camp (Sobibor), 340-4; recalls a Franconia: exhorted to be 'Jew free' (1934), reprisal,575-6 43 : internees from Frank, Anne: 'Who has inflicted this upon (194°-2),292 us?', 668; 'hope is revived', 684; French North Africa: internment camps in, deported, 718; dies (1945), 767; her 15 I; Jews of, 28 I; death of Jews from, at diary found, 778 Auschwitz, 310 Frank, SS Lieutenant-General August: and , 21, 56 the property of 'evacuated' Jews, 467-8 Frenkel, Getzel: shot (1939), 88 Frank, Edith: dies (1944), 767 Frenschel (an SS man): at Sobibor, 361 Frank, Hans: and forced labour for Jews Freud, Adolfine: dies at Theresienstadt, 476 (October 1939),95-6; orders Jews to Freud, Marie: murdered at Treblinka, 476 wear special badge (23 November 1939), Freud, Pauline: murdered at Treblinka, 476 98; orders establishment ofJewish Freud, Rosa: killed at Auschwitz, 476 Councils (28 November 1939), 102, 103; Freud, Sigmund: his pupil commits suicide and Jewish 'gluttons', 106; protests (1940), 121; and the death offour of his about 'dumping' ofJews, II7; warns sisters, 476 against 'humanitarian dreamers', 13 8; Freudiger, Fulop: '1 am not worried for our Jews to be 'done away with' (9 October lives', 663 1941),213; 'we must annihilate the Jews' Frick, Wilhelm: and restrictions on German (16 December 1941), 245-6; 'You Jews (1935), 50 hardly see them at all any more' (15 Friedell, Egon: commits suicide (1938), 59 August 1942),424; a protest to (25 Friedlander, Elli: turned back from March 1943), 554; and the 'utilization' Switzerland to France, 469-70; deported of Jewish property (13 May 1943), 581; to Auschwitz, 470-1 on need to 'wipe out' Jews (4 March Friedlander, Jan: turned back from 1944),657 Switzerland to France, 469-70; deported Frank, Margot: dies (1945), 767 to Auschwitz, 470- I Frank, Mathau: hanged (1933), 37 Friedlander, Saul: found a safe haven, 470 Frank, Otto: survives, at Auschwitz, Friedman (a Jew from Praga): shot (1940), 777-8 131 Frankel, Leslie: 'we shook', 3 I; his fears for Friedman (at Treblinka): his act of defiance, his father (1935), 46 434 Frankel, Richard: awaits Nazi revenge Friedman, Rabbi Mosze: his defiant words (1935),46 at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 667-8 'Frankenstein': a German policeman, and Friedman, Philip: an eye-witness to, and 'the blood of a Jew', 352 historian of, mass murder (1941), Frankfurt: anti-Jewish measures in (1933), 174-5; records an act of barbarism, 596 36; day of intimidation in (1938), 61; Friedmann, Malvine: her bravery under deportations from (1941), 213, 229, 230; fire, 548 fate of deportees from (1942), 323, 346; Friedmann, Sarah: recalls liberation and death of a cancer specialist from (1944), death (1945), 800 653 Fritsch, Wilhelm:.shot (1943),535 Frankfurter, David: kills a Nazi (1936), 51; From, Dr Benjamin: killed (1941),157 his father tormented (1941), 147-8 Fromm, Bela: in Berlin (1935),45,5°; and Frankfurter, Mavro: tormented (1941), the scene in Berlin (1938), 63 147-8 Frug, Simon: the fate of his tombstone, 289 Franklemon, Jean: helps an escape, 575 Frumer, Aaron: his house, and 'not a living Franz, SS Sergeant Kurt: at Treblinka, 432, soul in sight', 36o 439-40; promoted Second Lieutenant, Fryd, Dr Anatol: shot (1943), 553 914 . THE HOLOCAUST

Frydman, Rabbi: Alexander Zysze: his Gebhardt, SS Major-General Professor: and prayer, 51o medical experiments, 373 Frydrych, Zygmunt: betrayed, 569 Gebirtig, Mordche: 'your weapon of Fuchs, Gunter: and the renewed laughter' (194°),127; shot (1942),358 deportations from Lodz (June 1944), Gedye, G. E. R.: a witness (1938), 59, 60 690,692 Geleman, Abraham: killed (1944), 664 Fuhrmann, Sister Maria Regina: in the Geller, Eliezer: survives a tragic accident, Lodz ghetto, 244 635 Fuks, Nathan: executed (1941), 241-2, Gelleri, Andor Endre: dies after liberation 852 n·4 (1945),810 Funten, F. H. Aus der: and a deportation Gendelman, Josef: leads mass escape, 436 from Holland (1943), 528 (of German-occupied Furmanowicz, Pesia: murdered (1943), 569 central and southern Poland): 95-6, 99; Furstengrube: slave labour at coal mines of, forbids further emigration of Jews (25 673; mass murder at, 774 October 1940), 131 Geneva: reports of Jewish fate reach Gac, Luba: shot (1941), 233, 851 n.55 (1940),134-5 Gadejski, Gerhard: saves Jews, 882 n.32 Genoa: death of the rabbi of, 632 Galay, Inna: dies at Majdanek, 712 Gens, Jacob: appeals to Germans, in vain Galewski, Alfred: and plans to revolt, 456, (1941),216; and the moral law, 228; and 596 a 'shocking secret', 483; his confidence, Galicia: murders in (1919), 22; and Belzec 483-4; and 'the justification for our death camp (1942), 286, 302 existence' (1943), 583; urges the Galinski, Edward: escapes from Auschwitz, surrender of a Jewish resistance leader, 695; captured, 695-6; killed, 697 593; seeks path to 'normal life', 607; shot Galperin, Alter: in Kovno, after an 'action', (September 1943), 608 226 Gentz, Commissar: and an 'instinct' for the Gamzon, Captain Robert: and Jewish 'Jewish problem' (1942), 295 resistance in France, 641; and the Gerlier, Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons: liberation of Lyons, 726 refuses to surrender Jewish children, 451 Gamzu, Abraham: shot (1942), 467 German People's Winter Aid campaign: Gans, Erich: killed in Dachau (1934),45 complaints concerning clothing for, 514 Ganzenmuller, Dr Albert: the SS expresses German Red Cross: visits Birkenau, 658 its 'great pleasure' to (1942), 417-18, Germany: and the First World War, 21-2; 862 n.42 and the Locarno Agreement (1925), 28; Gardelegen: a death march stops at (1945), invades the (1941), 153, 792-3; corpses found at (1945), 793 154; first deportations from (to the East), Garnek, Henri: aged eleven, killed (1942), 2 I3; first gassing of Jews (at Chelmno), 43 8 239-40; declares war on the United Garnek, Jean: aged three, killed (1942),438 States (II December 1941), 245; Jews of, Gartner, Ella: helps a revolt, 743; arrested, to be placed 'ahead of the line', 282; 747; hanged (1944), 747 further deportations planned from Gas (poison gas): Hitler's reference to (1942),291-2; fate of Jews from, at (1926),28; discussions on the use of Sobibor (1942),343-4; Jews deported (1941),219; Jews murdered by, at Kalisz from, at a labour camp on the River Bug, (October 1941), 219-2I;Jews murdered 364; Jews from, deported from Holland by, at Bernburg (November 1941), 238; to Auschwitz, 375; witnesses of mass Jews murdered by, at Chelmno murder visit the east from, 379-80, (December 1941), 240, 252-78; at 426-8,439,476-8; a surgeon from, Auschwitz-Birkenau (1942-4) 286-7, reaches Auschwitz, 437-9, 472-3; 291,437-9,478,487-8; during the Churchill's warning to (8 September Warsaw uprising (1943),566; at Riga, 1942),45°-1; the hair of the victims sent 291,365; at Chelmno, FO-II; at to, 457; women prisoners from, and a Sobibor, 311-12; at Belzec, 302-6, gruesome incident, 473-5; military 316-17,426-8; the search for 'a more operations by, against Jews in hiding, toxic and faster' variety, 425-6 48 I; civilians from, help Jews in Gawerman (from Izbica): at Chelmno, 263 Bialystok, 486-7; and the despatch of Gawze, Dr: commits suicide (1943), 536 the clothes of the victims to, 514, 516, Gdov: resistance near, 189 602-3; Jewish refugees from, in INDEX· 915

Denmark, 614; Allies advance against, the individual ghettos (Warsaw, Lodz, 627; a Jewish girl from, in hiding in Piotrkow, Riga, Kovno, Dvinsk, Holland (1944), 668; Jews from, rescued Theresienstadt etc.) from Yugoslavia, 732; re-enter Hungary Giado: forced labour camp at, 482 (October 1944), 751; evacuate labour Gidaly, Paul: watches a death march camps in occupied Poland, 754-5, 758, (1944),754 769-70,771-7,784-5,789-90; camps Gilbert, Shlomo: killed, with his daughter, in, liberated (1945), 790-8, 800-3, at Treblinka (1942), 392 806-7,808-9; 'cut in half' by the Allied Gilchik, Leva: escapes, to fall in battle armies (25 April 1945),798; surrenders (1942),3 82 (8 May 1945), 8Il Gildenmann, Moshe: a Jewish partisan Gernsheim, Dr Friedrich: commits suicide leader, 436-7, 467,514 (193 8),64-5 Gilerowicz, Leib: killed (1942), 380 Gernsheim, Rosa: commits suicide (1938), Ginsberg (a Jewish policeman): courage of, 64-5 148 Gerntner, Bajla: murdered, after liberation, Ginsberg-Rabinowicz, Dr Maria: commits 819 suicide after liberation, 8 I 2 Gerstein, Kurt: an eye-witness to mass Ginsburger, Ernest: gassed (1943), 540 murder (August 1942),426-8,439 Girshman (in hiding near Riga): discovered Gesia Street (Warsaw): two Jews murdered and shot (1944), 751 at (1942), 324; an old woman murdered Giter (from Bydgoszcz): at Chelmno, 257 at (I942), 453 Gitla (aJewess): 'We are going to work', Gesiowka camp (Warsaw): Jews sent to, 5°7 595 Gitter, Asscher: shot (1939), 88 Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei, Secret Gitterman, Yitzhak: killed (1943), 522 State Police): established (1933),37; Glanc, Rivka: and the dilemma of negotiations with (1937), 55; and the resistance, 590; killed (1943), 590 German conquest of Poland (1939), 93; Glatter, Dr Leon: killed (1943), 553 in Warsaw (194°),114,133; their Berlin Glazer, Jacob: killed (I939), 85 offices (1940), 117; and the eastern Gleimann, Maria: and the Palmnicken killings (1941),166; in Kovno, 181, 225; massacre, 779; survives (1945), 780 atStanislawow (1941), 210; atCheimno Gleiwitz: labour camps in region of, 673, (1942), 252 passim; at Zdunska Wola 742,760,763 (1942),299; in Mlawa (1942), 321-2; in Glick, David: negotiates with Gestapo Warsaw (1942),323-4,338; in (1937),55 Wurzburg (1942),327; at Radom near Glickstein, Lutek: and the resistance in Lida (1942), 333; at Mielec, 350; at Czestochowa, 590 Zdunska Wola, 350; at Wlodawa, 351; Glik, Hirsh: his poem about resistance, at Tarnow, 404; at Belzec, 414, 501; in 568-9; deported, and never seen again Lodz, 440,690; in Dzialoszyce, 443, (1943), 607 444; at Tuczyn, 463; at Kaluszyn, 467; at Glimberg, Peisakh: hanged (1941),188 Zaklikow, 492; at Drohiczyn, 500; in Gliniany: anti-Jewish incitement in (1941), Piotrkow, 509, 552; in Radomsko, 513; 175; Jewish Council in, 181 at Lomza, 520; in Bialystok, 535; in Globocnik, SS General Odilo: and the Cracow, 548-9, 623; in Lithuania, 554; labour camp system (1940), II4-15; and in Tunis, 579; in Paris, 586; in Lvov, a 'method that does not attract too much 587; in Vilna, 592-3,608; in Rome, attention' (1942), 309; and a deportation 622; in Warsaw (1943-4), 641, 660; in from Wurzburg (I942), 327; and France, 641, 797; in Hungary 662-3; on '' (I942), 363-4; the Greek island of Zante, 684; at urges 'a faster pace', 402; seeks a 'faster Palmnicken, 781; at Cuneo, 798 working gas', 425-6 Ghettos: their renewal proposed (21 Glogojeanu, General: killed (1941), 218 September 1939), 89; established, 96, Glozman, Golda: and the fate of the Jews of II6, 124-5; in German-occupied Russia Kiev (1941), 202 (1941),179,182-3,236; at Glozman, Shlomo: his death (1941), 202 Theresienstadt, 238; hope in (J anuary Glueks, SS General Richard: and medical 1942),248-5°. See also index entries for experiments, 373; reports on 'special Courage, acts of; Defiance, acts of; buildings' (crematoria) at Birkenau, 584; Resistance, acts of; Jewish Councils; and his death (1945), 811 916 . THE HOLOCAUST

Gluski, Michal: shot (1943),560 Golleschau (Goleszow): a labour camp at, 'Goebbels calendar': 297, 557, 617-18, 425; rescue of Jews from, 777 739 Golta: murder of Jews near (1941-2), Goebbels, Dr Joseph: and an 'imposing 218-19, 289 spectacle' (1933), 35; his 'calendar', 297, Golub, Abraham: recalls events in Kovno 556,617-18,739; 'Not much will (1941),181,226-7 remain of the Jews' (27 March 1942), Gomerski, SS Staff Sergeant Hubert: kills 309; 'We are holding the Jews to account' children, 546 (May 1942), 363; 'this filth', 364; 'even Gordon, Leslie: recalls massacre of Jews at among our allies, the Jews have friends,' Kamenets Podolsk (1941),187-8 50 5 Gorodetsky, Dvoira: killed (1941), 23 I Goering, Field Marshal Hermann: 76, 117; Gorodetsky, Yakov: killed (1941), 231 and the 'doubtless imminent final Gorodok: death of Jews from (1941), 217 solution' (20 May 1941), 152,213; and a Gotha: Jews shot at (1945),790 'complete solution' (3 I July 1941), 176, Gothelf, Yerucham: organizes mass escape, 177; and the Wannsee Conference (20 with his brother Yaakov (1942), 337 January 1942), 280 Gotthart, Dr: in Vilna, 193 Goeth, Amnon: his sadism, 700 Graber, Dr Adam: falls in battle (1944), Goethe: 38 67 2 Goetz, Adam: dies (1943), 653 Graber, Dawid: buries archives, 401 Gojnberg, Moses: killed (1939), 104-5, Grabner, SS Lieutenant Maximilian: and a 839 n.20 massacre at Budy (1942), 473-5 Gol, Szloma: and an escape from , Grabow: a Jew escapes to, 278 668-70 Grabowski (a Pole): near Chelmno, 278 Gold, Bela: murdered, after liberation, 8 I 8 Grabowski, Heniek: brings news of mass Goldberg (a barber): killed, with his wife murder, 233,314 (194 2),324 Gradowski, Salmen (Zalmen): 'search Goldberg (a saw-mill owner): and a everywhere', 730 German deception, 240 Gradowski, Sonia: murdered, with most of Goldberg, Jehuda: 'where will I go?', 638 her family, 730 Goldberg, Netka: her family deported, 532 Graebe, Hermann: eye-witness to a Goldblum family: all killed (1939), 85-6 deportation (13 July 1942), 379-80, Golde (an engineer): killed by shrapnel 439; eye-witness to mass murder (5 (1944),717 October 1942),476-8 Goldenberg, Helene: aged nine, killed Graf-Weisenberg, Dr Kornelia: killed (194 2),43 8 (1941), 169 Goldenberg, Lotte: aged five, killed (1942), Graftek, Baruch: killed (1943), 598 43 8 Gransdorf camp: 115 Goldfarb, Dawid: killed (1939),104-5, Greater East Prussia: Jews expelled from 839 n.20 (1939),97 Goldin (Jewish Council member): 228-9 Greece: 79, 8 I; Jews fight in defence of Goldin, Chayim: dies (1943), 598 (1940), 131-2; invaded by Germany Goldman, Ania: survives, 768 (1941),147; conquered, 152, 153; and Goldman, Maria: murdered (1944),685 the 'final solution', 284;]ews born in, Goldmann (a Jewish merchant): killed in deported to Auschwitz, 497; a deception Dachau (1933), 37 concerning (1943),543; deportations Goldmann, Mahmens: escapes, but from (1943), 551; medical experiments recaptured, 270; shot (1942), 271 on girls from, 577, 584; deportees from, Goldschmid, A.!,: killed (1941), 193 in Warsaw, 595; escape and resistance in, Goldsmith, Sam: sees Dachau at liberation, 625-6; fate of Jews in the islands of, 798-9 683 - 4; Jewish resistance in, 685; Jews Goldstein, Chaim: sees a Jew killed by a from, in a labour camp in Warsaw, 715; Pole, 716; and the moment of liberation, Jews from, in a revolt at Birkenau, 743; 768 notes of a Jewish Sonderkommando Goldstein, Dr Pawel: dies of typhus (1942), from, discovered at Birkenau (1980), 820 288 Greenberg (a tailor): leads resistance, Goldstein, Peretz: his death, 76 I 50 3-4 Goldwasser, Shlomo: organizes mass Grinberg, Zalman: his diary of events in escape, 337 Kovno,153,182-3,208,227;and INDEX· 917

Hitler's 'war againstthe Jews', 8Il; and (193 8),67-8 vengeance, 8 I I - I 2 Grzybacz, Nachum: buries 'the treasure', Griva (Dvinsk): ghetto at (1941),179 401 Grobas, Mordechai: helps an act of Grzybowski Place (Warsaw): smiles in, 155 revenge, 485; murdered, 590 Gunskirchen: a camp at, 807; a death Grodno: occupied by Soviet troops (1939), march to, 808; and the 'hope' of revenge 92; Jews driven in direction of (1942), by inmates of, 8 I I 334; plans for resistance in, 486-7; and a Gunther, SS Major Rolf: 167 deception, 510; a deportation to Gunthergrube: slave labour at coal mines Auschwitz from (1943), 517; Jewish of, 673 partisans active in region of, 620 Gunzenhausen: two Jews killed in (1934), Grodzisk: the moment of liberation in, 769 42; two more Jews killed in (1934),44 Grojanowski, Yakov: an eye-witness to Gunzig, Jacques: killed (1944), 664 mass murder, 252-79, 286, 314, 355; his Gurfein, Yaacov: recalls a deportation, 521 possible fate, 564 Gurs: internment camp at (194°),130, Grosbart, Zygmunt: his courage, 605 134-5, 237-8;]ews deported from, 450 Grosfeld, Joseph: his testimony, I I 1,840 Gusen: Jews sent on a death march to, 789; n·9 last days at, 807; an evacuation from, Gross, Dr: and the deportation from Kalisz 808 (October 1941), 220-1 Gustloff, Wilhelm: assassinated (1936), 51 Gross Rosen: Jews deported through, 754; Gutman, Gizela: deported, 484 Auschwitz apparatus sent to, 760; Jews Gutman, Israel (Yisrael): an eye-witness at evacuated from, 786 Majdanek, 571; and the revolt at Grossbart, Zygmunt: a Jewish interpreter, Auschwitz-Birkenau, 743-4; and the and a mass execution (1941),197; his death marches, 772; and the 'hope' of sustained act of espionage (1941-4), 605 revenge, 8 I I Grossman, Chajka: her courage, 338-40 Gutstadt (of Radomsko): urges flight, 513 Grossman, Mendel: 'such despair was never Guttman, Dolek: his wife whipped (1942), seen', 440 315 Grostower, Zeli: shot (1942),336 Guz (a carpenter): and a labour camp Grot, SS Staff Sergeant Paul: his cruelty revolt, 506 recalled, 325-6 Guzanyatskii, Yakov: resistance by (1941), Gruber, Heinrich: seeks to warn Jews 188 (1940), 1I7; and news of the internment Gyor: mass murder at (1944), 733 camp at Gurs, 130; a witness at Gypsies: and Martin Luther, 19; and Sachsenhausen (194°),135-6; and 'the 'special treatment', 239; in the Lodz worst thing that befell us', 540 ghetto, 244; gassed at Chelmno, 250-1, Gruber, Mieczyslaw: sets up a partisan 256,259-60,263-4,277; victims of group, 485 medical experiments at Auschwitz, 689; Gruenwald, Dr Kruza: murdered (1943),552 murdered at Mauthausen, 807; the death Gruszka Zaporska: a Polish family toll of, 824 executed at, for helping Jews (1943), 553 Gryn, Gabi: seen for 'the last time', 677 Gryn, Geza: 'to give with a warm hand', Haas, Dr Ludwig: killed in action (1914), 764; dies (1945), 810 21-2 Gryn, Hugo: and an example of 'human Haber, Fritz: deprived of his professorship dignity', 294-5; and the Gestapo's first (1933),3 8 moves in Hungary, 662-3; and the first Haberfeld, Rabbi: receives assurances, 730 moments at Birkenau, 677; and the death Hadjerat M' Guil: internment camp at marches, 764, 789; his father's death, (1941- 2),292 810; and the 'denial of God', 826 Hafner, Falik: killed (1942), 410 Grynbaum,Josek: hanged (1942),4°5 Hague, the: occupied by German forces Grynszpan, Hirsch: his family'S expulsion (194°),121 (1938),67-8; assassinates a German Hahn Warburg, Lola: 52 diplomat, 68-9, 73; a street named after Haidar camp (Athens): Jewish deportees him, in mockery, 146 held at, 709 Grynszpan, Yekhiel: protects his fellow : and the Patria tragedy (1940), 134; Jews, 504, 573 death of aJew from (1942), 310 Grynszpan, Zindel: expelled from Germany Haj Amin al-Husseini: his protest, 578 918 . THE HOLOCAUST

Hajfec, Chaim: and the Lachwa revolt, 447 Hebrew: taught in the Lodz ghetto, 15 I; Halbenstock (a Jewish boy): hanged, 550 beggars speak in, in Warsaw, 351; Halder, General: records death of Jews resistance leaders whistle a song in, 486; (1939),87 act of defiance by a teacher of, 628; a Halpern, David: killed (1942),440 translator of Heine into, murdered, 672; Halter, Monik: at Chelmno, 257, 261, 272, 'the language of the future', 713; the final 273,277 prayer in, to be spoken by 'some new, Hamann, SS First-Lieutenant: and mass clean generation', 823-4 murder of Jews (1941), 170, 178-9, Heckenholt (the driver of a diesel): at 234-5 Belzec, 427 Hamburg: Jews deported from dockside of Heckenholt Foundation: at Belzec, 426 (1939),94; Jews deported to Lodz from Hedin, Sven: appeals on behalf of a Jew, (1941),213, 2I4;Jews deported to 29 0 Minsk from (1941), 229; Jews deported Heine: a translator of, murdered, 672 to Riga from (1941), 243; deportees to Hejdi, Mrs: at Sobibor, 344 Riga shot (1942), 295; deportees to Helfgot, Arieh: recalls a death march Lodz, sentto Chelmno (1942), 345; (1940), lIO death of a distinguished engineer from Helfgott, Ben: recalls pre-war Poland, 54; (1944), 653;Jews sentto factories and recalls the deportation trains passing his bomb sites at, 677, 699; and a deception home town (1942), 328; survives a (1945),779; fate of Jewish women near round-up (1942), SIo; tries to return to (1945),786 his home town after liberation (1945), Hamm: death of aJew in (1933),40 813-1 5 Handelsman, Chana: deported, 890 n. 1 I Helfgott, Gershon: nearly killed, after Handelsman, Jankiel: deported, 546; liberation, 8 I 3-1 5 arrested, and killed (1944), 747 Helfgott, Lusia: murdered (1942), SIo Hanover: 67,95, Jews deported to Riga Helfgott, Sara: murdered (1942), 510 from (1941),850 n.46, a death march Helfing, Izak: recalls journey to Treblinka, from (1945), 789-90 and an act of defiance there, 434; and the 'Hans the killer': at Mauthausen (1941), mood among the labour force, 596-7 144 Hemmelrijk, Professor: hides aJew, 619 Hardaga, Mustafa: helps a Jewish family, Hemmerstein: a girl from, half frozen 14 8 (1940),117 Harder, Albert: gives shelter to three Jewish Henschel, Hildegarde: recalls suicides girls, 781 among deportees, 213 Harmuszko, Pawel: saves Jews, 882 n.32 Hepner, Dr Joseph: commits suicide Hart, Kitty: recalls an act of defiance at (194 2),489 Auschwitz, 626 Herman, Chaim: deported to Auschwitz, Hartheim, Schloss: euthanasia centre at, 546; 'our enemy is broken', 760 3 11 Hermann, SS Technical Sergeant Michel: 'Harvest Festival' massacre: in Lublin eye-witness to a 'crime', 3 I I; at Sobibor, region, 627-32 3 2 5 Harwich: Jews reach safety at (1938), 75; Hersbruck (Franconia): 'Jew free' (1934), (1939),82 43 'Hatikvah' ('Hope'-the Jewish anthem): Hertz, Ludwig: a survivor, murdered after sung at Chelmno, 262, 268; sung during liberation, 817- I 8 a deportation, 347,490,544-5; nephew Herzog, Vivian (Chaim Herzog): 894 n·3 5 of author of, deported, 492; sung at Hess, Henrietta: aged eleven, deported and Auschwitz, on the way to death, 622, killed (1944), 657 63 6,658-9 Hess, Roger: aged nine, deported and killed Hauser, SS Captain, Dr: his assurances, 730 (1944),657 Hausman, Helena: dies, after liberation Hess, Rudolf: his mission (194 I), 152 (1945),798 Hessler (as SS guard): strikes naked women Havana (Cuba): 80 on the way to their deaths, 648 Havas, Geza: dies (1945), 808 Hewel, SS Brigadier Walther: reports Hawryluk (a priest): incites local Hitler's anger as Majdanek camp is population (1941), 175 exposed, 7 I I Head Office for Reich Security: discussion Heydebreck: a labour camp, and a of deportations at (6 March 1942),291-2 deception, 658 INDEX· 919

