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Rouffignac, Ou La Guerre Des Mammouths London Tower House by and Translated by David Scott from the French ROUFFIGNAC, OU LA GUERRE DES MAMMOUTHS LONDON TOWER HOUSE, SOUTHAMPTON W.C.2 I THE PREHISTORIC ERA AT ROUFFIGNAC PAGE Rouffi.gnac at the time of the Great Cave Bear 3 Rouffi.gnac at the time of the Mammoths . 12 The Woolly Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Tichorhinus). 29 The Companions of the Mammoth and the Rhinoceros 36 The Missing Animals 51 Traces of Man 64 n THE OF From François de Belleforest (1575) to Louis Moreri 73 de Chancel (1730) and the de Miremont 81 The Plan of 1759 and the Chevalier de Barry 93 KouID,gmlc in the Sextile XI of the French Era 99 In the time of Martel • 112 The 1ittle ca've-JI::..Xl>lOI'erS 119 In OF 26th June, 1956 · 127 First Attacks, July 1956 . · 140 ~~--------~- - -- ------~~----------------- CONTENTS 8 PAGE " Slavish 148 Practical J okes 155 Scientific Peace Restored . 171 The .... ,... ....... "" ... '" Umnasked 189 Between Pages 1. Entrance to the Cave of Rouffignac 22-23 2. Plan of the cave drawn in 1759 by Gabriel Bouquier 22-23 OF DOCUMENTS ON ROUFFIGNAC 3. Title page of The Great Historical Dictionary, published in 1725, in which the Rouffignac paintings are mentioned 22-23 Annexed Documents 193 4. A piece of text from an 18th century book, in which Comparison with A1tamira 194 reference is made to the cave and its paintings 38-39 Declaration by the Abbé Henri Breuil, of the Institut 195 5. The engraved H Mammoth of the Discovery ", June 26th, 1956 38-39 Second List of W orks of Art in the Cavern of Rouffignac in 6. The Great Fosse. Professor Nougier is measuring draw­ Périgord 198 ings which are being photographed by M. Romain Robert 38-39 Declaration by Professor Paol0 Graziosi, of the University of 7. The Abbé Henri Breui1 under the Great Ceiling 54-55 Florence 199 8. Under the great ceiling: the Abbé Breuil with Louis­ René Nougier and Romain Robert 54-55 Letter to Monsieur Séverin Blanc, Regional Director of Antiquities of the Dordogne 200 9. The Great Mammoth Frieze. Left to right: Professor Nougier, Romain Robert and Professor Graziosi 54-55 The Abbé Breuil's Report 201 10. The Abbé Breui1 and the two authors before the Press Declaration by Professor Martin A1magro of the Conference at the Musée de l'Homme 70-71 ofMadrid 217 11. In front of the Great Mammoth Frieze: Professor Martin ofMadrid University, with the authors 70-71 First Declaration, made by Professors A1magro and Graziosi 12. A1magro examining the last mammoth in the on their Visit to Rouffignac, September 12, 1956 218 Great Frieze 70-71 Second Declaration, made by Professors Grassé and -Leroi- 13. An excellently drawn mammoth, particular1y the pre­ Gourhan on their Visit of September 12, 1956 220 hensi1e extremity of the trunk 86-87 Declaration by Norbert Casteret, September 12, 1956 220 14. A mammoth under the Great Ceiling . 86-87 15. Professor Grassé taking a sample of clay. On the right Report of Professor P. P. Grassé, Professor at the Sorbonne, Ís M. Char1ot, professor of the School of Physics and Member of the Institut 221 Chemistry 86-87 Report of Professor PaoloGraziosi to the Department of 16. Serpentine drawings on the Serpents' Dome 86-87 Architecture 224 17. A serpent to the left and an anthropomorph to the right on the Serpents' Dome 102-103 Report of Professor M. AImagro, of the University of Madrid 229 18. Anthropomorphic figure on the Serpents' Dome . 102-103 ILLUSTRATIONS Between Pages 19. The two fighting mammoths in the Two Mammoths' 102-103 20. mammoth on the left side of the 118-119 21. The Paolo Graziosi rhinoceros engraved on the roof before the Breuil Gallery . 118-119 22. Entrance to the Henri Breuil Gallery . 