Heydrich, Reinhard: head of SS Intelligence his recollections of the last days of Service (1931), 31; and Jewish , 659-60 emigration (1939), 76; and the 'planned Hirschler, Rabbi Rene: deported with his overall measures' against Jews (2 I wife (1944), 656 September 1939), 88-9,96,99,102, Hirszberg, Lota: commits suicide (1942), I 12; and 'the physical extermination of 4 0 5 the Jews', 168; and a 'complete solution Hirszman, Chaim: his eye-witness account of the Jewish question', 176; and 'no of Belzec, 302, 303-6; murdered, after more Jews', 177; and the 'final solution' liberation (1946), 8 I 7 (29 November 1941), 239; and the Hirszman, Pola: and her husband's Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942), testimony, 305-6 238,245,279,280-5; fatally wounded His Great Love: death of a young actress (27 May 1942), 363; repercussions of the from,655-6 death of, 363-4 Hitler, Adolf: 18, 'anti-Semites of the Heyman, Eva: her death at Auschwitz World, Unite!', 24; and the murder of (1944),756 Rathenau (1922), 25; and his book Mein Hiller, Helen: entrusts her son to Catholics, Kampf, 25-6, 28-9; becomes 501-2; deported, 549-50 Chancellor (1933), 31, 32; and the Hiller, Moses: entrusts his son to Catholics, boycott (1933), 35; and the definition of 501-2; deported, 549-50 'Jew', 46; and the Laws Hiller, Shachne: saved by Catholics, 501-2, (1935),47-8; and the Rhineland, 52; in 549-50 power for five years (1938),57; and Himmelfarb, Meir: plans revolt, 463 German national interests (1938), 65; Himmler, Heinrich: and the SS (193 I), and the (1938), 66; and the 30-1; overrules sentences against SS Kristallnacht (1938),69-70; and the men (1939), 87; his thoughts (of 15 May 'annihilation' of the Jews (1939), 76; and 1940), 119-20; and 'no more Jews', 177; Poland (1939),82; and Jewish witnesses mass murder at Minsk (1941), resettlement (1939), 94; a protest to 191; and the maintenance of deception (1940), II6-17; and Himmler's thoughts (10 April 1942), 319; presides over a (of 15 May 1940), 119-20; and the fall meeting to discuss medical experiments of France, 123; and the bombing of (7 July 1942), 373; orders 'a total Berlin, 12 5; his fellow fighters and the cleansing', (19 July 1942), 387; told of Jews, 138; his 'minions', 139; his end the need for 'a faster pace' (23 July 'near' (194 I), 155; his order concerning 1942),402-3; 'help me to get more 'the physical extermination of the Jews' trains' (20 January 1943), 526; and the cited, 168; military ascendancy of deportation ofJews from Finland (1943), (1941),186,196; his Chancellery, and 534; and a 'quantity of old garments' at poison gas (October 1941), 219; a Birkenau and in the Lublin region, protest to (October 1941), 222; and 539-40; visits Treblinka, 545; visits euthanasia, 238; and the 'end' ofthe Jews Sobibor, 546; receives a list ofJewish in Europe, 245; to be thanked (at property for 'utilization', 58 I; and Chelmno), 262; warns of 'the complete medical experiments on Jews, 584; his annihilation of the Jews' (30 January speech at Poznan (4 ), 'a 1942), 285; his name deliberately not page of glory', 614-16; proposes to mentioned, 294; rumours of resistance release seven thousand women (20 April against his 'hangmen', 300; his fate 1945),797,798 forecast (at Belzec), 305; his intentions Hindenburg: labour camp at, 7 I 2 discussed (in Warsaw), 314; a 'satrap' of, Hindenburg, Field Marshal: 30 3 I 5; rumoured 'collapse' of, 33 2; Hirsch, Alice: shot (1942), 349 vengeance on the Germany of, 'an Hirsch, Freddy: his attempted suicide, and advance payment', 353; advice of the death (1944), 658 euthanasia expert on the staff of, 402; the Hirsch, Hella: shot (1942),349 'very grave order' of (28 July 1942),403; Hirsch, Helmut: executed (1937),54 a German policeman does not 'give a Hirsch, Otto: pleads for funds (1935),45 damn' for, 424; and a spurious Hirsch, Rachel: records her father's meeting agreement of, with Roosevelt, 429; a with her brother after liberation, 81 'i-I 6 protest to (25 March 1943), 554; urges Hirshaut, Julien Oulian Hirszhaut): his deportation of Jews from Hungary (17 recollections of Pawiak prison, 616-17; April 1943), 555-6; his 'orders' cited (3 I 920 . THE HOLOCAUST

Hitler, Adolf - cont. solution', 284; Jews deported to Sobibor May 1943), 583; his 'instructions' on from (1942), 344; Jews deported from, public references to 'a future overall on the river Bug, 364;Jews deported to solution' (II July 1943), 590; and the Auschwitz from, 375, 376, 378, 418, deportation of the Jews of Hungary 453,467,478,494,5°6-7,517, (1944),662; attempt on the life of (20 526-30, 533,539,614,636,656,678;a July 1944),710; his anger about failure Jew from, at Sobibor, and a reprisal, to 'erase' traces of crimes against the 575-6; Jews from, in a Warsaw labour Jews, 71 I; hopes to continue war (1945), camp, 595; a painter from, killed at 789; his 'political testimony' and the Sobibor, 619; a Jewish girl from Jews, 803-4; commits suicide (30 April Germany, in hiding in, 668; Jews from, in 1945),804; called a 'madman' by a transit, 674; western allies advance murderer of Jews, 809; his 'war against towards, 7 I 8; final deportees from the Jews', 81T; and the 'pride of the Auschwitz to, 728-9; a German Catholic survivor', 824 rescues some Jews from, 777 Hitler Youth: established (1926), 29; Hollender, Albert: recalls a deportation to shown an anti-Semitic film (1940), 126; Auschwitz, 437 and an 'action' in Lodz (1942), 442; and Holzer, Isaac: deported to Auschwitz a death march (1945),792-3; and the (194°),122 murder of Jews at Lubeck, 806 : a member of, witnesses a : a Jewess in action against, round-up of Jews, 479; members of, kill killed (1944), 727 Jews, 59°,759,819; offers to rescue Hoch (a German Jew): 'dying' (1943), 561 Jewish underground leaders, 654 Hoch, Nachum: recalls a punishment in Homosexuals: sent to concentration camps Auschwitz, 740; recalls an attempted (1933),36; murdered at Mauthausen, escape in Auschwitz, and its sequel, 807; the death toll of, 824 748-50 Hong Kong: 118 Hochberg, Aaron: killed (1941), 181 Hook of Holland: Jews leave (193 8), 75; Hochberg-Marianska, Maria: an (1939),82 eye-witness to the murder of children, Horbacki, Wladyslaw: shelters two Jewish 549 women, 405 Hochberger, Moritz: killed, trying to escape Horodenka: mass murder at (1941), 235, (1944),731 849 n.63; Jews deported to Belzec from Hochman, Leib Michel: killed (1939),101 (194 2),317 Hochshild, Don Mauricio: and release of Horodzei: mass murder at (1942), 380 Jews (1937), 55 Horowicz, Irena: murdered with her child Hoengen: the Kristallnacht (1938) in, 71-2 (1943),552 Hoess, Rudolf: commandant of Auschwitz, Horowitz (a dancer): her act of defiance, 121; and a massacre at Budy (1942), 621 475; asked for human hair (1943), 517; Horthy, Admiral: Hitler urges deportation and medical experiments, 576-7; and a ofJews at meeting with (17 April 1943), Jewish act of defiance, 621; and a 555-6; Hitler again urges deportation of reprisal, 748 Jews on (18 March 1944), 662; agrees to Hoessler, SS Lieutenant Franz: and the halt deportations (7 July 1944), 701; his death of Jacob Edelstein, 690 promises overtaken by events (15 Hofie, SS Major Hermann: in charge of October 1944), 751 deportations from Warsaw (1942), 388 Hoshana Rabba (the Great Prayer): a day Hohlfelder, Professor: and medical of judgement, and of massacre (1941), experiments, 373 210-12 Hoichbaum, Hersh Getzel: commits suicide Hoszcza: Jews given refuge in, 403 (1942),33 1 Hoter-Yishai, Aharon: recalls death of Holender, Yanke!: and the day of survivors (1945), 800-1 liberation, 71 I House of Commons (London): 54,450-1 Hollaender, Gerta: recalls an 'action', Hrubieszow: a deportation from (1939), 5 88-9 103-4; a further deportation from Holland: Jews find refuge in, 47, 80; (1942),359-60; Jews seek safety near occupied by Germany, 119; Jewish (1943),569 refugees trapped in, 120; a deportation Humour: in the ghettos, 152, 153 from (1941),143; and the 'final Hungary: 22; anti-Jewish legislation in INDEX· 921

(1938),56; Jews seek refuge in (1938), of twins at (1984), 890 n.17; President 61 and (1939), 78-9 and (1940),135; of, formerly with the British troops who Jews of (1941), I?6; mass murder of entered Belsen, 894 n.35 Jews from (at Kamenets Podolsk, 1941), Israel, Wilfrid: 52; reports on concentration 186-8;Jews of (1942),281; and the camps (1938), 63; warns of reprisals 'final solution', 284; and the murder of (193 8),69 Jews in Yugoslavia, 287-8; fate of a Issaszeg: a death march through (1944), Jewess from, 346; and the German wish 753 for deportations from, 466; a citizen of, Istanbul: a Jewess saved at (1942), 296; fate deported from Belgium to Auschwitz, of a Jew born in, 376; Jews allowed to 467; sends Jews to forced labour land at (1943), 637; a Jewess born in, (February 1943), 532;Jews not being deported from Italy (1944), 666; an deported from (1943), 548; Hitler urges, emissary from Eichmann at, 682 in vain, deportation of Jews from (I? Italian Front (1915-18): fate of a former April 1943), 555-6; and a German soldier on, 357 propaganda proposal, 581; the Italy: 28, 56,176; Jews of, listed, 281; and deportation of the Jews of, planned and the Jews of Croatia, 402, 466; Jews of, begun, 662-3, 670-2, 674-82; not deported, 467; protects Jews, 505, continued deportations from, 686, 688, 531,543,548; Germans deport Jews 700,710,71 I; medical experiments on from (1943), 622-3, 632-3; further Jews from (1944), 688-90; deportations deportations from (1944), 666, 678; from, halted, 70 I; Jewish deportees from Jews sentto safety in, 732 Rome reach, 709; Jews from, in a labour Iwje: mass murder at (1942),33 I camp in Warsaw, 715; Jews from, sent Izbica Kujawska: fate of the Jews of (1942), from Auschwitz to factories near Berlin, 253 ;Jews from, at Chelmno, 255, 257, 728; fate of boys from, at Auschwitz, 261,264; mass murder ofJews from (14 748-50; Jews once more at risk in January 1942), 272-3, 273-4, 318 (October 1944), 75I-4;Jews from, Izbica Lubelska: deportations to Belzec killed in Warsaw (October 1944), 760; a through (1942), 302, 307, 308 German Catholic rescues some Jews from Izbizki, Haim Reuben: at Chelmno, 264, (1945),777; guards from, at Belsen, 793 267 Huppert, Heinrich: deported from Finland (France): Jewish children deported to Auschwitz, 534 from, to their deaths, 666-7 'Hurrah': a signal for revolt, 619, 744-5 Izraelit (a tailor): saves himself, 369 Huttenbach, Henry R.: and courage, 308 Izykson, Joshua: shot (1942), 298

Ijmuiden: Jews reach, on way to safety Jablonica: Jews drowned in (1941),175 (1940),120 Jacob, Max: dies at Draney (1944), 657 Imber, 5. J.: deported, 492 Jacobi, Dr: and the deportation of Jews by Inotest: and a death train (1941), 163 rail, 284-5 International Red Cross: its protest, 701; Jachowicz, Josef: a Jewish child entrusted seeks to protect Jews in Budapest, 732, to, 501-2, 549 753; takes over Theresienstadt after 55 Jacobi, Harry: rescued from Holland flee, 810 (1940),120 'Internationale': sung on the way to death, Jaeckeln, 55 Lieutenant-General Franz: 637 promises 'liquidation' of 11,000 Jews Ipp, Dr. Tania: saved, 702 (1941),186 Irish Republic: fate of Jews in, discussed, Jaeger, 55 Colonel Karl: reports on fate of 281 Lithuanian Jewry (1941), 234-5, 281 Iron Gates: Jews reach (1939), 107 : riots in (1933), 4 I; nine Jews killed in : and anti-Jewish violence in (193 6),52 Rumania, 123, 14 I Jajinci: Jews shot at (1941),173 Irrman (an 55-man): at Belzec, 414-1 5,501 Jakobowitz ('a healthy and strong man'): Isaac, Rabbi: an act of defiance by, 367 shot (1942),247 Israel: Jews refused permission to emigrate Jakubowicz, Jehuda: at Chelmno, 261, 267 to, 848 n.48, 882 n.16; trees planted in Jakubowski, Zalman: at Chelmno, 263 the 'Avenue of the Righteous' in, 862 Jamniak, 5ure: shot (1942),503 n.lo, 863 n.14; the survivor of a 'Blobel Jan,J. von: his courageous sermon (1938), Commando' reaches, 887 n.63; re-union 73 922 . THE HOLOCAUST

Jankelewicz, Chaim: commits suicide Jewish Chronicle: Churchill's message to (1943),53 8 (1941),231 Jankowski, Stanislaw: recalls rwo acts of Jewish Councils: established (1939), 89, 96, defiance at Birkenau, 621; recalls (under 102; in Warsaw, 102, 114, 233, 362-3, his original name, Alter Feinsilber), the 387,388,389,391,523; in Piotrkow, deportation of Hungarian Jews to 103,195; in Wlodawa, III; in Auschwitz-Birkenau,675-6 Szczebrzeszyn, 122,479; in Lodz, 125, Janover, Hillel: shot (1942), 331 249; in East Upper Silesia, 148; in Janowska Camp (Lvov): sadism at (1942), German-occupied Russia, 180-1; at 299-300; death of aJew at (1942), Dubossary, 188; at Kovno, 180-1, 189, 366-7; and a massive reprisal (1943), 208, 222-4, 226-7; at Vilna, 192, 228, 55 I; and the digging up and burning of 483-4,583,593,607; at Stanislawow, corpses, 585; and the fall of Mussolini, 21 I; at Kalisz, 220-1; in Minsk, 228-9, 596; the fate of rwenty-four girls at, 605; 297; at Kleck, 228; at Nowogrodek, 236; continued killings in, 624-5; revolt at, in Bialystok, 249-50, 488,599; at Izbica 63 8-9 Kujawska, 252; at Brailov, 295; at Japan: Jews find refuge in (1940),118; Baranowicze, 298; at Zdunska Wola, attacks the United States (1941), 240 299,350; at Drohobycz, 307; at Jasenovac: murders at, 487, 797-8; revolt Jaworow, 315; at Bilgoraj, 331; at at (1945), 798 Dambrowa (Silesia), 33 I; at Markuszow, J asiolka river: bones thrown into (1943), 33 I; at Iwje, 33 I; at Zdzieciol, 33 7-8, 611 406; in Ozorkow, 350; in Cracow, 358; Jasionowka: a round-up in (1943),531 at Pilica, 365; in Holland, 375, 506; at Jassy (Iasi): massacre at (1941),161-2; Molczadz, 380; at Nieswiez, 38 1,382-3; death trains from, 162-3 at Szarkowszczyzna, 381; in Minsk, 403; Jawiszowice: a labour camp at, 425 at Zwierzyniec, 408; at Krzemieniec, Jaworow: Jews tormented in (1942), 315; 409; at Wlodzimierz Wolynski, 440, Jews deported to Belzec from, 462 640; at Lachwa, 446; at Tuczyn, 463; at Jaworzno: labour camp at, 584,673 Korzec, 467; at Serniki, 467; at Jedwabne: mass murder at (1941),170 Kaluszyn, 467; in Siemiatycze, 489; at Jehovah's Witnesses: murdered at Marcinkance, 489; at Zloczow, 491-2; Mauthausen, 807 from Zamosc (at Belzec), 500-1; at Jejkowice: Jews shot at (1945), 773 Turobin, 510; of Opoczno, 513; in : Jews exhorted to go to (1933), Radomsko, 51 3; at Lomza, 520; at Lvov, 34; Arab protests in (1933-6), 41,52; 532; in Bialystok, 535; at Khmielnik, and the city of Worms, 43; Chelmno 547; at Sosnowiec, 585; in Siauliai, 632; gassings recalled in, 3 10-I I; Roman in Theresienstadt, 633; in Budapest, 663 siege of, recalled in Warsaw, 331; fate of Jewish Fighting Organization: established aJew born in, 376; a massacre (of 1942) (in Warsaw), 396, 424-5; and the killing described in (in 1961),424; information ofJewish policemen, 485-6; in about German intentions reaches, Bialystok, 486,599; near Rzeszow, 487; 449-50; and Marseilles, 531; of in Cracow, 487,505-7; in Czestochowa, Lithuania, destroyed, 608; trees planted 513,590; and the Warsaw ghetto in the 'Avenue of the Righteous' in, 862 uprising, 557-67,572; a founder of, n.lo, 863 n.14; a funeral in, of a Catholic shot, 575; in Bedzin, 598; in Kovno, 645; who saved Jews, 777; survivors gather in in Warsaw after the ghetto uprising, 654; (1981),821-2; a child's shoe from and the Polish uprising in Warsaw Treblinka on display in, 89 I n·5 3 (August 1944), 714-5 Jesus: abused as aJew (1934), 43; his 'non­ Jewish Labour Federation (Palestine): and Aryan' followers, 46-7; and the the rescue of Greek Jews, 625 Kristallnacht in Baden Baden (1938), 70; 'Jewish Nation in Poland', the: once and the fate of a young Jew at Ejszyszki glorious, 53 I; destroyed for ever, 769 (194 1),201 Jewish New Year (Rqsh Hashana): Jews 'Jew free' villages: 42,43 attacked during (1931), 30;Jews shot Jew Suss: a film suffused with hatred during (1939),88; Warsaw ghetto (1940), 126 established on (1940),127; a deportation Jewish Brigade: a soldier from, recalls fate from Warsaw on (1942), 455;Jews of the survivors at Dachau and Belsen, escape from Denmark on (1943), 614; at 800 Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944), 734 INDEX· 923

Jewish Police: in Warsaw, 133, 137, 148, Kagan, Idel: an eye-witness of events in 232-3,38h424-5,461,485-6;in Nowogrodek, 169, 236,4°6-7,579; Minsk, their commander co-operates and an escape bid, 608-9 with resistance groups, 228-9; in Kagan, Moshe: sent in the direction of 'life', Baranowicze, murdered, 298-9; shot, in 23 6 Warsaw, 361-2, 485-6; at Kagan, Nehama: killed (1943),579 Szczebrzeszyn, 479; in Oszmiana ('rescue Kagan, Raja: recalls incidents of an escape what you can'), 483; at Lomza, 520; at from Auschwitz, 695-6 Rohatyn, 579; in Lodz, 586; in Vilna, Kagan, Rakhil: helps revolt, 382 593; in Kovno, 646, 665 Kagan, Yankel: killed (1941), 236 Jewish Sabbath: anti-Jewish indignities Kahana-Shapira, Rabbi Avrohom: 'to save during (1938), 60; at Chelmno death as many as can be saved', 223 camp (1942), 275; in Warsaw (1942), Kahane, Rabbi David: given sanctuary, 410 323,362; in Birkenau (1943), 521; in Kahane, Dr Seweryn: killed, after Koldyczewo camp (1943), 625; and the liberation, 8 19 death ofJews after liberation (1945), Kahn, Artur: killed in Dachau (1933), 37 782-3 Kahn, Erwin: killed in Dachau (1933), 37 Jewish Scout Movement: and resistance in Kaiserwald camp (Riga): final deportation France, 641 from, 722 Jewish Self Defence: in Poland (1936), Kakol, Jan: shelters a Jewish child, 508 51 - 2 Kalarash (Calarasi): and a death train 'Jews not wanted' placards: 41, 53 (194 1),162, 163 Joachimsman, Ruth: a survivor, murdered Kaldo, Rosa: commits suicide (1942), 346 after liberation, 817-8 Kalenczuk, Fiodor: gives Jews refuge, 403 Jody: mass murder at (1941),851 n.63 Kalisz: a Jewess escapes from (1939), 93; Joffe, Chaim: joins partisans, 504 Jewish women slave labourers near Johst, Hans: an enemy of 'culture', 38 (194°),136; Jews murdered by gas near Joint Boycott Council: 74 (October 1941), 219-221 'Joker', the: and the news of Hitler's death, Kallman, Frans Olof: aged twenty-two 804-5 months, gassed at Auschwitz (1943),534 Jolles, Rose: act of defiance by, 575 Kallmeyer (a chemist): and poison gas, 219 Jordan, SS Captain: his promise of work Kalmanovitch, Zelig: the price of life and life, 227 commented on by, 484 Jozefek, Kazimierz: hanged for helping Kaltenbrunner, Ernst: and a propaganda Jews (1944), 654 proposal, 581 Jozefow: labour camp at, 126 Kaluszyn: a deportation from, 467 Jozio (from Lvov): no hope of seeing again, Kamen Koszyrski: first victims in (1941), 7 2 5 181 Judenzug ('Jew train'): returns empty, 3 19 Kamenets Podolsk: mass murder at (1941), Jungsztajn, Zeev: recalls a bombardment, 186-8 573 Kamienna Gora: a death march to, recalled, JuP (a Kapo): at Auschwitz, 697 775 Jurezkaya, Niuta: executed (1943), 586 Kaminski Brigade: soldiers of, kill Jews Justman, Reginka: shot (1942), 452 (1944),717 Kaminsky, Suzanne: a tiny baby, deported, K., Moniek: killed (1943), 566-7 574 Kacyzne, Alter: beaten to death (1941), 175 Kamionka: mass murder at (1941),235, Kacza Street (Warsaw): and the uprising, 851 n.63 559 Kampinos forest: punishment camp in Kaczerginski, Shmerl: learns of a massacre, (1941),149-50 555; hears about the Warsaw uprising, Kanal, Yisrael: his act of revenge, 424-5 559; hears a poem about resistance, 568 Kantor, Alfred: deported from Auschwitz Kaczmarski, Stefan: killed for hiding Jews to a labour camp (1944), 699; and a (1943),5 83 hanging (1945), 805; and the end of a Kadomskiy, Leonid: escapes, later killed in death train, 810 action, 614 Kaplan, Dr: his daughter'S death (1943), Kafka, Franz: his friend commits suicide 537 (194°),121 Kaplan, Chaim: his recording of the fate of Kagan, Dvora: killed (1943), 579 Warsaw Jewry, 97-8,101-2, r05, 107, 924 . THE HOLOCAUST

Kaplan, Chaim - cont. Katzmann, SS General: and Jewish attempts 112-13,114,118,120-1; and the to avoid deportation,s 80 establishment of the Warsaw ghetto, 130, Katznelson, Benjamin: murdered (1943), 13 I, 133, 134; and the fate of Lodz 672 Jewry, 105-6; and news reaching Katznelson, Bension: murdered (1943), 672 Warsaw, 106, 365; and forced labour Katznelson, Yitzhak: attends a play, 387; (1940), I I I, I I 2- I 3; and the Pruszkow told of an incident during a deportation, deportees (1941),139-40; and the 'final 391-2; his relatives deported, 392; 'The victim', 232; and the Chanukkah Jews are shooting!', 524-5; his song, and killings (1941), 242; and news of killings his death, 672; 'Sing a hymn to the hero', at 'some unknown place' near Lublin 825 (1942),316; and a 'calamity' in Warsaw Kaufman, Aron: shot (1939), 98 (17-18 April 1942), 323-4; and three Kaye, Sala: recalls Day of Atonement in 'candidates for death', 369; deported to Auschwitz, 739-40 Treblinka, 392; and the fate of those Kazinets, Isai (Joshua) Pavlovich: leads 'expelled' from Warsaw, 398; and those partisans in Minsk, 620 who 'escaped from the trap', 405-6 Kecskemet: arrival of postcards at, 671 Kaplan, Joseph: shot (1942), 452 Kedainiai: mass murder at (1941),184 Kaplan, Yosef: and plans for resistance, Keiler, Maria: 'she simply walked away', 315 570 Kaplanas, Zahar: saved by a non-Jew, 665 Keilis camp: Jews smuggled out of, 607 Kapler, Jacob: and a mass escape, 613 Keitel, General (later Field Marshal): and Kaplinsky, Hirsh: forms a partisan unit, but the need for 'ruthless measures' against killed in action (1942), 406 Jews (12 September 1941), 195 Karasick, Abraham: recalls death of Kelme: 'sanctification of the name of God' Yitzhak Maimed (1943),535; and the by martyrdom at (1941),184-5 Bialystok ghetto revolt, 600-1, 602; and Kern, Jeszyk: his family remain outside the an act of defiance in Bialystok (1944), ghetto, 96; deported, 482 70 4-5 Kempner, Vitka: and the flight of Jews from Karczew: Jews murdered at, 503 Poland (1939), 92-3; and resistance near Karelicze: fate of Jews from, 406 Vilna (1943), 592, 607; and 'the last Jew Karmelicka Street (Warsaw): Jews beaten in the world', 825 up on (1940), 136; aJew killed on Kenigswein: commands a 'battle unit' in the (1942),362-3; a deportation reaches Polish Warsaw uprising, 715 (194 2),394 Kerch: mass murder at (1941), 210 Karp, Israel: shot for resistance (1940),124 Kfar Maccabia: re-union of twins at (1984), Karrer, Lukos: saves Jews, 683-4 890n• 1 7 Karstatt, Eliezer: witnesses a deportation to Kharash, Leonid: escapes, later killed in Sobibor, 577-8 action, 614 Kartun, Berl: killed (1943), 632 Khazanovich, S. M.: leads a Jewish partisan Kasche, Siegfried: and the Jews until Italian group (194 2), 353 military occupation, 466 Kherson: mass murder at (1941),206; Kasprzykowski, Ignacy: saves Jews, 882 executions in (194 2), 352-3 n·3 2 Khmelnik: killing of Jews at (1941), 183-4; Kastner, Rudolf: questions Eichmann's (in 1942),287,367; (in 1943),547 deputy, 671; Eichmann's warnings to, Kibei, Raizl: helps a revolt, 743; recalls a 682,752 death march, 775 Katowice: fate of a rabbi from, 410 Kidash (an SS man): kills a baby (1942), Katz, Aron: killed (1943), 632 402-3 Katz, Edita: a partisan commander, killed Kiddush Ha-Shem ('sanctification of the in action (1944), 727 Name of God' by martyrdom): at Kelme Katz, Hillel: shot (1943),586 (1941),184-5; in Wlodawa (1942), 351; Katz, Jacob: saves fellow Jews, 628 in Piotrkow, 482; a ruling on (1943), Katz, Josef: eye-witness to a deportation, 520-1; Ringelblum prefers to go 'the 243-4 way of' (1944), 660 Katz, Manuel: deported (1942), 307 Kiel: death of aJew in (1933), 35 Katz, Rozalia: dies, after liberation (1945), Kielce: indignities against Jews of (1939), 798 90; labour camps in region of, 96; and Katz, Dr Theo: killed (1933), 40-1 the news of the fall of France (1940), INDEX· 925

122;Jews deported to (1941),143,146; Klompul, Rachel: killed (1941),196 Jews deported to Treblinka from (1942), Klooga: massacre at (1944), 735 417,434,459; forty-two Jews murdered Kluger, Ladislaus: attempts to save Jews, in, after liberation (4 July 1946), 819 762 Kiemieliszki: all Jews shot at (1942), 483 Klukowski, Zygmunt: records fate of Polish Kiev: German advance towards (194 I), Jews (from 1940), 112, 122-3, 126-7, 184; Germans occupy, 196; fate of the 3°8,316-17,319,4°8,479,480; and a Jews at (September 1941), 201-6; 'strange brutalization' on the part of mass murder south of (1942),295; fate Poles towards Jews, 502-3; and the fate of aJew born in (1943), 546; a Jewish of a Pole who sheltered Jews, 553 Major's journey from (1944), 711; Knapajs, Szama: executed (1941), 241-2, liberated, 742 852 n·4 Kimmelman, Oswald: killed (1943), 532 Knect, Majer: shot (1939),101 Kindermann, Siegbert: murdered (1933), Kneibel, Corporal: murders a child, 424 33 Knoll (from Izbica): at Chelmno, 264 Kinster, Ita: dies (1941),138 Kobe Oapan): Jews find refuge in (1940), Kirshenbaum, Mordechai: organizes mass II8 escape, 337 Kobrowski, Aron: urges Jews to flee, 489 Kishinev: a poem written after the pogram Kobryn: executions near (1942), 481 in (1903), 852 n.14; riots in (1936), 51; Koerner, Dr: attempts to save Jews, 761 mass murder in (194 1),171-2,175,178 Kogen, Jacob: commits suicide (1942), 440 Kislovodsk: fate of Jews of (1942),462 Kohan, Albert: his resistance activities, Kistarcsa (Hungary): a deportation from, 598-9; killed, 599 670 - 1 Kohn, Max Hans: killed in Dachau (1935), Kittner, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: shot 45 (1943),597 Kohn, Pinkus: killed (1941),193 Klaczko, Jacob: supports resistance, 38 I; Kohut, J.: remains with his students, 490 kills a German, 383; killed, 384 Koldyczewo camp: escapes from, 625; a Kladovo: Jewish refugees reach (1939), 107 revolt at, 664 Klajnman, Seweryn: escapes from Kollman, Dr Georg: deported from Finland Treblinka, 603 to Auschwitz, 534 Kleck: Jews shot at (1941),228; a mass Kolo: death ofJews from (1941), 239-40, escape from (1942), 382 253,318; Jews pass through, on way to a Klein, Sara: deported (1944), 666 death camp (1942), 275; an alleged work Kleinman, Josef Zalman: eye-witness to an camp at, 318; Jews deported through 'action' at Auschwitz, 734; describes an (1944),693 episode at Auschwitz on the Day of Kolomyja: mass murder at (1941), 235, Atonement, 736-9 849 n.63;Jews deported to Belzec from Klemensow: forced labour at (194°),127 (1942),317 Klessheim Castle: Hitler's meetings with Koluszki: Jews said to have been 'set free' in Horthy at, 555-6,662 (1942),296 Klibanski, Bronia: and 'new hope' brought Komoly, Otto: helps fellow Jews, then to Bialystok, 486 murdered (1944), 732, 762 Kligerman, Rywka: executed (1941), 233, Koniecpol: many Jews killed by Poles near 85 1 n·55 (1943), 6°5 Klinger, Alter der: 'calls for justice', 741 Konigsberg: and the 'final solution', 284; Klinzmann, Willi: at Treblinka station, death of a Jewish fighter near, 609; a 399-400 massacre near, 779-8 I Klodawa: murder ofJews from (1942), Konin: labour camp revolt at, 597-8 25 1,253,269; Jews from, at Chelmno, Konskowola: a reprisal at (1941),153; 255,257,262,266; fate of an escapee Jews tormented, and shot at (1942), 352 from, 270; sewing machines of Jews Kopecky, Lilli: recalls scenes at Auschwitz, from, 318 378-9 Klompul, Gita: killed (194 1),196 Kopernik camp: resistance in, 503 Klompul, Leah: and the fate of the Jews of Kopf, Abish: tormented (1939), 90 Kovno, 196; deported to a camp in Koplows, the: in hiding, 566 Estonia, 593-4 Koppe, SS Police Chief: his circular (1939), Klompul, Michael: deported to Birkenau 839 n·3 (1943),594 Kopyl: aJew from, escapes, 382 926 . THE HOLOCAUST

Koral (a lawyer): commits suicide (1940),13 1 678; the final deportation from, 702; a Korczak, Janusz: a play in the orphanage of taxi driver from, 'calls for justice', 741; (18July 1942),387; deported to reflections of a survivor in, 783; death of Treblinka,392-3 a Jewess from, in Stutthof (1945), 786; a Koren, Arieh: and a German manhunt, 504 Jew from, among the survivors at Koren, Zipora: describes the perils of life as Dachau,799 a Jewish partisan, 464 Kowale Panskie: death of Jews from Korenblum, Szmuel: executed (1941), (1941),241; a further deportation from 241-2,852 n-4 (194 2),3 82 Korn (from Lvov): his escape, 639 Kowel: an act of resistance near (1941), Korn, Hans Robert Martin: reaches 184; visitors to, 339; 'recent' lies about Warsaw from Finland, through resistance in (1942), 368; an act of Auschwitz, 7 I 5 resistance near (1941),37° Korn, Josef: warns his fellow Jews, 38o Kozibrodska, Lonka: her courage (1941), Kornitzer, Rabbi: killed (r941), 144 149; active in resistance, 150; brings Korzec: resistance in, 467 'new hope' (1942), 486; dies in Kos: deportation ofJews from (1944), 707; Auschwitz (1943). 552 some Jews from, protected, 707-8, 722; Kozlowska, Helena: leads resistance, 716 Jews from, reach Auschwitz, 727-8 Kozlowszczyzna: Jews murdered at (1942), Kosciuszko Alley (Warsaw): synagogue 385 destroyed on (1939),101 Kozy: two escapees from Auschwitz reach, Kosherowski (from Tomaszow): murdered 696 (1941),195 Kracowski, Dr: killed (1941), 161 Kosow Huculski: mass murder in (194 I), Kraft (a German Commander): killed 174 (194 1),188 Kossak, Zofia: helps Jews, 505 Krakinovsky, Pinchas: and an escape, 646 Kosow-Lacki: eleven Jews killed in, after Krakinowski, Miriam: saved, 702-3 liberation (1945), 816 Krakowski, Shmuel: his descriptions of the Kostopol: escape from, 436 perils confronting Jewish partisans, 464 Kostshevski, David: murdered after Kranzberg, Pessah: given refugee, 403 liberation (1945), 783 Krasnostavski, Moshe: leads resistance, 467 Kotarbinski, Professor Tadeusz: saves Jews, Krasnowka: Jews deported through, 341 882 n.32 Kraus, Ota: a maintenance man at Kotin (Hotin): mass murder at (1941),178 Birkenau, 658, 882 n.27 Kotnowski (an engineer): his act of Krausz, Miklos: attempts to save defiance, 551 fellow-Jews, 761-2 Kott, Andrzej: the consequences of his Krauwiert (an engineer): hanged, 550 arrest (194°),112 Kravitz, Kalman: sees his two brothers Kovner, Abba: and the fate of the Jews of killed (1942), 490 Vilna, 192, 193, 207-8, 593; and the Kreipe, General: his planned abduction, Jewish partisans in the Vilna region, 6°7, and a possible reprisal (1944), 884 n.82 620; and the liberation of Vilna, 703-4 Kremer, Dr Johann: reaches Auschwitz and Kovno (): restrictions against Jews witnesses an 'action', 437-9; conducts in (I936), 51; Jews helped in (1940), medical experiments at Auschwitz, 117-18, 124; the 'peaceful life', 153; 472-3; and 'terrible scenes', 478; joined and Madagascar, 155; mass murder at by Dr Mengele, 582 (1941), T 57,168; a street hunt in (1941), Kremnica (Kremnitz): battle of (1944), 161; further killings at, 178; Jewish 727; three Jews executed at (1944), 761 Council set up in (1941),180-1; killings Kreutzberger, Max: pleads for funds in (1941), 189-90, 196, 199, 208, (1935),45 222-7,235; German Jews deported to Kriegel, Olga: a twin at Auschwitz, 687 (1941),229,23°; only 15,000Jews left Kriegel, Vera: recalls Dr Mengele, 687 in, 234; and a ruling on suicide, 323; and Krieger (a pregnant woman): deported, the Casablanca Conference (1943), 520; 39 1 - 2 and a deception, 554; a deportation Kristallnacht (November 1938): 69-75, from, to Estonia, 593-4; escape and 471 reprisals in, 640-I; a further escape Krosniewice: mass murder of Jews from from, 645-6; children killed in a camp (1942),298; sewing machines of Jews near, 664; a deportation from Paris to, from, 318-9 INDEX· 927

Kruger, SS Lieutenant-General Friedrich Lagedi: a massacre at (1944), 735 Wilhelm (Commander of the Police and Laja (from Plonsk): 'We are going nobody SS forces in the General Government): knows where', 507 ordered to carry out 'a total cleansing', Lammers, Dr Hans: a protest to, about 'the 387; and the 'elimination' ofJews, 583 policy of exterminating the Jews', 591 Krugloje: Jewish women shot at (1941), Lamsweerde, Baron van: affidavit by, about Krugman, Anna: killed (1942), 481 a death march, 894 n.56 Krugman, Luba: recalls the passing of a Lancut: Jews driven from (1939), 93 deportation train, 306-7; recalls a Landau, Leib: shot (1943),532 deportation march, 480-1 Landau, Ludwik: reports on reprisals Krugman, Tewja: killed (1942), 481 (1939),102 Krumey, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Hermann: Landau, Margalit: helps an act of revenge, and the deportation of Jews from 485; killed (1943), 523 Hungary, 671 Landau, SS Sergeant: and mass murder of Kruszyna: resistance at, 503 Jews, recorded in his diary (1941), Krysia (a Polish orphan): cared for, by a 170- 1,173-4 Jewess, 624 Lange, Jacob: in Stutthof (1940),115 Krzemieniec (Kremenets): mass murder and Lange, SS Major Dr Rudolph: torments a defiance at (1942), 409-10; further rabbi, 243-4; meets deportees, 290 resistance at (1942), 463 Langer, Mandel: shot (1943), 595 Krzepicki, Abraham Jacob: escapes (1942) Langhort, Pieter: affidavit by, about a death from Treblinka, 458-61; killed (1943), march, 894 n.56 564 Laon: deportation through, 309 Krzepicki, Rafal: shot (1941),147 Lapy: Jews flee from, 489; aJew from, Krzewacki (from Klodawa): commits betrayed, 552 . suicide (1942), 272 Larissa, Errera de: prepares for revolt, 742 Ksanskiewicz, Miriam: her act of defiance, Lask: two Jews hanged in county of, 366; a 594 deportation from, 433;Jews from, in Kube, Wilhelm: a protest to, 222, 295; and Lodz, 43 5;Jews from, in Dzialoszyce, the murder of children in Minsk (1942), 443 297; a report from, 403 Lasko, Shalom: kills a Polish attacker Kudasiewicz, Julian: saves Jews, 882 n.3 2 (193 6),52 Kudlatschek (a Sudeten German): helps Latin America: Jews driven to seek new Jews, 486-7 homes in (1946), 819 Kulka, Erich: a maintenance man at Latowicz, Janina: recalls scenes of murder Birkenau, 658, 882 n.27 at Majdanek, 499 Kulmhof: see index entry for Chelmno : 154; anti-Jewish decrees in (1941), Kulok, Josef: his act of courage, 295 182; fate of a Jewish child from (1942), Kunzel, Captain: report of, 213, 849 n·3 250; deportations from (1944), 722 Kurcwajg, Hersh: escapes from Auschwitz, Latvians: auxiliaries, help Germans, 155, 641 157,158,229,388,390,431,698; help Kushnir, Shlomo: escapes, caught, commits Jews, 243, 750 suicide (1944), 664 Lau, Rabbi Moshe Chaim: deported to his Kutno: Jews from, at Chelmno, 268; death (1942), 482 sewing machines ofJews from, 318-19; Lau, Israel: on the day of liberation (1945), a deception concerning, 692 79 2 Kutorgene, Dr Helen: in Kovno, 225, 226 Lau, Naftali: protects his brother, 792 Kuznetsov, Anatoli (A. Anatoli): and an Lauenburg: liberation at (1945),801 eye-witness to mass murder, 204 Laufer, Jehuda: helps a revolt, 743-4 Kyron, Sara: and Babi Yar after the war, Laufer, Leo: recalls torments at a labour 820 camp (1940), 127; recalls torments at a second labour camp (1942), 349; recalls Lachewicki, Miss: supports resistance, 38 I; the evacuation of Ohrdruf (1945), 790 escapes, 384 Lausanne: fate of a graduate of the Lachowicze: mass murder in (1941), 172; university of, 389 'the spirit of death' in (1944), 703 , the: 22,39,45,53 Lachwa: resistance in, 446-7 Lebel, Reb Bunem: killed (1939), 86 Ladino: language spoken by deportees from Le Chene, Evelyn: her account of Rhodes and Kos (1944), 706, 707, 724 Mauthausen, 808 928 . THE HOLOCAUST

Lederer, Zdenek: witnesses a 'census', Lewenbaum, Avraham: liberated, 7 I I 633-4; and the 'lot of the Jews', 825 Lewental, Salmen (Zalmen): an Leer, Wim van: recalls Kristallnacht (1938), eye-witness of mass murder, 515-16, 69; recalls a friend of the Jews, 74-5 649-5 3; an eye-witness of the revolt at Leftkowitz, Abraham: shot (1939), 85 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 744-6; an Legnica (Leignitz): aJew murdered in, after eye-witness of the fate of six hundred liberation, 818 Jewish boys, 749-50; his notes 'Lehayim' ('to life'): password for a break­ discovered (1962), 820 out, 788 Lewi, Dow: normal people 'cannot possibly Lehburger, Karl: murdered (1933), 38 understand', 816 Leibowicz, Abraham Leib: escapes, Lewi, Israel: executed (1939), 85 captured, shot (1943),575 Lewi, Liebe: shot (1939),85 Leichert, Dr: and plans for revolt, 596 Lewin, Rabbi Aaron: murdered (1941),164 Leipzig: 67; Kristallnacht in (1938), 69, 70; Lewin, Yechezkel: seeks help, 163; a deception concerning (1944), 693, 713; murdered (1941),164 Jews deported from a labour camp near, Lewkowicz, Chana: shot (1941),147 to their deaths, 728 Lewkowicz, Pela: and the Palmnicken Leitmeritz: Jews evacuated to (1945), 792, massacre, 779-80 810 Lezajsk: Jews driven from (1939),93 Lejkin,Jakub: his 'zeal', 233; killed as an Liberman, David: his act of defiance, 475 act of vengeance (1942), 485; the fate of Liberty Barricade (Warsaw): gives details one of his assassins (1943), 523 of gassings at Chelmno, 355 Lemberg, Dr Jakub: shot (1942),299 Lichtenberg, Bernhard: his prayers for the Lenczycki (from Uniejow): killed, together Jews, and his death (1941), 216 with his son (1942), 382 Lichtenstein: deportation of Jews of, 483 Leningrad: a Jew born in, deported from Lichtenstein, Awigdor: shot (1941),147 Paris to Auschwitz, 376 Lichtensztajn, Bluma: commits suicide Lenino: mass murder at (1942), 424 (1941),138 Lentz (a 'transport man'): at Chelmno, 770 Lichtensztajn, Izrael: hides archives (1942), Lerner, Alexander: sends his daughters to 400- 1 safety, 199; not allowed to go to Israel Lichtheim, Richard: reports on Jewish fate (since 1971), 848 n.48 (1940),134-5; forecasts end of the war Lerner, Ingar: killed (1941), 199 'this year' (1942), 3 53; reports on the Lerner, Judith: sends her daughters to German intention to 'kill off' the safety,199 deportees, 449-50 Lerner, Sonia: allowed to leave Russia for Lichtmann, Eda: and the killing of Jews in Israel (1972), 848 n.48 Pilica (1939), 87-8; and the killing of Lerner, Victoria: killed (1941), 199 Jews in Mielec (1942), 350 Leros: Jew deportees reach, 708 Lichterman, Jakub: escapes from a death Lesek, Moshe: at Chelmno, 264, 265, 266, march (1945), 776-7 269,271 Lichtman, Itzhak: recalls an incident at Lesko: Jews from, at Sanok camp, 507 Sobibor (1942), 344 Leszczyny: Jews murdered at (1945),773 Lida: an act of defiance at (1941),184; Leszno Street (Warsaw): starvation on, mass murder near (1941), 242-3; further 137; a smuggler on, 144-5; three Jews mass murder near (1942), 333-6; mass killed on, 324 murder at (1942), 403; Jewish partisans Levi, Genia: deported (1944), 666 in region of, 407, 620 Levin, Abraham: records events in Warsaw Lidice: massacre at (1942),363 and outside it, 362-3 Lidzbarski brothers and sisters: in hiding, Levin, Dov: sets off for Palestine (1945), 777 566 Levin, Moshe: helps escapees, 646 Lieberose: a death march from, 763-4 Levin, Sara: helps resistance, 229 Liebeskind, Adolf: killed during an act of Levinbok, Dr: 'Nor are we guilty, although resistance (1942), 505-6 we are Jews', 625 Liebeskind, Benjamin: his daughter shot Levinstein, Dr Oswald: death of his son (1942),5°9 (1942); his own suicide (1942), 293 Liebeskind, Miriam: shot (1943),505 Levinstein, Paul: murdered (1942), 292 Liebeskind, Rivka: 'to save at least someone Leviticus, Book of: its commandments to relate our story', 506; recalls a broken, 829 Sabbath in Birkenau, 521 INDEX· 929

Liepaja: executions halted at (1941), 234 liberation (1945), 783 Liesel: reaches Palestine (1939), 80 Livschitz, Youra: helps an escape, 575 Liff, Mania: an eye-witness to murder, 246 Lob, Albert: deported to his death (1942), Limoges: three Jews shot at (1944), 664 with his wife and son, 471 Lindenbaum, Shalom: and Jewish Loborgrad: Jews murdered at, 487 self-defence (1936),51; at Monowitz Locarno Agreement (1925): 28 (1944),763 Lodz (Litzmannstadt): German violence Lindenberger, Leon: a survivor, murdered against Jews in (1939), 96-7; synagogue after liberation, 8 I 7-I 8 set on fire in (1939),101; pilfering in Linder (a Warsaw Jew): killed (1942), 324 (1939),102-3; indignities against Jews Lingens, Dr Ella: recalls Dr Mengele's of (1939),105-6; ghetto established in 'ruthlessness', 582-3 (1940), II6, 125; forced labourers taken Linkenberg family: a three-month-old baby from (1940), 127; deaths from hunger in from, murdered (1944), 732 (1941),138; work in (1941),141; Ethnic Linz: 284 Germans in, 141-2; labour camps near, Lipke, Alfred: helps Jews, 243 145-6; events in (during 1941), 146-7, Lipke, Iohanna: helps Jews, 243 151,154,177; deportations from Lipke, Yanis: rescues Jews, 243, 580, 617, western Europe to (1941), 213-15, 244; 751 postal 'link' in, 244-5; events in (during Lippert, Jules: visits Rumbuli (1976), 821 1942),248,249; deportations to Lipschitz, Adolf: shot (1939), 95 Chelmno from (1942), 251, 25 6, 274-5, Lipshitz, Ida: flogged (1942), 315 296-7,318,328,345-7; a false Lipsko: a deportee to Auschwitz born in, assurance concerning, 270; a letter to, 890n.II about Chelmno death camp, 279; a Lipszowicz, Eliahu: a former partisan suicide in, 323; fate of a boy from, at leader, murdered after liberation, 818 Sobibor, 340-4; and news of a Lisbon: 152 deportation reaches, 347-8; hangings of Lismann, Hermann: does not survive a Jews in, publicly, 366; work in, and deportation (1943), 547 survival, 370-I; death of a Liszt: his music played in the Lodz ghetto, philanthropist from, 392; two Jews 216 hanged in, 405; renewed deportations Litani, Dora: and the deportations from from 4 I 7;Jews sent to, from Lask, 433; Odessa (1942), 289 'we wait for a better tomorrow', 435; a Lithuania: restrictions against Jews (1936), hospital deportation from, 440-3; Jews 5 l;Jews flee to (1939), 78; German from, in Dzialoszyce, 443;J ewesses invasion of, 154,182; 'solving the Jewish brought to, and shot (1942),503; problem' in, 234-5, 281; visitors to, clothing sent from, causes complaints 339; Jewish partisans in forests of, 620; (1943),514; a deportation train passes deportations from (1944), 722; aJew through, 538; a further deportation from, enters Dachau at liberation (1945), from, 544; and prospect of 'enormous 798-9; Jews from, among the survivors danger' in, 583; execution of an escapee at Dachau, 799 from, 586; suicide of a doctor from, 604; Lithuanian : Jews in action in, 543 'rumours' in, 608; further clothing Lithuanians: as collaborators, 154, 155, reaches, 610; the 'inevitable starvation' 161,172; militiamen, 168, 170; and an in (1944), 653; and a 'children's action' 'action' in Vilna, 192, 216-17; at in (April 1944),665-6; clothes from Swieciany, 200; at Ejszyszki, 201; at those murdered at Auschwitz despatched Butrimonys, 206; at Kovno, 2:2.4, 226, to, 680-1; renewed deportations from 235,702-3; at Roskiskis, 235; at Oune 1944), 690-3; wrist watches of Baranowicze, 298; in Warsaw, 390; at murdered deportees returned to, 694; Ponary, 554-5,669; and the saving of hope and foreboding in, 712-14; the final Jewish life, 230-1, 702-3 deportations from (August 1944), 718, Litwak, Chaim: killed after liberation 722,727-8; fate of a 'respected citizen' (1945),783 from, and his son, 719-20; fate of a Litwak, Shaikele: aged twelve, killed after woman and two children from, 721; liberation (1945), 783 liberation of a woman from (1945), 783; Litwak, Shammai: killed after liberation a suicide in, after liberation, 8 I 2; deaths (1945),783 on the way from, after liberation (1946), Litwak, Yankele: aged fifteen, killed after 816; deaths on the way to, after 930 . THE HOLOCAUST

Lodz-cont. Lubetzky, Polina: murdered (1941), 849 liberation, 8 I 7; an appeal from, to help n.66 record the history of 'the dreadful Jewish Lubetzky, Sarah: murdered (1941), 849 catastrophe', 820; a Jew from, killed in n.66 action with the United States Army Lubiaz: slaughter at (1941),157 (1944),833 n.lo Lublin: Jewish prisoners-of-war in (1939), Loewenberg (a bearded Jew): shot (1939), 95; Talmudic Academy in, destroyed 104 (1939), IOI; a death march from (1940), Lohse, Reich Commissar Hinrich: 110-1 I 1,368; Nazi Party meeting in anti-Jewish decrees of (15 August 1941), (1941), I}8;Jews deported to (1941), 182; halts an execution (15 November 143;] ews deported to Belzec from 1941),234; told to expect 'clarification' (1942),302; tales brought by refugees of the 'Jewish question' (18 December from, to Warsaw, 316; trains to Belzec 1941),246; a report to (1942), 403 from, reported, 3 17; a visitor to, 339; a Lomza: defiance at, 520 concentration camp near, 341, 498; to be London: a protest in (1933), 832 n.7; linked by rail to Sobibor, 471; an escape suicide of two Jews in (1942), 292-3; from, 485; Jews from, deported to death of a Jew from, at Auschwitz, 3 IO; Majdanek, 498; Jews pass through on effects of broadcasts from, debated way to Majdanek, 537; massacre of Jews (1942), 372; information about the from, 627-8; tragic fate of a Jewish girl deportations reaches (1942), 449-50, in hiding in, 655-6; anti-Jewish riots in, 485; a message from Warsaw to (1943), after liberation, 8 I 6; Jews murdered in, 564; a suicide in (1943), 565; a Jewess after liberation, 817 from, deported to Auschwitz with her Lublin region: Jews deported to (1939), son (1944), 656; news of fate of 94-5, II6; forced labour in, 96,114-5; Hungarian Jews reaches, 700-I; horrors and Belzec death camp, 286, 302, 308, seen by men from, 794 319-20; a letter smuggled from, 364; Lopatyn, Berl: his courage, 446-7 further deportations from, 4 I I; and the Louise S (from Cluj): recalls forced labour property of 'evacuated' Jews, 467-8, at Birkenau, 76 I; escapes from a death 539-40; 'Harvest Festival' massacre in march, 774 (1943), 627-32 Lowenberg, Maurice: killed (1943), 641 'Lublinland': deportations to (1939), 94-5, Lowenburg (a Jew in Dachau): 'horribly II6; help to deportees in, 717 beaten' (1938), 58 Lucas, Eric: a witness (1938), 71-2; leaves Lowenthal, Julius: reaches Palestine (1939), Germany for Britain (1939), 76-8; his 79-80 mother's plea (1939),98; asks himself Lowicz: labour camp at, 150; Jews after the war, 'Can I ever grasp it?', 823 murdered at, 151 Lucas, Isaac: his son finds a haven, 76-8; Lowy (aJew in Dachau): shot dead (1938), 'with the help of God we shall manage', 98 58 Lucas, Michael: and the Kristallnacht Lubartow: a death march through (1940), (193 8),71- 2 I IO; Jews deported to Belzec from Lucas, Sophie: her son finds a haven, 76-8; (1942), 3 I 7; a Jewess survives in hiding her plea for help, 98 in (1942-44), 670 Luck: murder at (1941),157; an act of Lubcz: fate of Jews from, 406 resistance near, 184; typhus at (1942), Lubeck: recollections of a Jew from, 288; a revolt at (1942),506 deported to Riga, 243-4; mass murder of Lukoml: mass murder at, as a reprisal Jews in harbour of, 806 (1941), 18 5 Lubetkin, Zivia: an eye-witness of life in the Lukow: Jews deported from (1942),475; Warsaw ghetto (1941), 140, 155; active Jews betrayed in woods near, 492-3 in resistance, 150: hears news of mass Lunsky, Haikel: a witness to murder, 193 murder, 233; discusses resistance, 396, Luria-Klebanov, Lisa: and an episode at 590; and an actof defiance, 425; and the Babi Yar (1961), 821 killing ofJewish policemen, 485-6; and Lust, Lieba: deported to Gurs, where she the Warsaw ghetto revolt, 557, 558, 563, dies (1940),130 564-5; escapes to countryside (1944), Lustig, Fritz: shot (1943), 641 717; given shelter, 760; recalls the Luther, Martin: and the Jews, 19 moment of liberation (1945), 769; and Luther, Martin (of the German Foreign 'our duty to stay with our people', 827 Ministry): 402, 466 INDEX· 931

Lutsenburg, Samson: shot (1939), 95 gas chambers at, 498-9; a deportation Lutz, Charles: protects Jews, 701-2, 752-5 train arrives at, 537; continuing Lutzinski, Jehuda: at Chelmno, 264 deportations to (1943), 538; Jews sentto Luxembourg: and the German occupation Sobibor from, 546; Jews deported from (1940),124; Jews deported from (1941), Paris to, 546; Jews deported from 213; and the 'final solution', 284; Jews Warsaw to, 569, 570; Jews from from, in Lodz, deported to Chelmno Bialystok expect to be deported to, 600; (1942), 345;Jews deported to Auschwitz 'Harvest Festival' massacre at, 627; act of from, 405, 418; aJew from, deported defiance at, 628; Jews sent to Borki from, from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz 639; Red Army enters Ouly 1944),711; (1944),741- 2 Jews from, in Warsaw, 714; a Jew from, Lvov (Lwow, Lemberg): killings in, 1918, liberated at Ebensee (1945), 808; and the 22; occupied by Soviet troops (1939), 91; 'hope' of revenge by inmates at, 8 I I occupied by German troops (1941), Majdan Tatarski: a holding camp at, 498 163-5; Eichmann in (1941),167; mass Makins, Roger: and 'retaliation' (1938), 75 murder continues in, 168-9, 173, 174, Makovsky, Yosif: escapes, 604 175,179; and the death camp at Belzec Makowski, Szymon: hanged (1942), 405 (1942),286; sadism at (1942), 299-300; Malevantshik, Leibel: killed (1942), 322 trains to Belzec from, 317; help to Jews in Malevantshik, Shlomo: saved (1942), 322 (1942),319; visitors to, 339; renewed Malkele (from Opoczno): 'I never did round-ups in (August 1942),410; aJew anybody any harm', 511 deported from, recalls Belzec death camp, Malkes, Salomon: commits suicide (1942), 413-17;Jews from, reach Belzec, 426-8; 449 Jews murdered at (1943), 532; an act of Malkinia junction: 17; a labour camp near, defiance, followed by reprisals, in, 55 I ; 233-4; a death camp near, 286; a further defiance in, 580; the fate of deportation train passes through, 535 corpses in, 585; a final round-up in, 587; Maimed, Yitzhak: his act of defiance, the survivors in, 714, 725-6 535; hanged (1943), 535 Lyons: children deported from, 450; Maltz (from Piotrkow): murdered after 'popular indignation' in, 451; Italians liberation, 8 I 8 prevent a deportation from, 543;Jewish Maltzer, Genia: act of defiance by, 575 resistance in region of, 641; a Jewess : a death camp at (1942), arrested near, 683; Jews shot near, for 35 1,406; Jews from Theresienstadt resistance, 685,698; Jews in liberation deported to, 47 I; mass murder of battle for, 726 prisoners at (1944), 698 Lyski: Jews shot at (1945), 773 Manaster, Arthur: born, and survives, 624 Manaster, Emil: escapes from a deportation MZ: an eye-witness to mass murder, train, 521 210-12 Manaster, Helena: in hiding, 623-4 Macchi, Antonio: seeks to help Jews, 708 Manau: and a 'ritual murder' charge MacDonald, Malcolm: and Jewish (1934),43 immigration to Palestine (1939), 81-2 Manchester: horrors seen by men from, Macedonia: deportation of Jews from, 794 541-3,547,553-5 Manchester Guardian, the: and the Jews of MacKay, Peter: hears about medical Berlin (1933), 32; and the Jews of experiments carried out at Auschwitz, German-occupied Poland (1940), 373-5 113-14; reports on Jews driven out of Madagascar: rumours concerning, 155, Poland after liberation (1946), 817 4 2 9 Manielewicz, Celina: an eye-witness to a Maglione, Cardinal: rebukes Vichy massacre (1945), 779-81 authorities, 451 Mann (a representative of Head Office for Maimonides: discussed (in prison), 193; Reich Security): and 'strict secrecy', 292 cited (in Vilna), 228 : a newspaper campaign in, Mainz: 284 against Jews (1935), 46; Jews deported Maisel, Rabbi: and the Warsaw uprising, from (1940), 130 559 Mansbacher, Herta: an act of defiance by Maistriau, Robert: helps an escape, 575 (1938),72-3; deported (1942), 307 Ma-Jafit, Chief Rabbi: killed (1941), 209 Manstein, General von: issues Reichenau's Majdanek: a concentration camp at, 341; directive, 210 932 . THE HOLOCAUST

Marburg: a professor from, visits Belzec, Meierson, Riva: shot (1942), 385 426,427 Mein Kampf ('my struggle'): 25-8,28-9; Marcinkance: Jews seek to flee from, 489 and the Kristallnacht (1938), 70-1 Marco, Mario di: helps Jews, 622 Mekler, David: recalls a deportation }Vlarcus, Kurt: recalls haven in Japan, I 18 (1942),319-20 Mardfeld, Israel: executed (194 I), 24 1-2, Melamed, Eliezer: and a child's concern to 852 n·4 save his mother, 465 Margules, Fajga: shot (1941), 233, 851 Melnik: a Jewess escapes to, 631 n·55 Memel: Jews flee from (1938), 74; Germans Mariampole: mass murder at (1941),170, occupy (1939), 78 235 Men, Mrs Genia: shot (I942), 298 Markish, Aharon: and plans for a revolt, Menache, Michel: dies during a deportation 463 (1944),709 Markkleeberg: Jews sent to a factory at, 728 Menace-Misrahi, Mazel: deported (1943), Markuszow: a warning at, 33 I; a mass 546 escape from, 337, 485 Menasche, Dr Albert: an eye-witness at Marmara, Sea of: a tragedy in (1940), 13 5 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 584, 621 Marmelstein, Mojse: killed (1939), 104-5, Menasche, Lillian: a 'musician' at 839 n.20 Auschwitz, 584; gassed, 621 Marseilles: Jews seized in (1943), 530-1 Mendel (at Ejszyszki): and the death of a Marszalkowska Street (Warsaw): the child (1941), 200 'terror' of (1940), IIO Mendelssohn: his music played in the Lodz Masur, Norbert: Himmler's proposal to, ghetto, 216 797 Mengele, SS Captain, Dr Josef: at Matisse: fate of a pupil of, 541 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 581-3,659,683, Matveenko (a collaborator): hanged 687-90,719-21,736-9,755-6; an eye­ (1941),188 witness of his experiments, liberated by Mauthausen Concentration camp: Jews the Americans, 809 deported to (1941), 143-4, 166;Jews Menkes, Sara: an eye-witness to mass deported to (1943-4), 64 I; fate of seven murder (1941), 207-8 Jews in, 642-5; Eichmann summons a Mennecke, Dr Fritz: and gassing of Jews meeting at (1944), 662; resistance (1941),23 8,239 fighters brought to, 733; 'handle the load Mennecke, Mathilde: her husband's report yourself', 760; Jews evacuated to, 764, to, 239 774,784; aJew killed in, as punishment Merano: Jews deported to Birkenau from, (1945),803; last days at, 807-8; 622 evacuation from, 808; liberation of, 809, Merin, Moses: 'royal reception' of, 148-9; 8 I 0; survivors from, murdered after his confidence, 15 I; and survival, 370; liberation, 817-18 deported (1943),585 Max (from Lvov): 'no longer among the Mermelstein, Mel: deported to Auschwitz­ living', 725 Birkenau (1944), 674 Mayer, Moritz: deported (1942), 307-8 Messiah, the: 'at hand', 262, 263, 268; 'a Mayerova, Chaya: shot (1942), 2.95 Jew named Weisbrot', 776 Mayo, Morenu: killed in an air raid (1944), Messiah, The: a novel, lost, 476 706 Mexico: 64 Mazamet: Jews in liberation of, 726 Meyer (an SS man): helps Jews, 776 Mazia, Frieda: witnesses a public execution Meyer, Dr (a Jewish dentist): drowned (1941),146; recalls a deportation, and a (1933),3 8 deception (1942), 340; and a deportation Michalowice: Jews resist deportation in, 'to new settlements', 365; and a 583 courageous Jew, 366 Michalowski, Zvi: his escape from the pit, Mechanicus, Philip: recalls 'the most 200-1 fiendish' of the deportations, 656 Michner, Izaak: 'He is dead', 510 Meed, Vladka: see index entry for Peltel, Michner, M.: enquires about fate of his son, Feigele 510 Megalif (from Warsaw): and the Nieswiez Miechow: Jews shot at, 640 revolt (1942), 382-3, 384 Miedzeszyn: Jewish children murdered in Meiblum, Dr: his act of courage (1942), (1942),392 491-2; shot, 492 Miedzyrzec Podlaski: a deportation from INDEX· 933

(1942), 431;lews from, deported to Misocz: mass murder at (1941),177 Treblinka,461 Miszczak, Andrzej: and Chelmno death Miedzyrzec (Volhynia): Jewish Council in camp, 287 (1941),181 Mitau: mass murder at (1941),178 Miedzna: Jews shot at (1945), 773 Mlawa: a deportation through (1941), 142; Mielec: Jews killed in (1939), 87; Jews Jews killed in (1942), 321-2 deported to Belzec from (1942), 302; Moch (a Jew from Mannheim): in custody Jews murdered at (1942),350 (1935),46 Mielnica: an act of resistance at (1942), 370 Moennikes (a foreman): and a mass Mila Street (Warsaw): and the ghetto execution, 477, 478 revolt, 563, 564-5 Mogilev: escapees from, 189; executions in, Milejkowski, Dr Izrael: and the Warsaw 21 7 research into hunger comes to an end, Mohsbock, Stanislaw: killed (1939), 471-2; commits suicide (1943), 523 104-5,839 n.20 Milkowski, Bezalel: his courage, and death Mokka, Shlomo: escapes from Treblinka, (1942),331 60 3 Miller, Yan: killed, with his two sisters Molczadz: mass murder in (1942), 380 (1944),751 Moll, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: kills Milles, Les: Jews deported from, 450 children, 675 Mills, Eric: and the 'tragedy' of German Molotov, Vyacheslav: replaced by Stalin Jewry (1935),48-50 (1941),153 Milos: refugees on (1940), 134 Mongolian soldiers: prisoners-of-war, Mineralnye Vody: Jews killed at (1942), volunteers, at T reblinka, 512- I 3 462 Mongols: Nazis compared with, 186 Minkowski, Chaya: killed (1936), 51 Monowitz: factory and labour camp at, Minkowski,Josef: killed (1936), 51 353,53 1,674; postcards from, 506-7; Minsk: death ofJews in (1941),166-7, 'Our death was sure' at, 763; last days at, 172; an eye-witness to mass murder at 771; a death march from, 773-4 (1941),190-1; and poison gas plans Montauban, Bishop of: his protest, 450 (1941),219; escape of Jews from, 228; Monte Cassino: battle of, 672 German Jews deported to, 229; Soviet Moravia: 66; Jews of, to be placed 'ahead prisoners-of-war murdered near, 246; of the line', 282; further deportations and the 'final solution', 284; Jews from planned from (1942), 291-2 Hamburg shot in (1942), 295; mass Moravska Ostrava: Jews deported from murder at (2 March 1942), 297-8; (1939),94; a further deportation from escapes from, 300; Jews from Vienna, (1943),5 86 deported to, 355; mass murder at, 403; a Mordowicz, Czeslaw: escapes from death camp established near (1942), 406; Auschwitz, 681, 700; fights in the Slovak a Jewish partisan killed in (1943), 515; uprising, but captured, 727 fate of a Jew born in, 546; German report Morgen, Konrad: his affidavit, 238, 851 on the fate of Jews in, 583; an execution n·7 1 in, 586;lews deported to Sobibor from, Morgenstern, Serna: killed (1941), 207 611; massacre at, 619; partisans in : Jews of, 281 region of, 619-20; fate of Jews from, at Morocco, Rabbi Abraham: killed (1939), Maly Trostenets (1944), 698; a memorial 87 site at, 820 : Jews travel through (1940), II7, Minsk Mazowiecki: resistance in labour 124; Hitler expected to conquer (1941), camp at, 503-4 196; Germans approaching, 200, 222; Mir: mass murder at (1941), 235,851 n.63; Jews born in, deported from Paris to an escape from (1942), 406 Auschwitz, 376, 546; a Jewess born in, Mira, Gola: her act of defiance, 575 deported from Italy (1944), 666; Jews Miroshnik, Konstantin: and the fate of the deported to, 693 Jews of Kiev (1941), 201-2 Moses: Jews urged to emulate, 352 Miroshnik, Leib: 'you'll be reckoned with', Moshe (a tinsmith): and a labour camp 202 revolt, 506 Mirteshet: and a death train (1941), 162 Moshkovitz, Elizabeth: rescued, in order to Mishelevski, Elisser: shot (1941), 228 be experimented on, 689-90 Mishelevski, Lipe: shot (1941), 228 Mostar: escape to, 148; Italian assurances 'Mishka the Tramp': and an escape, 646 to the Jews of, 402 934 . THE HOLOCAUST

Moszkowicz, Daniel: in the Bialystok Nakonieczny,Jan: saves Jews, 589-90 ghetto revolt, 600 Naliboki: fate ofJews from, 406 Motyn (at Babi Yar): his courage, and fate Nantes: fate of a Jewess who studied at, 1 78 (194 1), 205 : 21 'Moustache': kills a Jewish woman (1942), Narew river: 92,93 49 2 Naroch forest: Jews escape to, 200 Mozes, Moshe: shot (1939), 85 Narvik: Anglo-French force foiled at Muenter (a German police officer): (1940),119 wounded, 534-5 Nastek, Major: killed in action in Warsaw Muhldorf camp: the struggle to survive in, (August 1944), 716 778-9 Nathan (from Lvov): 'no longer among the Mulhouse: deportation of the Rabbi of, 656 living', 725 Mulik (from Lvov): a survivor, 725-6 National Liberation Movement (France): Muller, Filip: recalls 'the threshold of the founded by a Jew, 641 gas-chamber', 658-9 Natzweiler: Jews murdered at, 584; Jews Muller, Heinrich: Gestapo chief, 166, 168; deported to, 641 at the Wannsee Conference (20 January Nazi Party: 23; its electoral successes 1944),283; sends Eichmann to watch (1928-32),29,30; declared the only mass murder by gassing, 310-11 legal Party in Germany (1933), 39 Munch, SS First-Lieutenant: and medical Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939): 82; secret experiments, 375 clauses of, 91; and Bialystok, 160; and : and the origins of the Nazi Party Lvov, 163 (1920),23; and the expulsion ofJews Ne'eman, Azriel: recalls Dr Mengele, 582 from Bavaria (1923), 25; the main Nella (from Greece): to be revenged, 743 synagogue burnt down in (1938), 63, 65; Nemyonov, Mikhail: and an escape from Jews deported to Kovno from (1941), Kovno, 645-6; commits suicide, 646 230; and the 'final solution', 284; fate of Ner river: and a death camp, 240; aJew a painter born in, 546-7; Jews deported escapes across, 694 from Auschwitz to labour camps in the Neu Dachs: labour camp at, 673 region of (1944),686; and a deception Neubenschen: 67 (1944),691,713; liberation and death Neuhof, Chaim: and the revolt of near (1945), 800 Auschwitz-Birkenau,744-5 Munkacs (Mukachevo): Jews try to resist Neumann, Julius: deported (1942), 307 in, 678-9; a terrible journey from, 679; Neumann, Liana: describes a deportation experiments on triplets from, 688; twins (1942),250 travel towards, after liberation, 782 Neumann, Stephan: a British Army officer, Mussfeld, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: and 55 1 a medical experiment at Auschwitz, Neumann, Trude: her death (1943), 551 720-1; and the fate ofthree escapees, Neumark: torment of sick inmates at, 721 - 2 764-5 Mussolini: invades Greece (1940), 13 1-2; Neusalz: a death march from (1945), 784, and the Jews, 147,466-7,543; abdicates 787 (1943),595-6 Neustadt-Glowen: liberation at, 775; last Musya (from Minsk): helped by a White torments at, and liberation, 806-7; Russian woman, 619 events at, after liberation, 812-13 Mylner, Gitele: saved, 231 New York: protest in (1933), 33; further Myshkin, Eliyahu: killed (1941), 228 protest in (1938), 74; and Warsaw, 84; Myslowice: labour camp at, 673 information about German intentions reaches (1942), 449-50; aJew born in, Nablus: riots in (1933), 41 shot in France for his resistance work Nachmanowicz, Miss: raped (1940), 113 (1944),664 Nadel, Simon: shot (1941),241-2 New York Herald Tribune, the: and the Naftel, Consul: commits suicide (1944), (1935),48 741 News Chronicle, the: horrific report in Nagyvarad: a letter of re-assurance to, 663 (193 8),74 Najberg, Leon: and the Warsaw ghetto Nicolescu, Lieutenant-Colonel C. D.: and revolt, 559-60,560,561,566-7 the Rumanian occupation of Odessa, 218 Najwer (a young Jew from Falenica): Niechcicki, Moshe: his wife refuses to murdered (1942), 431 abandon their children, 509 INDEX· 935

Nieswiez: Red Army withdraws from (1935),48,50,55; an anti-Jewish (1941),155; Germans enter, 159-60; exhibition in (1937), 55; synagogue revolt at (July 1942), 380-1, 382-4 destroyed in (1938), 65; suicides in Nikelburg, Dr Aron: dies (1941), 244 (1938),70; Jews deported to Riga from Nikolayev: mass murder at (1941), 206 (194 1),230,850 n·46 Niska Street (Warsaw): fighting on Nuremberg Laws (of 1935): 48, 50, 55, (January 1943), 523-4; more fighting on 1!3; introduced to Luxembourg (1940), (April 1943), 561-2 124 Nisko: Jewish deportees reach (1939),94 Nuremberg Tribunal: testimony at, 365, Nissenbaum, Shmuel: escapes, 383 45 6-7,614 Nordhausen: United States troops enter Nussenbaum, Eliaz: executed (1939), 106, (1945),796 839 n.27 Normandy: Allied landings in (June 1944), Nyilas: attack Jews throughout Budapest 683; news of, reaches the Lodz ghetto, (1944-5),751-4,761-2,767-8 684 Nyiszli, Dr Miklos: an eye-witness at North Africa: British forces on the Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944), 698-9, defensive in (1941),186; punishment 718-21; liberated at Ebensee (1945), camps under Vichy French rule in 809 (1941-2),292; British forces still not masters of (1942), 466; Allied landings in Ochsenhorn, Zygmunt: killed (1939), (1942),482 104-5,839 n.20 Norway: German forces occupy (1940), Oder river: death ofJews on marches from 119; no destruction of Jews in (1941), (1945),776,784 176-7; and the 'final solution', 284, 446; Odessa: reprisals in (1941), 217-8; deportations from (1942), 499,548; deportations from (1942), 288-9; fate of protest by Protestant from, 499 a Jew born in, 376; a Jewish partisan Nosov, Sergeant G. G.: his 'courage' shot, in the region of, 385; fate of an (1942),296 artist born in,s 4 I; fate of other Jews Novaki: Jews in liberation of labour camp born in, 546 at, 726 Oestereicher, Paul: recalls the Berlin mob Novi Sad: Jews and Serbs murdered at (193 8),69 (1942), 287-8 Offenbach, Sholem: protects his fellow Nowakowski, Tadeusz: relates the fate of Jews, 732 an escapee,s 10 Ogilvie-Forbes, Sir George: and German Nowogrodek: mass murder of Jews in treatmentofJews (1938), 66, 73-4 (1941),169-70,235-6; rumours of Ohlendorf, General: and the use of gas resistance in (1942), 300-1; 'lies' about vans, 365 resistance in, 368; an escape from (1942), Ohrdruf: mass grave discovered at (1945), 406-7; Jews from, join partisans, 504; a 790 further 'action' at (1943),579; an escape O'Leary, Lieutenant-Commander Pat: and from, 608-9 the murder of seven Jews at Mauthausen, Nowogrodzka, Judith: leads a break-out 641-5; and savagery at Mauthausen, from the Bialystok ghetto, 537-8 807 Nowojelna: Jewish partisans near, 407 Olender, Shmuel Leib: shot (1942), 33 1 Nowolipie Street (Warsaw): a Jew killed on Olga (from Bratislava): and the truth about (1942),362-3; a Jewess killed on (1942), Auschwitz, 725 363 Olkiniki: Jewish partisan actions at, 607 Nowolipki Street (Warsaw): two Jews Olshak, Shaine: murdered after liberation killed on (1942), 324; a deportation (1945),783 round-up on (1942), 397-8; a testimony Olyka: fate of Jews who escaped from,s 1 5 found under (1950), 458 'Operation Reinhard': and the death Nowy Sacz: Jews deported from, 410; camps, 363-4; in Warsaw, 390 death of a woman from, 471 Opoczno: a deportation from, 484; Nowy Targ: five Jews murdered on the way deception, and a further deportation to, after liberation, 8 I 7- I 8 from,s 1 1 Nuremberg: death of a Jew from (1933), Oppenheimer, Dr Alfred: at Birkenau, 37; Jews ordered to eat grass in (1933), 741-2; at Gleiwitz, 763; on a death 40; a six-month sentence meted out in march, 772-3 (1934),44; anti-Jewish Laws issued from Oradour-sur-Glane: massacre at, 685 936 . THE HOLOCAUST

Oran: death of a Jew from, at Auschwitz, Jews emigrate to (1933), 38,41; further 3 IO; execution of a Jew from, for his part Jewish emigration to (1934-9),44,47, in the French resistance, 885 n.5 52,55,64; restrictions on Jewish Orchestra: at Belzec, 500; at emigration to (1938-9), 75, 79, 81-2, Auschwitz-Birkenau, 584, 686, 697 107; and the Patria tragedy (1940),134; Organisation Juif de Combat: and Jewish and the Struma tragedy (1942), 296; and resistance in France, 64 I a certificate for, 405; and a German Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists: in deception plan, 5II, 513, 552, 553, 616, Kiev (1941), 202 699; a Jewish boy in hiding, learns of, Oshry, Rabbi: rules against suicide, 323 545; a protest about children being Oslo: Jews interned near, 446; Jews allowed to go to, 578; fate of former deported from, 499 immigrants to, 595,657; and the rescue Osowa (Chelm): killings at (194 1),189 of Greek Jews, 625 ;Jews from, fighting Ostend: 76 in Italy, 627; Jews from, parachuted into Oster, Moshe: recalls a death march occupied Europe, 685, 727, 761; a letter (1945),789-9° to, from liberated Lvov, 725-6; Osterweil, Dr: protects his fellow Jews, 732 survivors reach, 759, 777; prisoners Osthofen Concentration Camp (near think of celebrations in, 763; an account Worms): 46 of post-liberation suffering reaches, 782; Ostrovakas (at Ejszyski): and the murder of and 'normal people', 816; Jews on their more than three thousand Jews, 201 way to, after liberation, murdered, 819; a Ostrowski, Bernard: and the realization soldier from, among the British troops that hope was an illusion (1942), 348 entering Belsen, 894 n.35 Oswiecim: see index entry for Auschwitz Palestine White Paper (of 1939): 79, 107-8 Oszmiana: 'rescue what you can', 483; Palmiry woods: executions in (1940), II2 massacre of Jews from (1943),554 Palmnicken: a massacre at (1945), 779-81 Otter, Baron Guran von: learns of mass Panevezys: mass murder at (1941),178 murder (1942), 428 Pankiewicz, Tadeusz: witnesses a 'Otto Line': constructed by slave labour deportation, 356-8 (194°), 123 Paraguay: 80 Otwock: Jews seized for forced labour Parasol, Fannie: leaves for Palestine (before (1940), 126; Jewish orphans murdered in 1939),712 (1942),392; a deportation through, 430 Parczew: a death march through (1940), Ovitch family: experiments on, at Birkenau, II 0-II I; a manhunt in the forests near 689-90 (1942),5°4; hundreds killed in (1943), Ozorkow: Jews deported from (1942), 350; 573,576; the Jewish partisan leader aJewess in a Baltic massacre born at, 893 killed in (1944), 673; the day of n·4 1 liberation at, 7 I I Paris: Petlura killed in (1926), 28; a protest Pabianice: the belongings of murdered Jews in (1933), 832 n.7; a German diplomat sent to, 328, 514; fate of a deportee from, assassinated in (1938), 68-9; Jews find 40 5 haven in (1939), 80; German forces Pachter, Hirsch: witness to a deportation approach (1940),119,121; occupied (14 (1939), 103-4 June 1940), 121; Jews shot in (15 Pacific: refugees on (1940),134 December 1941), 241-2; Jewish Pacifici, Rabbi Ricardo: killed (1943), 632 resistance in (1942), 349-50; 'Padernice': does not exist, 22 I deportations from, to Auschwitz, 376, Padua: a university graduate from, 437,53°,540,546; a deportation to betrayed, 552 Chelm from (1943), 546; a deportation Pajewski, Teodor: a Polish railway worker, to Kovno from (1944), 678 helps a Jew, 660 (Jewish Festival of): Jews Pajkus,Josek: executed (1941), 233, 851 murdered on (1940), 1I5; in the Warsaw n·55 ghetto (1941),148; at Jaworow (1942), Palanski, Avigdor: at Chelmno, 264 315; in Warsaw (1943), 557, 559; in the Palatinate, the: Jews deported from (1940), Parczew forest (1943),573; in the sewers 130 of Lvov (1944), 588;at Palatucci, Giovanni: helps Jews, and Auschwitz-Birkenau (1944), 667-8 deported (1944), 732 Pasztejn, Sala: executed (1941), 233, 849 Palestine: Jews exhorted to go to, 34, 67; n·55 INDEX· 937

Patras: rescue ofJews in, 62.6 Pfannenstiel, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Patria: tragedy of (194°),134 Professor Dr Wilhelm: at Belzec, 42.6, Patt, Roman: shot (1942.), 338 42.7 Pauvlavicius, Jan: saves Jews, 702.-3 Phillipson, Alfred: an appeal on behalf of, Pavel, SS Sergeant: and his 'deputy', 343 2.9 0 Pawia Street (Warsaw): the 'daily victims' Piaski: on the way to Belzec, 307, 3 15; on of (1942.),35 I the way to Majdanek, 498 Pawiak prison (Warsaw): 338; the Day of Piasnica: euthanasia camp at (1939), 95, Atonement in (1943), 616-17; II5 Ringelblum's last days in (1944), Piatigorsk: Jews of, killed (1942.), 462 659-60; women taken from, and shot, Piatra Neamt (Rumania): anti-Jewish 672.-3; further executions at, 700, 705 actions in (1937), 56 Pearl Harbor: attacked, 2.40 Picasso, Pablo: the death of his godson Pechersky, Alexander: leads a death camp (1944),657 revolt,618 Pilica: Jews tormented and killed in (1939), Peiting: the moment of liberation at (1945), 87-88; Jews flee from (1942.), 365; two 801-2. Poles (one a child) shot for hiding Jews Peker, Meir: recalls fate of two escapees, (1943),52.0; Jewish Fighting 490 - 1 Organization in, 862. n.2.9 Peltel, Feigele (Vladka Meed): recalls Piller, SS Master-Sergeant Walter: at incidents during the deportations from Chelmno, 694 Warsaw to Treblinka (1942.), 393-4; Pinsk: occupied by Soviet troops (1939), and the death of an old woman in 92.; reprisals at, in the first months of Warsaw (1942.), 453; and the Germans' German occupation (1941), 184; mass 'first blow' Ganuary 1943), 52.5; and the murder in a village near (1942.), 419-2.4 Warsaw uprising (April 1943), 562.; and Piotrkow: and the coming of war (1939), the death of Abrasha Blum, 572.-3; and 85,86,88,91; a ghetto established in the death of seven fighters, 635; and a (1939),96,1°3; an outrage in (1940), J ewess in hiding, 64 I; and Jews killed by 113; forced labour from, 114; murder of Poles, 717; seeks her father's grave, 768-9 Jewish Council members from (1941), 'People of Hope', the: II2.-3 195; 'might they not be spared?', 32.8; an Perelman, Nachum: his testimony, I I I, 'action' in (October 1942.),481-2.,484; 840 n.9 fate of the 'illegals' in Perelstein, Robert: dies (1943),598 (November-December 1942.), 508-10; a Pereshike: ghetto at, 2. 36 cemetery massacre in (1943), 552.-3; two Peretz, Dr Aharon: recalls events in the Jews try to return to, after liberation, (1941),183,189-9°, 813-15; three Jews murdered in, after 2.2.3-4,2.2.5-6,227,230;andthe liberation, 8 I 8 'children's action' (March 1944), 665; Piraeus: Jewish deportees assaulted at, and the final deportation from Kovno 708-9 Gune 1944),7°2. Pisar, Samuel: recalls an underground Perl, Dr Gisella: an eye-witness at hiding place, 602; recalls a deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau, 728-9 Majdanek, 604-5; recalls the moment of Perl, Micheline: gassed (1942),418 his liberation, 800-1 Perl, Suzanne: gassed (1942.), 418 Pitrowski, Meir: at Chelmno, 2.57, 2.61, Persians: 'once proud', 556 267 Peru: 55 Pius XII, Pope: helps Jews in Rome, 622.; Pesker, Meir: and the liberation of Ebensee opens Vatican sanctuaries to Jews, 623; (1945),808-9 his protest, 701 Pessah, Rabbi (of Volos): and the rescue of Plaszow: Jews deported to, 550; a the Jews of Volos, 62.5-6 journey to, 575; a 'final day of Petain, Marshal: revokes a protective law judgement' at, 6 I 8; death and protection (194°),12.4; and punitive camps in at, 700; rescue of deportees from, 754-5; North Africa (1941-2), 2.92.-3; rebuked liberation of a deportee from, 808; a (1942.),451 deportee from, returns home, 8 I 2 Petiura, Simon: 2.2.; murdered (192.6), 2.8; Plock: a deportation from (1941),142.-3 his murder 'avenged' (1941), 173, 2.1 I Plonsk: an episode in (194°-1),144; a Petrenko, Antonia: hides Jews, together deportation from (1942.), 507 with her sister Natalya, 6 13 Plotnicka, Chana: killed (1943), 340 938 . THE HOLOCAUST

Plotnicka, Frumka: her courage, 338-40, 816-19; and the Jewish desire to 359; killed (1943),34° 'document the recent experiences in', 820 Pochep: murder of Jews of (1942), 307 Polek (from Lvov): 'no longer among the Podborodz: mass murder at (1941), 206 living', 725 Podklebnik (Podchlebnik), Michael: an eye- 'Polish Conspiratorial Army': kills Jews witness to deportation, 240; an after liberation (1945), 816 eye-witness to mass murder, 246-8, 252, Polish-Jewish relations: Emanuel 274,286 Ringelblum's summary of, 660-1 Podolia: 20 Polish National Army: former members of, Pohl, SS Lieutenant-General: and Jewish kill Jews after liberation, 8 I 8 'wealth', 615 Polish People's Independent Action: its Polack (a carpenter): shot (1941),175 leader arrested (1940), 112 Polak (a pharmacist): killed (1941), 161 Polish police (''): and a Polak, Josef: recalls the arrival of children deportation, 443-5, 479 at Theresienstadt, 60 I Pollak, Karl: killed, with his wife (1944),731 Poland: 'terrible news from' (1918), 22; Pollak, Zonka: deported, but escapes and the Locarno Agreement (1925),28; (194 2),411 -3 anti-Semitism in (1933-4), 39-40;Jews Pomerania: liberation at (1945), 801 find refuge in (1934), 44; pogrom in Pommers, Leon: escapes from Warsaw (1936), sr-2;Jews of, seek refuge in (194°),118 Palestine (1936), 52; anti-Jewish Ponary (Ponar, Paneriai): mass murder at, legislation in (1936), 53; assaults on Jews 170,177-8,193-4,206-8,216-17, in (1937), 56; further anti-Jewish riots in 228,233; acts of defiance at, 554-5; (1938),60; Austrian Jews seek refuge in revolt at, 668-70; last executions at, 699 (1938),60; Jews expelled from Germany Poniatowa (Poniatow): labour camp at, to (1938), 66-8; Jews flee to, from 560,569; revolt at, 572; massacre at, Prague (1939), 78; British pressure on 628-32; act of defiance at, 632; buckle (1939),81; German invasion of (1939), and sewing machines from, sent to Lodz, 653 84; and the 'planned overall measures' Porkkala peninsula: three Jews commit against Jews in (21 September 1939), suicide at (1938), 65 88-9; reports from, reach Geneva Port Bou: a suicide at (194°),124 (1940),135; and the German invasion of Portet Saint Simon: camp at, 130, 840 n.37 the former eastern provinces of Uune Portugal: 19;]ews reach safety of (1940), 1941), 154; the first death camp, 120, 13 5; protection for Jews in established by the Germans on the soil of Budapest offered by (1945), 767 (December 1941), 238-40, 241; and the Poznan: 68, 105; Jews expelled from region 'final solution' welcomed by the General of (1939), 97; Jews from, in a Government of, 282-3; Jewish girls deportation from Dzialoszyce (1942), travel through, 338-40, 359-60; and the 443; Jewesses from a labour camp in, German plan for the Jews of, revealed shot (1942),5°3; complaints concerning Uune 1942), 371-2; the records of the clothing sent to (1943), sr4;]ews from, destruction ofJews in, hidden for deported from Lodz (1943),544; posterity (August 1942), 400-1; death Himmler's speech in (1943), 614-6 penalty for hiding Jews in, 402; Poznanski, Jakub: mass murder 'out of the 'resettlement' in, and the Jews of question', 608 Salonica, 55 I; Hitler on the Jews of Praga (Warsaw): a Jew killed (1940), 109; (April 1943), 555; and the goods of the Jews driven from, 129; courage of a Jew victims, sent to Germany from, 58 I; the from, 13 I; a postcard thrown out of a remaining ghettos of, 583; and the fate of train at, 507; Jews in hiding, killed in an Jews in hiding in, 605-6,623-4,670, accident in, 634-5 714,725-6; the 'Goebbels calendar' in, Prague: Jews flee from (1939), 78; Jews 617-18; and the fiery speech of a woman deported from (1939), 94; Jews escape from (1943),637; a reportfrom, reaches from, 107; further deportations from London, (1943), 640; fate of a pre-war (1941),213,216,238; death of film star from (1944), 655-6; Jews from, deportees from, 244; further atVittei (1944), 667-8; soldiers from, on deportations planned from (1942), 292; the Italian front, 672; and the coming of Jews from, in Lodz, deported to liberation, 759, 768-9, 782-3; and the Chelmno, 34 5; only a single survivor of a 'tainted luck' of survival in, 8 I 2-1 5, deportation from, 364 INDEX· 939

Prajs, Izak: murdered, after liberation, 8 I 9 Rachel (a Jewish mother): and Hershl (her Prashker, Gershon: at Chelmno, 257-8, son), 665-6 263 Rachovo: testimony of a survivor born in 'Preacher, the': at Sobibor, 343-4 (Sarah Friedmann), 800, 894 n.48 Preiss, Izchak: at Chelmno, 264 Raciaz: indignities against Jews of (1939), Presser, Dr Jacob: and a deportation from 90 Holland, 526-8 Racine, Mila: killed by an Allied bomb Preuss, Hugo: 23 (1945),797 Prilutzki, Noah: killed (1941),193 Radecznica: Jews shot at (1943),553 Pripet marshes: and a deception (1942), 307 Radii, Binyamin Pavel: hanged (1942), 350 Priss, Samuel: killed (1942), 490 Radnoti, Miklos: his death (1944), 733 Prochownik, Yechiel: the sole survivor, Radom: Jewish forced labourers from 43 6,5 1 5 (1940),123; visitors to (1942), 339;1ews Pronicheva, Dina: an eye-witness to mass deported to Treblinka from (1942), 405, murder (1941),204-5 4 17; resistance near, 503; a deception Proskurov: Jews killed in (1919), 22; and a massacre at (1943),553; aJew in massacre at (1941),173 hiding near, denounced and killed Pruszcz: the 'redeemer' reaches (1945), (1944),740; a Jew deported to 786-7 Auschwitz from, murdered after Pruszkow: Jews deported to Warsaw from liberation (1946), 8 I 9 (1941), 139-40, 149; a Jewess hidden in Radom district: plans for deportation trains (1943-4),641 from, 471 Przemysl: Jews killed in (1939), 88; Radomsko: aJew from, expelled from occupied by Soviet troops (1939), 92; Germany (1938), 67; a ghetto established Germans deport Jews from (1942), in (1939), 96; and a German deception 402-3,410; a further deportation from (1943), 5 13; a deportation from, to (1943),878 n.44; a final killing in Treblinka (1943), 514 (1944),73 2-3 Radova, Emma: killed (1943), 5 I 5 Przemyslany: mass murder at (1941), 235, Radun (near Lida): mass murder at (1941), 851 n.63 242-3; further mass murder at (1942), Przyryk: two Jews killed in (1936), 51-2; 333-6 death of a Jew from (1942), 310 Radzewski, Kalman: at Chelmno, 264, Pszczyna: a Jew escapes from a death march 276 at, 888 n.63 Radziwillow: slaughter at (1942), 352; Pultusk: Jews driven from (1939), 93 partisans near, 43 6, SI 5 Purim, Festival of: and clothing, 177; and a Radzymin: a message from (1941), 177 deportation from Minsk (1942), 297-8; Radzyn: death of the rabbi of, 362 and mass murder at Baranowicze (1942), Rajzman, Samuel: in the Warsaw ghetto 298; and a deportation to Chelmno during the deportations to Treblinka, (1942),298; and hangings at Zdunska 391,455; an eye-witness ofthe arrival at Wola (1942), 299; at Czestochowa Treblinka, 398,456-7,49°, SIO-II, (1943),552; at Piotrkow (1943),552-3; 574 at Radom (1943),553 Rakoscaba: a deportation through, 710 Purke, SS CorporalJosef: killed (1944), 746 Rakow forest: Jews shot in (1942), Przydlowski (of Opoczno): encourages 508-10; an escapee from, shot, 510 deportees to run, 5 I 3 Rakowski (at Treblinka): shot (1943),574 Putrinia, Wilhelmina: helps Jews, 580-1 Rappaport, Rabbi: killed (1941), 144 Puvogel, Hans: and the 'racially inferior' Rasainiai: mass murder at (1941),178-9 (1936),50 Rath, Ernstvom: shot (1938),68-9; his Pyrenees, the: Jews reach (1940), I2o;1ews father helps Jews (1940), II7; a street sent to camps in, 130; Jews deported out named after him, 146 of camps in, 450 Rathenau, Walter: 23; assassinated (1922), 25 Quisling, Vidkun: allows deportation of Rats: and Jews (in an anti-Semitic film, Jews, 548 1940),134 Rauca, SS Commander: in Kovno (1941), R, Mrs: refuses to undress, 138 224-6 Rabinowicz, Jakub: recalls a deception at Rauff, Walter: rewards and condemnation Treblinka,429 for, 579 940 . THE HOLOCAUST

'Ravens': their cruelty (I942), 298 Jewish Festival: and the Warsaw ghetto Ravensbruck: a death march to, 775; Jews (I940), 131 evacuated to, 784; an escape from, in Rejowiec: a deportation through (I942), vain, 787; a death march from, 796-7; 327 seven thousand women to be released Remba, Nahum: his courage, 391 from, 797; a hundred and fifty women Rembertow: a deportation from, 429-3 I sent to Sweden from, 798; reached by Reprisals: 212; a deterrent to resistance, Soviet troops, 805; Jewesses evacuated 369; and a ratio of I,200 to I (in Lvov), from, at a camp near Lubeck, 806-7 5 sr; at Sobibor, 576; near Vilna, 590; in Rawa-Ruska: rumours of electrocutions at Vilna, 595; at Babi Yar, 613; at Kovno, (I942),3 16 64o-I; near Lyons, 654; at Oradour, Rebhun, Maria: witness to a death march 685; atCheimno, 694; at (I944), 757; recalls the moment of Auschwitz-Birkenau, 746, 748-50; their liberation (I945), 801 scale and effectiveness, 828 Recebedou: camp at, 130, 842 n.37 Resistance and revolt, acts of: in 1940, I 24; Rechstein, Yitzhak: killed (I942), 446-7 in I 94 I, as an excuse for reprisals, Red Air Force: flies over Treblinka (I942), 143-4; in Belgrade, 147; in Warsaw, 4 2 9 149, ISO, 315, 327-8, 338; in France, Red Army, the: 17, 163; 'we'll be back', ISI-2; at Lubieszow, 157; at ISS; acts of sabotage of, I 84; Jews shield Nowogrodek, 169; on the Kowel-Luck soldiers of, 217; rumours of advance of road, 184; urged, at Vilna, 18 5-6; at (I942), 248-9, 265, 332; partisan Dubossary, 188-9; near Balta, 189; in activities of, behind German lines, 300, Vinnitsa region, 189; at Starodub, 217; 464; partisans of, reached by aJew, 338; in Minsk, 228-9; rumours of (in Jews join partisan units of, sr4-5, 607, Nowogrodek), 300-I; near Wlodawa, 647,695; Jews in combat in ranks of, 30I; in Paris, 349-50; Ringelblum's 543,548,695,7°3,797,852 n·13; anguished discussion of (I7 June 1942), veterans of, lead a death camp revolt 367-9; at Rowne (I3 July 1942), (I943), 618-9; advance of (I943-45), 379-80; at Nieswiez (17-21 July 1942), 584, 619,627, 637,664, 683,694-5, 38o-I, 382-4; atSzarkowszczyna (I8 698,699, 702, 705, 712,73 2-3,733, July 1942), 381-2; at Kleck (20 July 735,752, 76I,763, 766,779, 785; and 1942), 382; in the forests of White Russia the liberation of towns and camps (I942), 385; near Odessa (I 942), 385; (I944-5), 355, 486, 520, 639, 670, 695, the final act of desperation, 385; 703,7II,725,75I,768,769;reaches discussed (in Warsaw), 396; at Zdzieciol, the site of Treblinka, 765; reaches 406; at Lachwa, 446-7; at Tuczyn, Chelmno, Budapest and Warsaw, 77I; 463-4; at Serniki, 464; at Korzec, 467; reaches Blechhammer, 773; final near Opoczno, 484; the impossibility of, liberations by, 774, 776, 777, 782, 783, at Wlodawa, 484; preparations for, in 786,793,797,80I,805,812-13 Bialystok, 486; preparations for, in 'Red Friday': in Bialystok (I94I), 160-1 Grodno, 486-7; in Cracow, 487; at Reder, Rudolf: a survivor of Belzec camp, Marcinkance, 489; near Siemiatycze, 302; his testimony, 4 13-17, 419, 500-I, 499-500; a spur to (in Warsaw), 503; at 827 Kruszyna, 503; in Minsk Mazowiecki, Regensburg: arrest of Jews in (I933), 40 503-4; in Cracow, 505-6; in Radom Regina (at Auschwitz): helps a revolt, 743; (preparations for, unsuccessful), 505; at arrested, 747; hanged (I944), 747 Luck, 506; at Czestochowa (I943), Rehmsdorf: a death march from (I945), SI3-I4; in the Volhynia, 5I4-1 5; in 805 Warsaw (January 1943), 523-5; outside Reichenau, Field Marshal Walter von: and Bialystok,S 37-8; in Bialystok, 544, Jewish 'sub-humanity', 2IO 599-602; in Warsaw (April 1943), Reichstag Fire, the (I933), 32 557-67; at Poniatowa, 572; at Reik, Havivah: captured (I944), 727; Czestochowa, 590; outside Vilna, 592; at executed, 76 I Treblinka, 596-7; at Konin, 597-8; in Reilly, Patrick: and Jews 'who panicked Bedzin, 598; in Vilna, 598; at Tarnow, unnecessarily' (I 9 3 9), 8 I 606; at Sandomierz, 606; at Sobibor, Reims: deportation through, 309 61 8-19; at Koldyczewo, 664; at Ponary, Reiss, Raffi: executed (I944), 761 668-70; at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Rejoicing of the Law (Simchat ) 743-50; and 'the defenceless remnants of INDEX· 941

life and youth', 827-8; see a/so index events outside Warsaw (1942), 352; and entries for Courage, acts of, and the question of 'sheep to the slaughter' Defiance, acts of (17 June 1942), 367-9; and a German Reval: a deportation through, 534; three extermination 'plan' (25 June 1942), Jews deported from France to, and shot, 371; and a BBC broadcast (26 June 667 1942),371-2; and the deportations from Reznik, Josef: and the digging up of bodies Warsaw to Treblinka, 393, 396-7, 429, at Borki, 639-40; and an escape from 454,458; and the killing of Jewish Borki,647 policemen, 485; and Polish-Jewish Rhineland, the: alleged Jewish crimes in, relations, 492; and a spur to resistance, 27; remilitarization of (1936),52-3,57; 503; at Trawniki, 572; in hiding, in a deportation from (1942), 307-8 Warsaw, 654; caught, and killed (March Rhodes: deportation of Jews from (1944), 1944),659-60; his work and legacy, 706-10,722,727-8; a Jewess from, in 660-I; the recovery of the archives of Dachau and Belsen (1945), 785-6; a (1946,1950),820; his self-imposed task, J ewess from, dies in Belsen after 825; and 'the quiet passive heroism of the liberation, 794; a Jew deported to common Jew', 828 Auschwitz from, liberated, 809 Ringelblum, Uri: betrayed, 659; in Pawiak Ribbentrop, Joachim von: and deportations prison, 659-60; executed (1944), 660 from Croatia, 402; and the need 'to Ringelblum, Yehudit: betrayed, 659; hurry' with deportations from Europe, executed (1944), 660 466; complains personally to Mussolini Rio de Janeiro: an Auschwitz guard born (1943),541 in, 867 n.28 Richborough Camp (Kent): 76 Rischel (a German): helps Jews, 487 Riga: and poison gas (194I), 219;Jews , La: Jews murdered at, murdered at, including Simon Dubnov, 623 229,825; German Jews deported to, 229, Ritual Murder charge: (in 1934),43; and 250,848 n.46; acts of rescue in, 243; its use as propaganda (1943), 581; Jews selected for death in, 291, 3 I 2-3; revived in Poland after liberation (1945), use of gas vans at (I942), 365; a reprisal 81 7, 81 9 in (1943), 576; Jews hidden near, 580-1, Rivesaltes: camp at, 130, 842 n.37; two 617; Jews sent to Auschwitz from, 627; Jews awaiting 'transfer' to, 470; aJew killing and evacuation in (1944), 718, interned in, 494 722; killing on the eve of liberation in, Roatta, General: refuses to deport Jews, 751; a Jew returns to (1979), 821; a war 466 crimes trial in (I 94 6), 847 n.26 Robota, Roza: and the revolt at Auschwitz- Riga/etta: an aria from, whistled by an SS Birkenau, 743; arrested, 747; hanged doctor, 538 (1944),747 Ringelblum, Emanuel: begins collection of Rochele (from Opoczno): 'I am terribly historical material (1933), 39; gathers afraid', 5 II information (1938), 68; describes daily Roey, Cardinal Van: his intervention, 467 life in the Warsaw ghetto (1940), 109, Rogoza (a camp guard): his cruelty, 574 113-4, II8, 125; and the establishment Rohatyn: the search for survival in, 579 of the Warsaw ghetto (October 1940), Rois, Abraham: escape of, from Chelmno, 129, 13 I, 132, 13 6; gives details of 275,276 torments outside Warsaw (1940), II0, Rokitno: 'Jews ... run!', 436; the fate of I I 5, 126, 13 1,137; and the Warsaw Jews in, after liberation, 782 ghetto during 1941, I44-5, 148-9, 151, Rollfinger, SS Major: at Majdanek, 639 I 52, 232-3, 24 I; and Ukrainian guards, Rolnik, Mrs: murdered, after liberation, 150-I; and news from a labour camp, 818 189; and news from Lodz, 248; and the Roman (Bessarabia): and a death train Warsaw ghetto (during 1942), 248-9, (1941),162-3 315,320,332-3,338,351,35~36~ Rome: Jews deported from (1943), 622-3; 392, 393,400-1, 453; learns of the mass a massacre in (1944), 664 murder ofJews at Chelmno, 252, 355; Roosevelt, Franklin D.: and Pearl Harbor, describes two courageous Jewesses, 240; and a spurious agreement with 338-40,359; and an act of Hitler, cited as part of a deception, 429; 'sanctification of the name of God' by at Casablanca (1943), 520; and the War martyrdom, 35 I; receives further news of Refugee Board (1944), 701 942 . THE HOLOCAUST

Rosani, Rita: killed in battle (1944),751 Rosin, Arnost: escapes from Auschwitz, Rose, Benjamin: a survivor, murdered after 681,7°° liberation, 817-8 Roskiskis: two day massacre at (1941), Rose, Gerda: deported (1942), 312 18 3,235 Rosemann, Julius: killed (1933), 40 Rosier, Major: an eye-witness to mass Rosen (from Warsaw): shot (1942), 363 murder (1941),175-6 Rosen, David: and the fate of the Jews of Rostov-on-Don: and the leader of a revolt Kiev (1941), 203 at Sobibor, 6 18 Rosen, Hadassah: an eye-witness to an Rotbel, Edward: deported, 467 'action', 206 Rotblatt, Lutek: in the Warsaw ghetto Rosen, Lisa: killed (1941), 203 revolt, 564-5 Rosen, Tolik: killed (1941), 203 Rothke, SS First-Lieutenant Heinz: and Rosenau (aJew from Gunzenhausen): deportations from Paris, 376 killed (1934), 42 Rothschild Old Age Home (Paris): patients Rosenbaum, Rozika: dies, after liberation from, deported and killed (1942),497 (1945),798 Rottenberg, Aizik: and the impossibility of Rosenbind, Dawid: killed (1939),1°4-5, resistance, 484 839 n.20 Rotterdam: occupied by German forces Rosenberg, Alfred: receives a protest, 222 (194°),121 Rosenberg, Benjamin: shot (1939),1°4 Rowne (Rovno): occupied by Soviet troops Rosenberg, Helene: deported, 546 (1939),92; first acts of the German Rosenberg, Jankiel: executed (1939), 106, occupation forces in (1941), 181; further 839 n.27 mass murder at (1941), 209; mass Rosenberg, Mikla: pulled from the pit, murder at (1941), 235, 851 n.63; an 422 eye-witness to mass murder at (1942), Rosenberg, Uszer: executed (1939), 106, 379-80 839 n.27 Rowne Brigade: commanded by a Jew, 51 5 Rosenblum, Joel: murdered with his wife Rozanski, Eliyahu: his act of vengeance, and five of his sons (1942),446 485; killed (1943), 523 Rosenblum, Martin: recalls a deportation, Rozen, Simcha: escapes, 384 443-6 Rozenberg, Dwojra: shot (1941), 233, 85 I Rosenboim, Dora: an eye-witness to an n·55 'unheard-of crime' (1942), 299; and a Rozenblum (a thirteen-year-old boy): shot public hanging (1942), 350; and the (1942),448 murder of a thousand Jews (1942), 434 Rozenfeld, Bluma: commits suicide (1942), Rosenbusz, Maximilian: deported to 4 0 5 Auschwitz (1940), 122; his family saved Rozenfeld, Semyon: escapes, and fights, (194 2),4°4-5 619; enters Berlin (May 1945), 806 Rosenfeld, Oskar: notes an incident in the Rozenson, Haim Henryk: his partisan Lodz ghetto Uune 1944),691; and reality group, 514 versus rumour, 692-3 Rozensztajn, Matla: shot (1942), 503 Rosenfeld, Sonia Reznik: recalls the day of Rozes, Michel: deported (1942),437 liberation, 786-7 Rozes, Sarah: deported (1942), 437 Rosenfelder (a 75 year-old Jew): killed Rozlubirski, Lieutenant: in action in (1934),42 Warsaw (August 1944), 716 Rosenfelder, Dr Albert: at Dachau (1933), Rozwadow: Jews driven from (1939), 93 41 Rozycka, Maryla: and plans for resistance, Rosenfrucht, Moshe Hersh: witnesses a 486 deportation (1942), 444-5 Rubinowicz, Dawid: and 'this terrible Rosensaft, Yossl: recalls a death at bloodshed', 317; and a cart 'full of Auschwitz, 690; recalls the liberation of blood', 355 Belsen,793 Rubinstein, Dina: in the ghetto, 184; Rosenstrauch, Salomon: shot (1933),37 murdered (1942), 367 Rosenthal brothers (of Riga): help Jews, Rubinstein, Grigory: killed (1941),183-4 580 Rubinstein, Maria: recalls massacres in Rosenthal, Aharon: at Chelmno, 268, 269 Khmelnik (1941-2), 183-4, 287, 367 Rosenzweig, Dr Artur: arrested and Rubinstein, Polina: in the ghetto, 184; deported (1942), 358 killed (1942), 287 Rosenzweig, Shimon: killed in action, 467 Rubinstein, Victor: shot (1944), 664 INDEX· 943

Rubinsztein, Abram: survives a deportation Ruttenberg, Mrs: her strange fate, 594 (I942),336-7 Ruzomberok: a deportee passes through, Rubinsztein, Haim: killed (I942), 337 7IO Rubinsztein, Maika: killed (I942), 337 Rybnik: Jews shot at (I945), 773 Ruchocki Mlyn: labour camp at (I940), Ryki: fate ofJews of (I942), 336-7 I27,349 Rzepkowicz, Mania: joins children (I942), Rudashevski, Yitshok: reports on a 350 deportation and a massacre (I943), 554 Rzeszow: labour camps in region of (I939), Rudicer (a Jewish Council member): 228-9 96; fate of aJew from (I94I), I64; fate Rudki: an incident near, 355 ofJewish resistance group near (I942), Rudnicki (in Warsaw): shot (I942), 352 487; a Jew from, witnesses the Auschwitz Rudnicki, Peisach: his grave, 797 revolt (I944), 746; a ritual murder Rudnicki, Yitzhak: escapes (I94I), 200; accusation in, after liberation, 8I7 survives, 799 Rudniki Forest, the: escapes to, 646, 670 SA (Sturmabteiiung, Stormtroops): Rueff, Georges: escapes (I942), 3 IO founded (I92I), 24; murder Jews in Rumaner, Leibl: dies (I942), 32I Berlin (I930), 29; attack Jews during Rumania: 22; Jewish immigration to election campaign (I930), 30; in Berlin Palestine from (I934), 833 n·9; (I933), 32, 33-5; at Dachau (I933), 37; anti-Jewish riots in (I936), SI; in Vienna (I938), 59, 60; in Berlin anti-Jewish legislation in (I938), 56; (I938), 63; in Leipzig (I938), 69; and the British pressure on (I939), 79, 8I;Jews Kristallnacht (I938), 69-70, 7I-2; and escape through, I07; further anti-Jewish the deportation ofJews to Poland (I939), legislation in (I940), I23;]ews killed in, 94; and a massacre at Stanislawow I23; grim reports from (I940), I34; (I94I),2I2 further killings in (I94I), 14I; and the SD (, Intelligence Service occupation of Odessa (I94I), 2I7-9; ofthe S.S.): established (I93 I), 31; and a Jews of, listed (I942), 28I; and the 'final deportation (I942), 319 solution', 284; and the Jewish SS (Shutzstaffein, 'Protection Squad'): tombstones of Odessa, 289; and a established (I925), 29; and Dachau German propaganda proposal, 58 I ; Jews (I933), 32-33; in Vienna (I938), 59, 60; returned from T ransnistria to, 637; Jews its 'protective custody', 67-8; and the from, in a labour camp in Warsaw, 7I 5 Kristallnacht (November I938), 70-I, Rumanians: kill Jews (I94I), I6I-2, I78 74; and the (I939), Rumbold, Lady: in Berlin (I933), 34-5 85, 87; and the deportation of Jews to Rumbold, Sir Horace: reports on 'bestiality' Poland (I939), 94; and deportation of (I933),3 6 Jews from western Poland (I939), I05; Rumbuli forest: executions in (I94I), 229; and a death march (I 940), IIO; at becomes a place of memorial and meeting Stutthof (I940), II 5; shown an (after I960), 820 anti-Semitic film (I940), I26; at Rumkowski, Chaim: 'Eldest of the Jews' in Sachsenhausen (I940), I3 5-6; near the Lodz ghetto, I25, I4I, ISI, 2I4, Kalisz (I940), I36; in Amsterdam 244; and the events of I942 in the Lodz (I94I), I43; at Jassy (I94I), I6I-2; and ghetto, 249, 348-9, 370-I; 'I simply the eastern killings (I94I), I66, I68, must cut off the limbs', 447-8; takes in a I70, I72, I87-8; at Osowa labour camp deportee who jumped from a deportation (I94I), I89; in the Kovno ghetto (I94I), train, 538; and a further deportation, I90; statistics of, at Ponary (I 94 I), 544; a call for volunteers from Oune I94-5; command Ukrainians at I944), 69I; an appeal for 'discipline' massacre near (I94I), I96-7; at from Ouly I944), 7II; and the final Vinnitsa (I94I), I98; at Kiev (I94I), 'resettlement' (August I944), 7I8; his 202,204; at Vilna (I94I), 206; at Rowne fate, 722 (I94I), 209; at Kovno (I94I), 225, 226; Runda, Mrs: shot I94I), 24I in the Warsaw ghetto, 233; at Treblinka Ruppin, Dr Arthur: in Berlin (I923), 25 (I94I), 234; at Riga, 243-4, 250, 29I, Russak, Yehuda Leib: shot, with his wife 313; at Chelmno, 247, 248, 252 passim, (I942),48I- 2 770; in Minsk, 297; at Baranowicze, 298; Russia (under the Tsars): I 9-2 I at Belzec, 304, 305-6, 4I3-I7, 426-7, Ruthenia: 79, 28 I; Eichmann's complaint 500-I; and a deception, 312-13, 318; at about Jewish partisans in, 663 Zamosc, 3 I9; at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 944 . THE HOLOCAUST

SS-cont. rescued, 777; and a massacre at 34°,378,437,43 8,453,472-3,478, Palmnicken, 779-8 I; at Ravensbruck, 497-8,518,528-3°,538,582,584, 787,796; at Belsen, 790, 793; at 620-1,641,658,677,678,679,680, Seeshaupt, 802; cruelties of, recounted, 689,69°,697,719,724,743-5°,755, 796; thoroughness of, 797; at Neustadt­ 75 6,757; atSobibor, 34 1, 344, 361 , Glowen, 806; at Lubeck, 806; at 618,656-7,667-8,675-6; during a Mauthausen, 808; flee from deportation from Cracow, 357-8; at Theresienstadt, 81o; near Leitmeritz, Rowne (1942), 379-80; during the 810 deportations from Warsaw to Treblinka, Saar, the: and the Jews (1935), 45, 57; Jews 388,39°,391-2,454,460, 522;at deported from (1940), 130 Treblinka, 395, 399-400,439-40,573, Saarbrucken: 50 6°3; a 'very grave order' to (28 July Sabac: Jewish refugees held at (1939-41), 1942),4°3; in Radom, 405; at Maly 107 Trostinec, 406; at Zagrodski, 420-2; Sabaoani: and a death train (1941), 162 and the search for 'a more toxic and Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp: faster' gas, 425-6; at Kielce, 434; at established (1933), 36; a horrific Lodz, 441-2; at Kremenets, 463; and the account from (1938), 74;]ews reach property of 'evacuated' Jews, 468, Britain from (1939), 76; barrack chiefs 484-5,517; and a massacre at Budy sent to Auschwitz from (1940), 121; fate (1942),473-5; in Dubno, 477-8; at ofJews at (1940), 135-6; Jews shot in Szczebrzeszyn, 479; at Chorbrzany, (1942),363-4; a deportation to 480-1; in Bialystok, 487; in Cracow, Auschwitz from (1942), 479; Jews to be 487; at Ciechanow, 494; at Majdanek, experimented on, at (1943), 584;]ews 499,605; at Kopernik camp, 5°3; at deported to (1944), 728; death of a Stary Ciepielow, 504; in Piotrkow, 509; captured parachutist at, 761; a death on the Belgian-German border, 521; march to, 763-4; Jews evacuated from, during the Warsaw uprising Uanuary 764; Jews evacuated to, 784; a death 1943),522-5; at Lublin, 537; at march from, 796 Sobibor, 546, 578; at Plaszow, 550,754; Saint-Claire-a-Caluire (Lyons): two Jews at Ponary, 555,669; and the Warsaw executed at, 654 ghetto revolt (April 1943), 557-67; at Saint-Gingolph (Switzerland): Jews turned Majdanek, 570-I; at Sosnowiec, 585; at back to France from (1942),469 Czortkow, 588; at Lvov-Janowska camp, St. Germain, Treaty of: 59 596,605; during the Treblinka revolt, St Louis: its futile voyage (1939), 80 597; at Theresienstadt, 601; at Babi Yar, St Valentin: a camp at, 807; evacuation 612-3; in Denmark, 614; Himmler from, 808 describes the 'page of glory' to, 614-5; in St Vincent, General de: refuses to help Trieste, 623; and the 'Harvest Festival' round up Jews, 45 I massacre (November 1943), 627-8, 629, Sakkis, Leon: killed (1944), 685 630; and a 'census' in Theresienstadt, Sakowicz, W.: reports on mass murder near 633-4; at Skarzysko-Kamienna, 635; at Vilna (1941),177-8; and a further Mauthausen, 642-5; in Kovno (1944), massacre (1943), 554-5 664-5,678; at Blechhammer, 673; in Salamovitz, Medea: saved (1942), 296 Hungary (1944), 678-9; at Oradour, Salmonovitch (at Auschwitz): his defiant 685; at Chelmno (1944), 693; at words, 748; gassed, 749 Schwarzheide, 699; at Stutthof, 703; at Salomon, Alice: shares fate of her orphans Rhodes, 707; at Piraeus, 708-9; in (1943),531 Slovakia, 731-2; at Mauthausen, 733; in Salomon, Dr Erich: deported to his death Estonia, 735; and the revolt at (1944),699-700 Auschwitz-Birkenau, 743-7; and the Salonica: death in action ofJews from death of six hundred boys at Auschwitz­ (194°),132; Jews born in, deported to Birkenau, 749-50; at Dachau (1944-5), Auschwitz (1942),497; Jews deported 758; at Stutthof (1944),758; at from (1943), 551, 577, 584, 595; murder Neumark, 765; at Torun, 770; at of eight hundred Jewish girls from, at Blechhammer, 772-3; at Miedzna, 773; Auschwitz, 621; some Jews from, reach and the last hours at Birkenau, 773; at safety in Spain (1944),667 Monowitz, 774; on the death marches, Salonica, Governor-General of: praises 776,784,789,8°5; their 'property' Jewish 'heroism' (1941), 840n.44 INDEX· 945

Salvador: fate of (1940), 135 Jewish act of defiance, 620-I; dies Salzburg: Hitler's meetings with Horthy (1943),621 near, 555-6, 662 Schindel, Sol: and the revolt at Auschwitz, Sambor: a deportation from, 476 746 Samchuk, Ulas: on need for Jews and Poles Schindler, Emilia: helps Jews, 777 to 'disappear', 195 Schindler, Oscar: protects Jews, 700, Samek (of Warsaw): and his two-year-old 754-5,777; a Jew saved by, returns daughter Miriam, during a deportation, home, 812 454 Schloss, Louis: murdered (1933), 38 Samuel, Lord (Herbert Samuel): a report Schmelt, General Albrecht: and labour smuggled to (1938), 836 n.19 camps (1941),145 Samuel, Professor: forced to do medical Schmidt (at Belzec): a 'brute', 416-7,5°1 experiments, 373 Schmidt, Sergeant Anton: his courage, and Samuel, Henriette: saved, 499 fate, 228 Samuel, Chief Rabbi Julius: his courage, Schneidemuhl: Jews deported from (1940), 446; deported, 499 II6 San river, the: 92, 93, 94; a deportation Schneider, Gertrude: eye-witness to from the region of, 521 deportations (1942), 290-I, 312; and Sandomierz: resistance at, 606; Jews shot the clothes of the dead, 3 I 3 at, 640 Schneider, Moise: killed (1942), 31o San Francisco: a Warsaw Jew reaches Schonebeck: Jews evacuated from (1945), (1940), II8; 'sad' recollections in (1980), 79 2 812 Schubert: his music played in the ghetto, Sandberg, Moshe: and a postcard 216 deception, 671; and the perils of Schultz, Fritz: fails to protect his employees, endurance, 778-9; and the coming of 628 liberation, 802-3 Schulz, Bruno: killed (1942), 476 Saneh (an abattoir worker): betrayed Schulz, Dr Ulrich: shot (1941), 216 (1942),5°9 Schumann, Professor (an SS doctor): and Sanok: Jews from, at Zaslaw camp, 507; medical experiments, 576 Jews deported from, 521 Schumm (aJew from Kiel): killed (1933), 35 Santorini: death of Jews off, 683 Schwartz (a guard at Belzec): tortures a Sarah (from Parczew): killed (1942), 464 Jew, 501 Sarajevo: synagogue plundered (1941), Schwartz, Meir: dies (1943), 635 148; a Jewish family born in, deported Schwartz, Moshe-Yossel: leads an attack on from Italy (1944), 666 German and Ukrainian guards, 436 Sardinia: Jews of, listed, 281 Schwarzbard, Shalom: his act of vengeance Sarfati, Sadia: killed (1942), 310 (1926),28; his vengeance avenged : a mass escape from, 436 (1941),173 Sarona (Palestine): and a deception, 552 Schwarzbart, Ignacy: learns of the fate of Sarvar: Jews deported from (1944), 71 I many Jews in hiding (1943), 640 Satanowska, Miss: raped (1940), II3 Schwartzman, Getzel: plans revolt, 463; his Satoraljaujhely: Jews try to resist in, 678-9 death (1942), 464 Satzkis, Lily: her emigration refused, 222 Schwarzheide: Jews sent to factories at, Sawicki (a labour camp foreman): 677,699; Jews evacuated from, 784; fate organizes a revolt, 506 of the Jews evacuated from, 805, 810 : Jewish refugees in, 64 Schweinberger, SS Officer Horst: and the Scaramella, Rosetta: aged five, deported to 'hunters', 206-7 her death (1944), 666 Schwenningen: labour camp at, torments in Schade (manager of a textile mill): helps (1942),349 Jews, 486 Seck, SS Sergeant: and a deportation Schall, Jakob: killed (1942), 410 (1942),31 2 Schechter, Rabbi Herschel: enters Seeshaupt: the eve and moment of Buchenwald on the day of liberation, liberation in (1945),802-3 79 2 Seforim, Mendele Macher: his anniversary Scheiber, Rabbi Lajos: his wife killed celebrated (1941), 144 (1944),762 Segal, Berish: an act of defiance by, 436 Schertzer, Dr: shot (1943),532 Seiqman, Hillel: recalls a deportation, 455 Schillinger, SS Sergeant-Major Josef: and a Selahettin, Bay: seeks to help Jews, 707-8 946 . THE HOLOCAUST

Serbia: murder of Jews in, 487 the man who sheltered her, 863 n.14 Serbs: murdered (1942), 287-8 Shurek, Hava: and a 'happy day' in the Serebianski Oewish police commander): ghetto, 592 228-9 Shusterman, Rabbi Gabriel: escapes but Sered: a deportee sends a message from, dies (1943), 646 710; Jews in liberation of, 726; Jews Shusterman, Yisrael: in the Nieswiez revolt deported from, reach Auschwitz too late (1942),383 to be gassed, 760 Shvetz, Abraham: commits suicide (1941), Serelman, Hans: sent to a concentration 181 camp (1935), 50 Shyapeltoh, Victoria: and an account of Sereni, Enzo: executed (1944), 761 Babi Yar, 203 Serniki: a break-out at, 467 Siauliai (Shavli): only 4,500 Jews left in, Seweryn, Tadeusz: recalls Jewish act of 234; children deported from, 632; defiance, 583 murder in and deportation from Ouly Sfax: homes plundered in, 578 1944),705; a Jew from, recalls the Day Shadur, B1uma: and a German raid into the of Atonement at Dachau, 740-1; a Jew Warsaw ghetto Oanuary 1943), 522 from, liberated near Dachau, 799-800 Shalit, Levi: recalls the Day of Atonement Siberia: a route of refuge (1940), 124; and in Dachau, 740-1; recalls the days after Poland, 236 liberation, 799-800 : and Treblinka death camp, 286 Shanghai: Jews seek refuge in (1939), Siedliska: a 'round-up' of Jews near, 493 75-6; Jewish refugees in (1940), 118 Siemiatycze: aJew shot in (1939), 89-90; Shanster, Dr: a convert to Christianity, 96; occupied by Soviet troops (1939),92; deported (1942),482 'bombs began to fall' (1941),153; fate of Shapiro, Rabbi (of Kovno): and the the Jews of (1942), 489, 490; resistance confrontation of mass murder, 185 in region of, 499-500 Shashkovka: mass murder site near Sieradz: Jews shot in (1939), 88; fate of an (1941-44),886 n·3 8 elderly woman from (1942), 448 Shavuot (Festival of Pentecost): Jews killed Sierpc: Jews from, wear 'badge of shame' during (1942),350 (November 1939), 97-8 Shchepkovski,Jacob: killed (1942), 322 Sievers, Dr: seeks skeletons, 5 I 5 Shchepkovski, Yehiel: killed (1942), 322 Silber, Gershon: punished (1938), 67 'Sheep to the slaughter': the question of (I7 Silberberg, Freda: deported to Auschwitz June 1942), 367-9 (1944), 68 3 Shein kinder, S.: and a dead man's Simferopol: mass murder at (1941), 210, 'obstinacy', 338 241 Sheptitsky, Metropolitan Andreas: helps Simhat Torah (Rejoicing of the Law), Jews, r63-4, 410 Jewish Festival: in Warsaw (1940), 131; Sheptitsky, Father Superior Clement: saves at Auschwitz (1944), 748-50 Jews, 410 Simitli: deportation through, 541 Sheptitsky, Sister Josepha: saves Jews, 410 Singer (a prisoner): escapes, but killed in Sherpski, Hanna: in Poland (1939), 82-3 action (1943), 647 Sherpski, Ze'ev: reaches Palestine (1939), Singer, Katherina: warns of an imminent 82-3 massacre, 658 Sheyenson (in Riga): rescued, 617 Singer, Oscar: and 'horror' in Lodz, 447 Shirer, William: 54; and situation of Jews Siwek, Stanislaw: helps Jews, 597 of Berlin during air raids (1940), 125-6 'Skala': helps Jews, 558-9 Shklarek, Moshe: recalls a deportation Skalat: anti-Jewish petition in (1941), (r941), 142-3; a witness to mass murder 174-5; a deportation from (1942), 476 (194 2),3 25-7 Skarzysko-Kamienna: an 'action' in, 635-6 Shkolnik, Sara: hanged (1941), 188 Sklar, Moshe: shot (1942),338 Shmueli, David: finds his father in Dachau, Skotnicki, Lieutenant Aleksander: killed after liberation, 8 15-16 (1944),673 Shmulian, Dr: shot (1944), 751 Skovia, Hirsh: dies (1942), 300 Shnayder, Yuter: shot (1944), 751 Skridlewe: mass murder at (1941),236; a Shufftan, Leopold: in Stutthof (1940),115 second massacre at (1942), 407 Shulman (a carpenter): and a labour camp Siamovich, Henry: returns to his home revolt, 506 town (1945), 812 Shumert, Zvia: sheltered, 404-5; honours Siapak, Moshe: killed (1943), 538 INDEX 0 947

Sletten, Inge: helps Jews ro safety, 499 revolt in, enters Berlin (May 1945), 806 Siobodka (Kovno): ghetto established in Socha, Leopold: helps Jews, 587-8; his (1941),155; survivors from, liberated at death, 714 Dachau (1945), 799 Socha, Magdalena: on liberation day, 714 Siobodka (Odessa): deportations from Sokolovo: Jews in battle of (March 1943), ghetto in (1942), 288-9 54 8 Sionim: mass murder at (1941), 235,851 Sokolow Podlaski: railwaymen from, at no63; mass murder at (1942), 403; an Treblinka, 395; a train to, 407 alarming message from, 489; revenge for Sokolskaya, Bertha: recalls the Bialystok murder at, 534-5; a rabbi from, ghetto revolt, 599-600; recalls a celebrates the Sabbath in a labour camp, deportation from Bialystok, 603-4; 625 deported to Auschwitz, 7 12 Slovakia: Jews attacked in (1938), 74; Sokolskaya, Eva: her fate unknown, 712 declares independence (1939), 78; 'Jew­ Sokolskaya, Menachem: his fate unknown, baiting' in (1939), 82; deportations from 712 (1940), 112; fate of Poles seeking to Sokolskaya, Ovsey: killed (1941), 712 escape to (1940), 122;Jewish forced Sokoly: murder of Jews at, after liberation labourers from (194°),123; Jews seek (1945),782-3 safety through (1940-1), 133-4, 149; Sol river: Jews seek to escape to, 746 Jews of, listed (1942), 281; the 'key Sol (Soly): deportation ofJews from, 554

questions 0 0 0 already resolved', 282; and Solgau: liberated Jews enter, 788 the 'final solution', 284; deportations to Solomon, Yeshieh: killed by Poles (1944), Auschwitz from, 309, 3 I 5,548; Jews 71 7 from, at Auschwitz, 340; recollections of Sompolno: sewing machines of Jews Jews deported to Auschwitz from, 376, deported from 3 18-19 378,378-9; renewed deportations to Sonderkommando ('Special Commando'): Auschwitz from, 467; Jews from, set up from among Jewish deportees, at deported from Lukow to Auschwitz, Belzec, 308-9, 414, 416-17,5°1; at 475; Jews from, in a Warsaw labour Sobibor (where it was known as the camp, 595; a Jewess from, warns of an 'Corpse Commando'), 325, 605; at imminent massacre in Birkenau, 658; Auschwitz-Birkenau, 340, 488, 515-16, trains from Hungary pass through, 674; 518,546,632-3,636-7,649-53, Jews in uprising in, 726-7, 730; Jews 656-7,658,667-8,675,678,720,721, deported to Auschwitz from (August 728,730,733; at Treblinka, 43 1,456, 1944),727; the fate ofJews in a town in, 596; revolt of, at Birkenau (1944), 730-1; death of a leading Zionist from, 743-50; fate of the remant of, at 756; aJew from, killed at Mauthausen, Birkenau, 760; at Chelmno, 7170-1; 803 discovery of the hidden manuscripts of, Slutsk: a protest about 'horror' in (194 I), 820,886 no63; 'I will tell the world', 222 865 Small bones, Ro To: a witness (1938), 61-2 Soneson, Icchak: survives, 336; his Smorgon (Smorgonie): deportation of Jews mother and brother killed after liberation, from, 554 759 Sobibor: Jewish prisoners-of-war executed Soneson, Moshe: an eye-witness to mass near (1940), I I I; a death camp set up murder, 336 near (1942), 286, 294, 310, FI, 312; the Sonia (in Vilna): an eye-witness to mass first gassings at (April 1942), 324-7; murderatPonary (1941), 193-4 further deportations to, 336-7, 340-4, Sonnenshein, Moshe: There is no God', 351,359-60,484; and 'Operation 649 Reinhard', 363; a new rail link planned Sonneberg: Jews near, learn of Hitler's for, 471; death toll in, 502; Jewish death, 804-5 orphans gassed in, 53 I; Himmler visits, Sonnonfeld, Dr Kurt: commits suicide 546; a deportation from Paris to, 546; (193 8),59 resistance of Jews reaching, 575; a Sorbo nne, the: murder of former students deportation to, witnessed, 577-8; Jews of, 474, 605 from Minsk deported to, 6 I I; Day of Sosnkowski, Aleksander: killed, with his Atonement at (1943), 618; revolt at, family, for hiding Jews (1944), 654-5 618-19; death of a leader of the revolt Sosnowiec: a public execution in (1941), in, after liberation, 789; a survivor of the 146; Jews resettled in, 14 8; and Moses 948 . THE HOLOCAUST

Sosnowlec - cant. Speyer, Professor Jakob Edmund: dies Merin, 15 I; Jews from, gassed at (194 2),346 Auschwitz (1942), 340, 365; a Jewess Spiegel, Ernest: a twin at Birkenau, 688; from, deported to Auschwitz from Paris, helps to save the other twins, 755; leads 890 n. II; a Jew hanged in, 366; renewed the twins after liberation, 782 deportation to Auschwitz from, 418; fate Spiegel, Magda: a twin at Birkenau, 688 of the Jewish Council chairman in, 585; Spitz, Nic: killed (1944), 664 labour camps at, 673; Jews deported to Spivack family: eight members murdered Auschwitz from, 678; a Jew from, in the (1942),288 revolt at Auschwitz, 744-5; anti-Jewish Spivack, Yankel: killed in action, 854 riots in, after liberation, 8 I 6 n.I3 Sousse: homes plundered in, 578 Springer, lsi: killed (1944), 664 : 46,47,829 Srebnik, Shimon: an eye-witness at South America: Jews emigrate to, 55; and a Chelmno (1944), 693-4; and the last day deception, 620, 667-8 at Chelmno (1945), 770-1 South Russia: killings in (1942), 352-3 Stalin: Jews made to praise (1939),104; Soviet prisoners-of-war (in German replaces Molotov (1941), 153; 'God, not captivity): 159-60,166,189,212; killed so fast', 249 in poison gas experiments (1941), 239; Stalingrad: threatened (1942), 466; saved murdered near Minsk (1941), 246, 886 (1943),526; relief of, celebrated in the n.38; perish near Dvinsk (1942), 329; sewers of Lvov, 588; a Jewish soldier their corpses uncovered near Vilna killed in action at, 854 n. I 3 (1943),612; an act of resistance by, at Standarowicz, Mordecai: executed (1943), Birkenau, 621; their corpses uncovered 586 near Chelm, 639; saved, 702; and the Stangl, Franz: recalls Belzec, 3 I I-I 2 revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 745-6; Stanislawow: mass murder at (1941),178, corpses of, found by United States forces, 210-12;]ews deported to Belzec from 790; murdered at Mauthausen, 807; the (1942),317 death toll of, 824 Stankewicz: murder of Jews at, 609 Soviet Union: German invasion of (June Star of David: a Jewish symbol, and the 1941),18; non-aggression pact of, with Swastika, 24; and the Berlin boycott (August 1939), 82; Jews (1933),33-4,35-6; notto be worn in fled for refuge to (1940),117; still Warsaw (1939),107; and the Jewish neutral (May 1941),153; invaded by Police (in Warsaw), 133; not to be worn Germany (June 1941), 153, 154-5;Jews in Belgium (1940), 135; on the roof, at of, return to the mass-murder sites of the Belzec death camp (1942),426; Italians war years, 820 allow Jews not to wear (in occupied Spain: 19; Jews reach safety of (1940),120, France), 505; Eichmann's assurance 135; Luxembourg Jews seek safety in concerning (in Hungary), 663; an (1940), 124; possible fate of Jews in, incident concerning (in Rhodes), 707 281; citizens of, interned (1940-2), Stara Gradiska: Jews murdered at, 487 29 2; saves Jews (1943), 595; French Jews Stari Becej: Jews and Serbs murdered at smuggled to (1943-4)' 641; former (1942),288 Republican soldiers from, murdered at Starodub: Jews shot at (1941), 217 Mauthausen, 807 Starosielce: a deportation train passes, 535 Spatz, Peter: dies in Dachau (1940), 471 Stary Ciepielow: Poles killed on suspicion Spatz, Sussel: deported to her death (1942), of helping Jews, 504 471 Statistics: dull the mind, 419 'Special Commando 1005': see index entry Stawiski: Jews shot near (1941),183 for 'Blobel Commando' Steier (from Izbica): at Chelmno, 264; Speigel, Elsa: deported from Vienna to killed (1942), 265 Minsk (1942), 355 Stein, Simon: killed, with his mother Speigel,JonaJakob: deported from Vienna, (1943),553 but survives, 355; his visit to Jerusalem, Stein, Z.: killed with his patients (1942), and his search, 822 382 Speiser, Salomon: recalls fate of Jews in Sterdyner, Josef: escapes, and testifies Gliniany (1941),175,181 (1962),647 Sperber, Henryk: saved, with his family, Sternberg, Judith: arrives in 589-90 Auschwitz-Birkenau,675 INDEX· 949

Sternberg, Dr Moritz: commits suicide Suhr, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Friedrich: 167 (193 8),59 Suicide: 38; of Stefan Lux (193 6), 53; Stettin: Jews deported from (1939), 94; a alleged, 58; in Vienn·a (1938), 59,60; in further deportation from (1940), 116 Worms (1938), 64-5; on boat from Steuer ('a high-ranking Nazi'): in Jaworow, Finland (1938), 65; in Nuremberg 315 (1938),7°; in Slovakia (1938), 74; in 'Stock Exchange of Hell', the: diamonds Paris (1940), I21; in Spain (194°),124; and potatoes at, 728-9 in Warsaw (1940), 131; in Lodz (1941), Stock, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: and the 138; in Miedzyrzec (1941),181; in Palmnicken massacre (1945), 780 Rowne (194 I), 181; in Germany (1941), Stojka, Stanislaw: killed for hiding Jews 213; atChelmno (1942), 271, 272; in (1943),583 Britain (1942), 292-3; in Berlin (on 3 Stoliar, David: survives, 296, 854 n·9 April 1942), 322; to die at one's chosen Stolpce: the 'action' at (1942), 464-5 moment, 322; a ruling against, 323; at Stormtroops: see index entry for S.A. Szczebrzeszyn, 33 I; in Lodz, 346, 405, Strasbourg: Jewish 'exhibits' in, 584; a Jew 449,684,691; during the deportations from, murdered in Orad our, 685 from Warsaw (1942), 389, 472; at Straus, Simon: his courage, and his death Wlodzimierz Wolynski, 440; attempted, (1934),44 at Les Milles, 450; of Jews being turned Strauss, Dr Alfred: murdered (1933), 38 back from Switzerland to France (1942), Strebel (an Ethnic German): on a farm at 469; in Siemiatycze, 489; in Warsaw Treblinka, 603 (1943),523,864 n.5; in Bialystok Streicher, Julius: 25; orders Jews to eat (1943), 535; in a deportation train, 535, grass (1933), 40; his bodyguard, 42; his 538,604; at Birkenau, 539, 658, 675; newspaper campaign against Jews, 43; during the Warsaw uprising, 564-5; at his 'signal victory' (1935),48 Poniatowa, 572; in the sewers of Lvov, Strogin, Mira: helps resistance, 229 587; in Vilna, 607; after an escape from Stroop, SS Brigadier-General Jurgen: and Kovno, 646; after capture, 664; in the Warsaw ghetto revolt, 558,561, Kovno, 665; at Dachau, 74 I; by Hitler, 565,565-6 in Berlin, 804; by a survivor, after Struma: death of refugees on (1942), liberation, 8 I 2 295-6 Sulejow: Jews killed in (1939), 85-6 Sturm, Franz: shot (1940), 112 Suprasl: Jews flee from, 489 Sturmer, Der: 25,40,43; and 'the Suresnes: executions at, 152 extermination ofthe Jews' (March 1943), Sutzkever, Avraham: recalls events in the 554 , 195, 206-7 Stuttgart: Jews deported to Riga from Suwalki: and a deception, 510 (194 1),23° Svirsky, Lea (Leila): recalls death of her Stutthof Concentration Camp: established sister (1944), 664; recalls the moment of (1940), II5; deportations to (1944), 686, liberation (1944),776 702,705,722; a Jew deported to, sent on Swabia: a courageous act in (1938), 73 to Dachau (1944), 740-1; Jews Swastika: becomes the Nazi symbol (192 I), evacuated to, 758; and a deception, 24; cut into a Jew's chest (1933),33; 764-5; and liberation during an burnt in Chicago (193 8), 74 evacuation from (1945), 783; death of Sweden: Jews reach safety of (194°),135; some of the remaining prisoners in, 786; possible fate ofJews in, 281; Norwegian escape of evacuees from, 788; Jews from, Jews find refuge in (1942), 499; Danish at Buchenwald, 792; final evacuation Jews escape to (1943), 614; Hungarian from (25 April 1945),798; an inmate of, Jews protected by (1944), 701-2; Danish liberated near Dachau, 799 Jews at Theresienstadt released by a Succoth, Festival of: Jews deported during negotiator from (1945), 796; Jewish (1939),93; mass murder during (1941), women to be sent to, 797, 798 209 Sweden, King of: his protest, 70 I Sucharczuk, Jacob: commits suicide (1941), Swieciany: escape from (194 I), 200; a 181 further escape from (1943), 547; Sudetenland: 57,66 massacre of Jews from (1943), 554; grave Sudowicz, Israel: plans revolt, 596 of aJew from, 797 Sugihara, Sempo: helps Jews (1940), 117, Swierzen Nowy: mass murder at (194 I), 124 235,851 n.63 950 . THE HOLOCAUST

Swietojerska Street (Warsaw): an incident courage at, 33 I; deportations from on, 39I-2; poison gas on, 566-7 (I942), 408, 479, 480; and the fate of a Swietoplawski, Gershon: dies (I942), 272 Pole who sheltered Jews (I943), 553 Swiss Red Cross: an official of, tries to help Szebnie camp: mass murder at, 6IO; a Jews, 727 deportation from, 637-8 Switala, Stanislaw: shelters Jews, 760 Szebulski, Lieutenant Jan: commands a Switzerland: assassination of a Nazi in fighting unit (August I944), 7I6 (I936), 5 I; Jews find refuge in, 64, I20, Szenes, Hanna: 'someone was coming', I 3 5; Jews from Luxembourg seek safety 685; executed (I944), 76I in, I24; possible fate ofJews in, 28I; Szerynski, Jozef: shot, but survives, 424-5; restrictions on entry of refugees imposed his successor shot, and killed, 485; his by (I942), 469-70, 494; news of mass own suicide (I943), 864 n.5 murder of Jews reaches, 485; fate of a Szklar, Yerechmiel: supports resistance, non-Jew who helped Jews escape to, 582; 38 I; killed, 384 and a German deception, 6I6, 699; Szmulemicz family (of Lodz): their fate, 69I Italian Jews escape to, 622; Berlin Jews Szmulewicz, Abram: dies (I94I), I38 sent to, 626; French Jews smuggled to, Sznajder, Iccok: attacked by Polish thugs, 64I, 700; a few Hungarian Jews allowed afterliberation, 8 I2 to leave for, 682; news of murder of Sznajder, Mejer: disappears, after Hungarian Jews at Auschwitz reaches, liberation,8I2 700-I; and the protection ofJews in Sznajderman, Tamar: brings 'new hope', Budapest, 70I-2, 767; death of a Jewish 486; killed (I943), 524 girl who helped smuggle children to, 797 Szombathely: experiments on twin sisters Symcha (a partisan): and the death of aJew from (I944), 688 in hiding (I943), 606 Szosznik (a Hebrew teacher): his act of Synagogues: desecrated (I93I), 30; used to defiance, 628 humiliate Jews (I938), 60; burned down Szpiro, Rabbi Klonimus-Kelmisz: his (I938), 63; Mein Kampf read in (I938), prayer, 510 70-I; and the Kristallnacht (I938), Szrensk: fate ofJews from (I942), 322 7I-2; Jews killed in (I939), 87; Sztajnberg, Alter: killed (I 94 I), I 6 I indignities against Jews in (I939), Sztokhammer, Rabbi Szymszon: his prayer, 89-90; seton fire (I939), IOI; 5IO desecrated (I94I), I4 I; Jews locked in Szubilski, Hans Eduard: deported to (194I), I44; plundered (I94I), I48; set Auschwitz from Finland, and later shot, on fire (I94I), I60-I;Jews assaulted in 534 (I94I), I6I; six hundred Jews burnt to Szulman, Rabbi Jakub: learns of the mass death in (I94I), I88; Jews held in, on murder ofJews at Chelmno (I942), way to a death camp (I942), 275, 327; a 278-9 revolt planned in, 463; Jews held in, Szumacher, Fania: murdered, after before being sent to their deaths (I942), liberation, 8 I9 508; and an assurance (I944), 731 Szumsk: a police chief attacked in, 436 Syria: 4I Szweryn, Edward: shot (I939), 99 Szajman, Herszek: executed (I939), I06, Szydlowiec: a mass execution at, 553 839 n.27 Szykier, Dr L.: witnesses a hospital 'action', Szajman, Lejbus: executed (I939), I06, 839 440 n.27 Szyldkraut, Irena: rescued, and killed Szalet, Leon: recalls torments at Birkenau, (I944),655-6 68I-2; recalls the Day of Atonement at Birkenau,739 Tabakman, Meir: gassed (I944), 654 Szapira, Dana: recalls the time of Tabakman, Raizl: deported, 654 deportation, and after, 492 Tabau,Jerzy: at Birkenau, 62I Szarkowszczyzna: escape of Jews from Taglicht, Dr: humiliated (I938), 60 (I942),38I- 2 Talmon, Hadassa: recalls the Warsaw Szarmans, the: in hiding, 566 ghetto revolt, 564 Szczebrzeyszyn: Jews taken to labour Tandowski, Abram: executed (I943), 586 camps from (I940), I22-3; 'a happy Tarlo, Gitele: murdered (I94I), I95 day' at (I940), I26-7; news of the mass Tarnobrzeg: Jews driven from (I939), 93 murder ofJews known at (I942), Tarnopol: a writer killed on his way to 3 I6-17; a dying child at, 3 I7; an act of (I94 I ), I75 INDEX· 951

Tarnow: deportation to Auschwitz from Auschwitz, 757; fate of survivors from, (1940),122; deportation to Belzec from near Vienna (1945), 789;Jews evacuated (1942),405-6; final deportations from, to, 792; Eichmann v;sits, 792; the last and resistance (1943), 606 deportation to, 793; negotiated release of Tartakovskaya, Sara: '1 was standing Danish Jews from, 796; a death march weeping' (1944), 742; 'Jewish blood is to, 805; SS men flee from, 810; a Jew taking revenge' at Babi Yar (1961), 82 I liberated from, tries to return to his home Tartkakower, Jochanan: killed in action town, 8 I 3; a young Jew liberated from, (1944),833 n.lO searches for memories, 822; a survivor Tasmajdan camp: Jews brought to (1941), of, and 'the lot of the Jews', 825 173 Thielbeck: fate of Jews on (1945), 806 Tatarsk: Jews resist at (1941),217 Thilo, Heinz: and the 'anus of the world', Tatra mountains: survivors in, 782 452 Tcherekas, Pavilas: witness to a massacre Thomanek (camp commandant): and the (1944),678 final 'action' atCzortkow, 588-9 Teitelbaum, Naftali: murdered, after Thrace: deportation from, 541-3, 547 liberation, 819 Thumann, SS Lieutenant Anton: at : and the Warsaw ghetto, 133 Majdanek,570 Tenenbaum, Joseph: witnesses anti-Jewish Tiefstack: fate ofJewish women at (1945), 'guffaws' after liberation, 8 I 8 786 Tenenbaum, Judah: killed during an act of Timisoara: Jews attacked (1936),9 resistance (1942),505 Timkowicze: a Jewess escapes from, with Tenenbaum, Mordecai: and the her son, 384 development of resistance in Bialystok, Tite!: murder of Jews at (1942),288 486; his girl friend killed (1943),524; Tlomackie street synagogue, Warsaw: (on I and the Bialystok ghetto revolt, 600 September 1939), 84 Teofipol: mass murder of Jews at (1942), Tlumacz: Jews deported to Belzec from 288 (1942),317 Teumann, Gisela: recalls a death march, Toebbens, Walter: evacuates his employees, 784 559-60; fails to protect his employees, Thadden, von: and 'anti-Jewish feelings', 628 581 Tokele (a four-year-old orphan): murdered Thalmann, Ernst: 30 afterliberation (1945), 783 The Times: quoted (1919), 23; (1933), 38; Tokyo: 117,842 n.2 (1935),48; reports on deportations from Tomaszow Mazowiecki: underground links France (1942), 45 0, 45 I with, 195;Jews deported to Treblinka Theresienstadt: ghetto established at (24 from, 508 November 1941), 238;]ews deported to Topaz, Pinkus: shot (1940),112 Riga from (1942), 250, 290; Jews from, Topczewo: a Jew betrayed in, 552 deported to Belzec (1942), 302, 308, Topocostok, Shmuel: shot (1939), 104 315; deported to Sobibor (1942), 327, Topolcany: fate of the Jews of (1944), 343; deported to Treblinka (1942), 327; 73 0 - 1 name of, used in a deception, 340; Jews Topolya: Jews deported from (1944), 671 from, forced to bury the dead of Lidice, Torgau: Allied forces meet at (1945), 798 363; further deportations from (1942-4), Torun: Jewish women murdered at (1945), 364,406,471,484,518,526,531,678, 770 741,757; postcards from, 506-7; death Toszka (at Auschwitz): helps a revolt, 743; of Herzl's daughter at (1943), 550-1; arrested, 747; hanged (1944), 747 children from Bialystok sent to, 60 I ; Toulouse: aJew shot in (1943), 595;]ewish some Danish Jews deported to, 614; resistance in region of, 641 children from Bialystok sent to Toulouse, Archbishop of: his protest, 450 Auschwitz from, 616; and a scheme to : deportation to death camps avert deportation from, 633; and the fate from (1942), 219; the survivors in, to be of the 'Czech Family Camp' from, at saved (1943), 637 Birkenau, 657-9; and the fate of the Transylvania: annexed by Hungary, 281; Elder of the Ghetto (at Auschwitz), 690; punishment of a boy from, at Auschwitz, fate of Jews from, at Maly Trostenets 740 (1944),698; and a deception, 699; and Trawniki: labour camp at, 560, 569, 572, another 'selection' ofJews from, at 627; Emanuel Ringelblum smuggled out 952 . THE HOLOCAUST

T rawniki - c~nt. Tunisia: Jews of, 281; Jewish homes of, 572; the 'Harvest Festival' massacre plundered in, 578 at, 628; a history of, prepared in hiding, Turek: Jews from, sent to their deaths 660 (1941),241,852 n.2; a deportation from Trczinski (a Pole): gives a grenade to a Jew, (1942),318; aJew murdered in, after 40 7-8 liberation (1945), 816 Trebacz, Maurycy: dies (1941), 138 Turfkenitz, Shlomo: helps escapees, 467 Treblinka: 17-18; a labour camp at, Turkey: 79, 123; possible fate ofJews in, 281 233-4; a death camp being prepared at Turkey: Greek Jews smuggled to safety in, (1942), 286,320-1, 327, 358-9; and 625; Jews allowed transitthrough, 637; 'Operation Reinhard', 363; the Jews of and the Jews of Rhodes, 707-8 Warsaw deported to, and gassed (1942), Turnc: an attack on, 605-6 388-4°1,4°5-6,417,455,456-7, Turno, David: his barns attacked, 606; the 458-61,462; Jews from Radom death of his relative (1943), 606 deported to, 405; an act of defiance at, Turobin: Jews deported to Sobibor from, 407-8,455; continuing mass murder at 340-4; fate of a Jew in, reported to (1942-3),425,428,429-31,434,471, Warsaw, 51o 475,47~481-~484,508,511,514, Turzysk: an act of defiance in, 436 538,586; plans for trains to, 471; Tykocin: a Polish woman murdered at, for deception at, 429, 510-II; escape from helping Jews, 489-90 trains on way to, 490; death toll in, 502; Tykoczynski (a lawyer): commits suicide an escapee from, caught, 509; renewed (194°),13 1 deportation from Warsaw to Uanuary Tyrol: liberation in, 799-800 1943),522-5; the 'passive heroism' of a Jew deported to, 531; a deportation train Uberall, Ehud (Ehud Avriel): organizes goes past, 53 5-6; deportations to, from refugees (1939),107 Thrace and Macedonia (1943), 541-3, Ujazdow: letter about a deportation 553-4; destruction of corpses at, 545; through, 364 'too popular', 560; an escapee from, Ukmerge: mass murder at (1941),179 killed in the Warsaw uprising, 565;]ews , the: 20,22,154; remaining Jews deported to, during and after the Warsaw in (1942), 281; a promise to Jews at uprising (April 1943), 565, 569; Sobibor concerning, 325; rumoured preparations for revolt at, 573-4; revolt resettlement in, .Hl, 342, 356, 358, 408, at, 596-7; news of revolt at, known in 462; Jews in action against Germans in, Bialystok, 600; the final deportations to 543 (August 1943), 602-3; a deportation Ukrainians: as guards, I 50-I; as train passes, 604; a poet's sons, murdered collaborators, 154; auxiliaries, 155, 157; at, 672; Soviet forces reach site of (1944), hoodlums, 163; militiamen, 164, 196-7, 765-6; Jews murdered near, after 198-9,210; gangs, 168-9; local units, liberation (1945), 816 170,172,173,174; militia commanders, Trestioreanu, General: orders reorisals, 218 182; and the Jews of Kiev, 201, 202; at Trieste: Jews murdered in (1943), 623 Babi Yar, 202-3, 204-5; at Trikkala: rescue of Jews in, 626 Stanislawow, 210-12; at Chelmno, Tripoli: German occupation of, 482 247-8; at Khmelnik, 287, 367; in Minsk, Tromat: and a death train (1941),162 297; at Baranowicze, 298; near Tsuruga Uapan): Jews land at (1940), II8 Wlodawa, 3°1; at Belzec, 304, 306, Tsymbal, Sergeant Andrei: and a largely 426-7; on way from Zamosc to Sobibor, Jewish partisan group (1944), 664 325; at Sobibor, 326, 344, 361, 575-6, Tuchmacher, Mechel: executed (1939), 618-9; at Hrubieszow, 359; in Warsaw, 106,839 n.27 388 , 390, 392,397-8,454,455;at Tuczyn: revolt at (1942), 463-4 Treblinka, 399, 408, 43 2-3, 456, Tulchin: escapees from, 189 458-9,512-3,574,597,6°3; warned Tuliszkow: Jews from, sent to their deaths not to hide Jews, 402; give refuge to (1941),241,852 n.2 Jews, 403, 410; at Krzemieniec, 409-10; Tulkarm: two Jews killed in (1936), 52 at Belzec, 414, 415, 416, 426,500; at Tunis: death of a Jew from, at Auschwitz, Kielce, 434; at Sarny, 436; at Zofiowka, 310; death of a Jew on a forced march 436; in Dzialoszyce, 443-5; at Tuczyn, from, 482-3; Italians protect Jews in, 463-4; at Korzec, 467; at Lukow, 475; 505; homes plundered in, 578 outside Bialystok, 490-I, 600; at INDEX 0 953

Kruszyna, 503; at Piotrkow, 508-9; Upper Silesia: Jews protected in, 38-9; during deportations from Bialystok, 535, Jewish protection ends in (1937), 54-5; 537,600; at Brody, 579-80; at Jews deported to Auschwitz from (1942), Czortkow, 588; at Szebnie camp, 6II; at 29 1 a camp near Trieste, 623; and the Uranus: reaches Iron Gates (1939), 107 'Harvest Festival' massacre, 630, 631; at Urbach, Michal: and the deportation of his Skarzysko-Kamienna, 635; Maly son (1942), 348 Trostenets, 698; and the killing of Jews Uruguay: 64 after liberation, 71 1,782; at Lieberose, Usherowitz, Miss: murdered after 763; shelter Jews, 410, 613 liberation, 8 I 8 Ullersdorf: Jews at forced labour at, 677, Ustachi movement: and the Jews, 147 763 Uman: an eye-witness to mass murder at Vaivara camp (Estonia): Jews deported to, (1941),196-8; a secret link with the 593-4,598 Ukrainian partisans at (1943), 605 Varna (Bulgaria): 135 (Warsaw): deportations Vasilevich, Alyosha: killed, in an act of from (1942), 389-91; two Jews shot on vengeance, 464 the way to, 452; and the search for work Vatican: Jews given shelter in, 623 cards at, 453-4; a 'dignified figure' on Vatican: rebukes Vichy authorities, 451; the way to, 455; and the renewed opposition to 'German style deportations (January 1943), 522; and anti-semitism' in, 466; protection for the Warsaw uprising (April 1943), Jews in Budapest given by, 767 559-60,561-2 Veesenmayer, SS Brigadier-General Undulis, Yanis: helps Jews, 580 Edmund: reports on the deportation of Uniejow: Jews from, sent to their deaths Jews from Hungary (1944), 679, 681, 686 (1941),241,852 no2; death of two Jews Venice: a Jewish child 110m in, deported from (1942), 382 from Italy (1944), 666 Union Factory (Auschwitz): Jewish forced Verble, Shmuel: 'the 81st victim' (1941), labour at, 674; and preparations for a 181 revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 743; Verona: a Jewish partisan killed near, 751 evacuation of, 775 Versailles, Treaty of: and the disarmament United Partisan Organization (Vilna): of Germany, 29; and the Rhineland, proclamation of, 592-3, 607, 608 52 -3 United States: German Jews emigrate to Vershovsky, Major Senitsa: shot for helping (1933-9),41,44,47,64,78,833 nol I; Jews (1942), 290 and the voyage of the St Louis (1939), Veselnitsky, Captain Israel: trains escapees, 80; Jews caught on way to (1939), 94; 646 neutral (September 1939-December : anti-Jewish laws in (1940), 1941),102,123,153,186,222; German 123,124; a Jewess refused emigration to fears of a 'renewal' ofJewry in, 13 I; at (1941),222; and the deportation ofJews war with Japan, 240; inspires 'thousands (1942),450,548; and the Allied landings of dejected Jews', 24 I; Germany declares in North Africa, 482 war on (II December 1941), 245, 279; Vicinska, Stephania: and the deportation of and the North African landings (1942), orphans to Treblinka (1942), 393 482; dollars of, sent to the Reich (1943), Vienna: and Hitler (before 1914), 25-6; 540; protests about fate of Hungarian Jewish torment in (1938), 58-61; Jews Jews (1944), 700-1; revulsion in (1945), deported from (1939), 94;1ews escape 790; Jews driven to seek new homes in from, 107; Jews deported from (1941), (1946),819; a Jew from, visits Riga 143,146,213,215,230,238; further (1976),821 deportations from (1942), 2.50, 290; and United States Army: units of, reach mass the 'final solution', 284; further graves (1945), 790, 793; enter deportations planned from, 291-2; Jews Nordhausen, 796; enter Dachau, 798; from, at Lodz, deported to Chelmno meet survivors, 800; Jews liberated by, (1942),345; Jews from, deported to 801-2,802-3,806-7,808-9; a refugee Minsk (1942), 355; a deportee from, in from Poland killed in action with, 833 Kielce, 434; deportees from, at nolO Treblinka, 476; aJew from, deported Unterbruck, Henrych: a survivor, murdered from Paris, 494; and a train deception, after liberation, 8 I 7-8 510; a Jew from, deported from Finland 954 . THE HOLOCAUST

Vienna - cont. Vitebsk: death ofJews on way to (1941), to Auschwitz, 534; death of a Jewess 217; fate of a Jew born in, 546 from, at Theresienstadt, 5 50-I; a Vittel: Jewish deportees at, 392; Jews Christian woman from, recalls Dr deported to Auschwitz from, 620, Mengele at Auschwitz, 582; Jews from, 667-8,672 murdered at Maly Trostenets (I944), 698; Vladivostok: 1 I 7, II 8 fate of a boy who had once gone for Vogel, David: deported to his death (1944), specialist medical advice to, 7I9-20; a 657 death march from (I945), 789; a final Volarsky, Mordechai: wishes he were 'the deportation from, 793; a survivors search last victim', on eve of his death (April for memories of, 822 I942),3 21 Vilkis, Filip: escapes, later killed in action, Volhyn: editorial advice of, I95 6I4 Volhynia, the: 20; mass murder in (I941), Viliampole (Kovno): ghetto established in I74; visitors to (I942), 339; mass (I5 August I94I), I82-3 murder in, and escapes (I942), 436-7 Ville-la-Grande: a Jewess executed at Volksdeutsch: see index entry for Ethnic (I940),700 Germans Vilna (Wilno, ): jews murdered in Volos: rescue of Jews of, 625-6 (19I9), 22; a Jewish appeal from (I933), Vosges, the: fate of aJew who fought in, 39; anti-Jewish riots in (I938), 60; 773 occupied by Soviet forces (I939), 9I, 92; Voss (a farmer): gives refuge, then seeks to mass murder of Jews in, after German betraY,78I occupation (I94I), 168, I70, I77; Vrba, Rudolf: an eye-witness of the arrival resistance urged in (194I), I85-6; an of deportees at Auschwitz, 376, 377, 'action' in (194I), I92-5; further 497-8; and the 'Canada' sorting huts, 'actions' at, 206-8, 2I6-I7, 2I9, 228; 5 I6-7; and the arrival of mental news of mass murder at, reaches defectives from Holland, 528-30; and Warsaw, 233; only I 5,000 Jews left in, the 'death cry of thousands of young 234; a Russian prisoner-of-war and a women', 648-9; escapes from Jewess shot near, 246; visitors to, 339; Auschwitz, 681, 700; fights in the Slovak possible hope for, 486; a heroine from, uprising, 727 killed in action, 544; news of a massacre reaches (I943), 554; news of Warsaw Wagner (a baker): 'terrified', 324 uprising reaches, 559; and a poem about Wagner (an SS-man): at Sobibor, 36I resistance, 568-9; and the 'justification' Wagrowiec: indignities against a Jewish for existence of, 583; flight from a camp prisoner-of-war in (1939), 92 near, and reprisals, 590; growth of Wajnreb, Captain: murdered, after resistance in, 592; collapse of resistance liberation, 8 I 9 in, 592-3, 598; reprisals in, 595; Wajntraub, Abraham: murdered, after deportations from, to Estonia, 606-7, liberation, 8I9 608; deportations to Majdanek from, Waksszul, Ephraim: shot (I942), 33 I 608; Jewish partisan groups in region of, Wald, Aaron: recalls a medical experiment, 620; events on the eve of liberation 576 (1944),699; liberation of, 703-4; fate of Waldman, Yaakov: escapes (I942), 382; deportees from, 735; a Jew sets off from, killed after liberation (I945), 8I6 to Palestine, 777; survivors from, escape 'Waldsee': and a deportation deception, 67I in the Black Forest, 788 Wallach, Jaffa: saved by a Pole, 507-8; her Vinnitsa: mass murder at (I94I), I73; a brother finds refuge with the same Pole. 52 I decision for mass murder at (194I), I86; Wallach, Norris: saved by a Pole, 507-8 resistance near (I94I), I89; an Wallenberg, Raoul: protects Jews, I701-2, eye-witness to mass murder at (1941), 752-4,761-2,766-7; dissappears, 768 198-9; mass murder at, I99 Walowa Street (Warsaw): corpses at Virbalis: mass murder in (194 I), I 5 5 (I943),566 '', cross of: won by several Walter (a Viennese): helps Jews, 487 Jews (August I944), 7I6 Waluszewska, Ludmila: her father shelters Vistula river: Jews driven across (1940), Jews, 404-5; plants a tree in her father's I 29;]ews drowned in (I942), 352; Red honour, 861 n.I4 Army approaches (I944), 7I4; Jewish Waniewo: Poles killed for helping Jews at, women die on banks of, 76I 489-90 INDEX· 955

Wannsee: conference at (20 January 1942), comes to an end, 471-2; preparation for 279,280-5,287,288; a participant at, resistance in, 485-6; messengers from, in Riga, 290; continuing secrecy of 486; Council for Ass"istance to the Jews decisions made at, 3 13; and the death of established (4 December 1942), 505; fate Heydrich, 363 of a Jew from, noted on a postcard, 510; War Refugee Board: and the attempt to a prayer written in, 510; a German raid protecttheJews of Hungary (1944), 701 on, for renewed deportations Oanuary Warhaftig, Zerah: and Jews who 'died as 1943), 522-3;jewish resistance in Jews' after liberation, 816 Oanuary 1943), 523-5; fate of a Warsaw: collection of historical material in deportee from, 544-5; revolt in (April (1933),39; anti-Jewish legislation in 1943),557-67; five Poles shot near, for (1936),53; anti-Jewish riots in (193 8), helping Jews, 590; twenty-seven Jewish 60; German bombs fall on (1939), 83; women shot in (10 August 1943), 598; and the first weeks of war (1939), 84-5, sixty-two Jews in hiding, found and shot 91; aJew shot in (21 October 1939),95; (December 1943), 641; many Jews Jewish Council established in, 96; fate of caught and killed in Oanuary 1944), 654; Jews in (1939), 100-1, 102, 104-5; and a further mass execution in (March the 'poison cup', 108; starvation in 1944),657; thirty-eight Jews betrayed in, (194°),1°9; reprisals in (1940), II2; and 659; death of Ringelblum in, 659-60; the forced labour decree, I 12-3; Jews more than a hundred Jews shot in (6 from Cracow deported to (1940), 123; April 1944),667; fifteen Jewish women 'King Chaim' visits, 125; ghetto shot in (II May 1944), 672-3; a Jewess established in (194°),127-133; from, murdered at Oradour, 685; a continued anti-Jewish violence in further mass execution at Ouly 1944), (194°-1),136, 137-8;jews deported to 700; the Polish uprising in (August (1941),14°; events in (during 1941), 1944),714-8; seven Jews killed in 144-5,146,148-9,152-3,154,177; (October 1944), 759-60; the moment of account of mass murder at Ponar reaches liberation in Oanuary 1945), 768-9; a (1941),194; threats and reality in Jewess from, too weak to survive (1941),212; acceleration of starvation liberation, 798; a deportee from, hides in, 232,233; 'a new breath of hope in', evidence of mass murder, and is 'going 241; deaths in, 241, 242, 248; and the away calmly', 760, 891 n.37 'final solution', 284, 286; starvation in Warthebrucken (Kolo): an alleged camp (1942),288,294-5; rumours of near, 318 resistance reach, 3°O-I; news ofthe Warta: nine Jews hanged in (1942), 366 death camp at Chelmno reach, 314; Warthegau: Jews expelled from (1939), 97, children sent to safety of' Aryans' in 320; 99; Jews deported to Chelmno from rumours of an 'extermination squad' in, (1942),317-8,382 320; a Gestapo raid on, 323-4; further Washington, D.C.: news of mass murder executions in (27 April 1942), 327-8; a reaches, 485; and the relatives of a Jewish festive day in (5 May 1942), 33 1-2; a child in, 502; news of mass murder of 'good mood' in (8 May 1942), 332-3; Hungarian Jews at Auschwitz reaches, four Jews shot in (12 May 1942), 338; 700- 1 Gestapo actions in (May 1942), 351; a Wasserman, Yitshak: his partisan group 'bloody week' in, 352; Jewish policemen destroyed, 515 shot in, 361; Jewish historians active in, Wawer: reprisals in (1939),106 362,365,371-2,458; a mutiny, and a Wdowinski, David: recalls fate of Jews in reprisal in, 369; a Jewish lawyer from, Warsaw, 100-I, 102, 391; and the death and the Nieswiez revolt, 382-3, 384; a of a Jewish child, 524; recalls Budzyn children's performance in, 387; labour camp, 571-2; his family deportations to Treblinka from, massacred, 628; pleads after the war, 387-401,405-6,417,424-5,454-5, 'Leave us be', 823 462; an act of defiance in, 425; Jews Weber, SS First-Lieutenant: and medical from, in Dzialoszyce, 443; a setback to experiments, 375 resistance in, 451-2; a thousand Jews Weberman, Raya: survives in hiding, 670 killed in the streets of (6-7 September Wegrow: rabbi of, killed (1939), 90; aJew 1942),453; the truth about Treblinka from, escapes from Treblinka, 603 published in (20 September 1942), Wegrowiec: indignities against a Jewish 461-2; and research into hunger in, prisoner-of-war in (1939), 92 956 . THE HOLOCAUST

Weimar Republic: 2.8,2.9; fate of lawyers surround a ghetto, 446, 579; at Maly from courts of (1933), 40 Trostenets (1944), 698 Weinberg, Adolf: his courage, 33 I White, T. W.: and Jewish refugees (1938), Weinberg, Genia: and the Palmnicken 64 massacre, 779; survives, 780-1 Widawa: the rabbi of, killed (1939), 87 Weinbergowa (of Lvov): and the death of Widawski, Chaim: commits suicide (1944), her child, 587 68 4 Weinryb, Menachem: recalls a death march Wider, Zvi: commits suicide (1943), 535 (1945),792.-3 Wieder, Emil: deported to Auschwitz Weinstein, Batya: murdered after liberation (194°),122 (1945),783 Wiernik, Jankiel (Yankel): an eye-witness at Weinstock, Tova: her selflessness, 508-9 Treblinka, 431-3,545-6 Weinstock, Yeshayahu: his selflessness, Wieruszow: Jews executed in (1939), 85 508-9 Wierzbica: Poles shot for sheltering Jews Weintraub, Abraham: shot (1942.), 370 (1943),53 2 Weisbrot, Captain: 'Our Messiah', 776 Wiesbaden: aJew shot in (1933), 37 Weiss, Ernst: commits suicide (1940),12.1 Wigodsky, Dr Jacob: and the fight for Weiss, Martin: kills an eleven-year-old girl 'equal rights' (1933), 39; urges resistance (1941),195 (1941),185; killed (1941), 185, 193 Weiss, Reska: recalls a scene of 'horror', Wijsmuller-Meijer, Geertruida: rescues 764-5 Jews (194°),120 Weissblum, Giza: helps a revolt, 743 Wille, SS Sergeant: attacked by aJew, 555 Weliczker, Leon: an eye-witness of events in Wilner (in Warsaw): shot (1942), 352 l.vov, 164-5, 2.99-300; and the digging Wilner, Aryeh: and a setback to resistance up and burning of corpses, 585; and the in Warsaw, 452; in the Warsaw ghetto fate of mothers and children at Janowska revolt, 564 camp, 62.4-5; escape from Janowska, Wiltchinski, Mechel: at Chelmno, 259 639 Wind, Halina: rescued, 587; on the day of Weltman (of Baranowicze): murdered liberation, 714 (194 2),298-9 Winiary: murdered Jews buried near Weltsch, Robert: and the Star of David (194 1),221 (19)3),35-6 Winkelmann, SS Major-General Otto: and Werner, Hersh: and Jewisb self-defence the arrests in Budapest (of 19 March near Wlodawa (1942),301-2; and the 1944),662,882 n.3 death of aJew in hiding (1943), 606 Winterswijk: Jews given shelter in, 376 Wessely, Charles: seeks a haven for his son Winterton, Lord: and Jewish refugees (1939),80-1 (1939),79 Wessely, Rudolf: finds asylum in Britain Wippern, SS Captain: reports on currency (1939),80-1; unable to trace his parents taken from Jews, 540, 872 n.30 after the war, 823 Wirth (at Auschwitz): and medical Westerbork: Jews deported to Auscbwitz experiments, 472-3 from, 533,656 Wirth, Christian: and the construction of Western Galicia: deportations to Belzec gas chambers, 238-9, 3 I 1-I 2; and the from, 410-11 murder of twenty-five Jews at Sobibor, Wetzel, Alfred: and poison gas, 219 312; his guest at Belzec, 426; 'furious', Wetzler, Alfred: escapes from Auschwitz, 427; and 'the weight of the gold', 428 681,700 Wisliceny, SS Captain Dieter: and a meeting 'Where Is My Home' (Czecb National at Mauthausen (10 March 1944), 662, anthem): sung on threshold of death, 882 n.I 6)8-9 Wisniewski, Stanislaw: and a Jewish tailor's White Russia (Byelorussia): 2.0, 154; resistance, 503-4 German decree in (15 August 1941), 182; Witjowski (a Pole): 278 a reprisal in, and its impact (September Witorz, Jacob: remains outside the ghetto, 194 I), 185; defiance of local population with his sons, 96; deported (1942), 482 in, 217; remaining Jews of (1942),281; Wittenberg, Yitzhak: and the collapse of Jewish partisans in, 436-7, 620;Jews resistance at Vilna, 592-3 helped by a woman in, 619 Wladislawow: Jews from, sent to their White Russians: killed ('94 I), 172; and the deaths (1941), 241, 852 n.2 'Ravens' among (1942),298; police, Wloclawek: Jews from, to be deported from INDEX· 957

the Lodz ghetto (1942), 249; aJew from, 327; a deportee from, at Dachau, 758, at Chelmno, 261 891 n.28 Wlodawa: a death train to (1940), III; a Wustegiersdorf: labour camp at, 676-7 death camp near (1942), 286; resistance Wyszkow: Jews murdered by Poles near near (1942), 301; a Jew seeks to save the (1943),590 rabbi of (1942),351, 362;Jews deported from (1942), 484; resistance of Jews Yagielnica: Jews shot at (1943), 589 from (1943), 575; acts of resistance to Yakovlevich, Tevye: leads a partisan the west of (1943), 605-6 detachment, 189 Wlodzimierz Wolynski (Ludmir): mass Yakovlevich, Zosenka: and a memorial to murder at (1942), 440; false assurance at his father, 189 (1943),640; final killings at (1944), Yaffe, Moshe: tells Jews to run (1942), 403 710-1 I Yankel (in hiding): dies (1943), 606 Wlodzislaw: surrounded (1942),444 Yankovsky, Karl: helps Jews, 243 Wohlreich, Moshe: caught, 509 Yechielke (a survivor): killed after Wojcikiewicz, Alexander: and the first days liberation, 782 of war in Warsaw (1939), 84-5 Yemen: Jewish emigration to Palestine Wojtyla, Karol (later Pope John Paul II): from, 833 n.9 and a Jewish child given sanctuary by : as a mark of difference, 21; and Catholics, 549-50 the Jewish 'weapon of laughter', 127; Wola Przybyslawska: Poles shot for hiding and the Jewish Police (in Warsaw), 133; Jews (1942), 505 schools teaching in (in the Warsaw and Wolf, Maurycy: killed at end of Warsaw Lodz ghettos), 144, 15 I; a well-known uprising (October 1944), 717 writer of, killed (1941), 175; a Wolff, SS General Karl: a witness to mass distinguished grammarian of, killed murder (1941),191; and 'the total (1941),193; an exhortation in undertaking' (1942),417-8 (December 1941), 229-30; 'not Wolff, Martin: driven out of his lecture allowed', 245; a saying in, repeated with room (1933), 38 irony, 332-3; an eye-witness account of Wolka Okraglik: departure of a train to, Treblinka written in, 458; letters in, 400 buried, 546; an evening on the literature Wolkin (a Jewish partisan): killed (1942), in (in Vilna), 568; an ironic postcard in, 50 5 713; a plea to God in, 714; at the Wolkowysk: mass murder at (1941),199 moment of liberation, 782 Wolozyn: mass murder at (1941), 235, 851 Yosl the turner: shot (1939), 89-90 ri.63 Yosselevska, Merkele: shot (1942), 421, Woloszynowicz, Henryk: his parents killed 422 for helping Jews, 489-90 Yosselevska, Rivka: an eye-witness to mass Wolozin, Anne: her testimony, 867 n.16 murder (1942), 419-24 Wolski, Mieczyslaw: a Polish gardener, Yugoslavia: 79,107; invaded (1941), 147; hides Jews, and later shot, 660 conquered, 153 ;Jews and Serbs killed in Worbleznik, Michael: at Chelmno, 271 (1942),287-8,487; Eichmann's World Jewish Congress: learns of eleven complaints about Jewish partisans in deportations from France (1942), 450; (1944),663; rescue ofJews from, 732 seeks to protect the Jews of Hungary (1944),701 Zabecki, Franciszek: an eye-witness at Worms: 31,46; aJew hanged at (1933), T reblinka railway station, 234, 358, 388, 37;Jews leave (1933-4), 43-4; suicides 394-6,398-400,407-8,439-40 in (1938), 64-5; an act of defiance in Zabie: mass murder at (1941),235,851 (1938),72-3; a Jewess from, deported to n.63 Belzec (1942), 307 Zablotow: mass murder at (1941),235, Wrobleski, Stefan: helps Jews, 587 85 1n.63 Wuppertal: a Jewish dentist murdered in Zabludowicz, Noah: describes a (1933),3 8 deportation, 494 Wurm, Bishop Theophil: opposes Zabludowski (a chess player): killed 'extermination' (1943), 590-1 (1941),161 Wurttemberg: a Bishop in, opposes Zagare: mass murder at (1941),206 'extermination' (1943), 590-1 : 130; Jews murdered near, 487 Wurzburg: Jews deported from (1942), Zagrodski: mass murder at (1942), 419-24 958 . THE HOLOCAUST

Zajdenwach, Chana: shot ('94'),233,851 Zeltzer, Yisrael: arrested, 451; shot, 452 n·55 Zemba, Menachem: gives rabbinical Zajdenwerger, David: aged four, gassed approval for resistance, 520- I (1942),47J Zeminski, S.: and the betrayal of Jews in Zajdenwerger, Solange: aged three, gassed hiding, 492-3 (T94 2),47T Zezmariai camp (near Kovno): children Zajtman,Josek: shot (T94 2), 347 killed in (1944), 664 Zak, Shalom: his death (1942), 33 J Zhelochovski, Shlomo: hanged (1942), 350 Zaklikow: fate of deportees from (1942), Zhitomir: mass murder at (1941),173, 304; a second deportation from, 492 175-6; Jewish partisans north of (1943), Zaks, Romek: killed (1939),85 437,514 Zalcman, Major: an eye-witness to mass Zholti, David: killed after liberation murder, 209 ('945),783 Zalcman, Shmuel: murdered (1943), 547 Zielonka: Jews shot at (1939), 99 Zaltsman, Lyuni: a resistance group led by, Zifferman, Baruch: witnesses a deportation 189 round-up, 397-8; his wife and son killed Zambrow: Jews escape from, 489 (194 2),398 Zamenhof, Dr Adam: 'never seen again' Zilberstein, Betty: perished (1944), 656 (T939), 99, 389 Zilberstein, Harvey: shot (1944), 656 Zamenhof Street (Warsaw): an old woman Zimetbaum, Mala: 'tried to make it easier' murdered at (1942), 453 (at Auschwitz), 683; escapes from Zamenhof, Zofia: killed (1942), 389 Auschwitz, 695; captured, 695-6; killed Zamkowy, Samuel: shot (1939), J02 (T944),696-7 Zamolodicze: Jews killed at (1942),3°1 Zindelevich, Yakov-Pinhas: killed (1941), Zamosc: forced labour at, 112,123; 203 'surrounded' (1942), 319; Jews deported : Britain seeks to deter those setting from (II April 1942), 319-20; a second out for (1940),135 deportation from (17 April 1942), 325; a Zirelson, Judah Leib: killed (1941), 172 further deportation from (15 November Zlatin, Miron: deported, and shot (1944), 1942),5°0- 1 667 Zander, Rachel: murdered, after liberation, Zloczow: Jews deported from, 491-2; the 81 9 story of two Jews in hiding near, 725-6 Zante: Jews of, saved, 683-4 Zofjowka: Jews escape from, 436 Zarch, Maja: recalls events in Dvinsk, Zolkiewka: a Jew deported to Sobibor from 158-9,179,208,329-330; deported to (T94 2),344 Stutthof,722 Zorin, Shlomo: guards a family camp, 620 Zarfatti, Roberto: aged three, deported to Zsolt, Agnes: describes her daughter'S final his death (1944),666 hours, 756 Zaslaw: an escape from, 507; Jews Zuchowicz, Second-Lieutenant Tadeusz: deported to Belzec from (1943), 521 records the courage of a Jew (J944), 715 Zavertanny, Fyodor: escapes, 613 Zucker (a Jewess): hidden in a large tile Zawadka: four Poles killed, for hiding Jews stove, and survives, 641 in, 654-5 Zuckerman ('the grey-headed'): seeks to Zbaszyn: Jews expelled to (1938), 68 protect a Jewess, 391-2 Zdunska Wola: Jews shot at (1939), 99; Zuckerman, Yitzhak: and the 'poison cup' hangings at (1942),299, 350;Jews shot (T939), T08; punished (1941), 149-50; in (J942), 433-4; Jews from, in Lodz, and the news of mass murder at Vilna, 435 233; and the news of mass murder at Zdzieciol: an escape from, 337-8; mass Chelmno, 314-15; and a setback to plans murder, and a further escape from, 406 for revolt, 451-2; in Cracow, 505-6; in Zeisler, Gertrude: '\ will somehow manage Warsaw, 524, 561, 572,635,715; to survive' (1941), 146; and the escapes to countryside, 717; given 'atmosphere of doom' (1942),434 shelter, 760 Zeitlin, Hillel: deported, 455 Zurawski, Mordechai: deported to Zelechow: aJew from, shot (T939), TOT Chelmno, 693; recalls the last days at Zelinski, Ahraham: at Chelmno, 263 Chelmno, 770- I Zelkowicz, Josef: and a hospital 'action' in Zwierzyniec: deportations through, 408-9; Lodz, 443; and the 'days of nightmare', a deportation from, 479-80; a 'mass 448-9 grave' in, 481; a final deportation from,50o INDEX· 959

Zwonarz, Jozef: saves Jews, 507-8, 521 Zylberberg, Henryk: witnesses his Z ychlin: sewing machines of Jews deported daughter's murder (1942), 424 from (1942), 318-19 Zylberberg, Michaela: murdered (1942), Zygielbojm, Shmuel: commits suicide 424 (1943),565 Zylberring, Pinkus: reprisals as a result of Zylberberg, Mordechai: and the resistance action of (1939),102 in Czestochowa, 590 Zyrardow: a deportee born in, 890 n. I I