118-119 I 23. The Breuil Gallery: the family of three rhinoceroses . 134-135 24. The Breuil mother "Dubois" rlúnoceros 134-135 1S R1C 25. The Breuil the father rhinoceros at the end of 1GNAC the frieze 134-135 26. The Breuil Gal1ery: detait of the head of the "Dubois" rhinoceros 150-151 27. The Breuil Gal1ery: horse's head, painted on a ffint " kidney ", usillg the natural re1ief 150-151 28. The Breuil GaUery: two herds meeting on the Great Mammoth Frieze 150-151 29. The Breuil Gal1ery: the two mammoths over which the 18th century "Barry" inscribed his name 150-151 30. The Breuil GaIIery: the last mammoth of the Great Frieze 166-167 31. The Bréuil GaIIery: two anthropomorphs engraved on the ceiling of the extension to the gaUery-left, Adam; right, Eve 166-167 32. The Breuil GaUery: the Mammoth Patriarch 166-167 33. The Sacred Way: the leader of the left-hand herd on the engraved panel of the Five Mammoths 166-167 34. The Sacred Way: a large mammoth engraved on the ceiling 182-183 35. The Great Ceiling: a painted bison on the left; a bison partly a1fd partly incised on the right 182-183 36. The Great Ceiling: a large painted horse, 7 ft. 6 in. long 182-183 37. The Mammoth with the Roguish Eye. This drawing in the extension of the Sacred Way is fifteen hundred yards from the entrance to the cave-the farthest in of aU the drawings 182-183 38. The Great Cei1ing: detail of the hind legs of the large painted horse . 198-199 39. The Great Cei1ing: right-hand cornice-the "Dalbavie" ibex 198-199 A oflee About 40,000 years ago a thick sheet of ice lay over Europe and followed its northern fringes, overflowing the limits of the future Baltic Sea. In the hills, plateaux and old Hercynian mountain masses under a rigorous climate, held as in a vice between the glacíelfs of the North and those from the Alps abutting on the Bavaria or dying out on the Fourvieres ridge above Lyons. winds blew fiercely from the heart of Europe, bringing conditions. This was a powerful and active age, during which our soil was formed and mouldedjn the shapes which were to become familiar. The mountain heights sank, worn down by eroding torrents. deposits covered thousands of square miles the of glaciers, spreading over deeply frozen lands. last l1olloVll~ of the great valleys were scooped out, or their last terraces built up. Fine loess dust, carried by the continental winds, covered like a veil lower levels of the countryside. The west changed steadily to take on new and final shapes. the world changed in time with the mineral world, but in the opposite sense. The cold and mossy tundra, with its sparse tion and frozen swamps, took the place of an earlier Mediterranean flora such as fig-trees, Canary laurels, broad-Ieaved spindle-trees and Judas-trees. Gales, even more than cold, attacked trees, which could gain a footing only in sheltered areas or in the more c1ement lands near the Atlantic or sou:thwards. The great straight-tusked elephant, the hlppopotamus and the terrible sabre-toothed tiger disappeared, yielding place to species better able to face the new rigours of the climate, such as the woolly rhinoceros, with its divided nostrils, the mammoth and the carnivores: cave lions, hyenas and cave bears. 4 THE CA VE OF ROUFFIGNAC PREHISTORIC ERA AT ROUFFIGNAC 5 gallery and the western branch form a sudden right-angled bend at H The most bear-like bear" the south-west end of the great underground system. This arm of The eave bear, which was the commonest carnivore of the last galleri~s used to c?mmuni~ate with the open air through a cbiimllev lee Age, known to geologists as the Wümian era, was the most bear­ or vertIcal well, thlrty to nmety feet deep, emerging on the limestone like of bears. lt was very large, about one-third larger than the plateau beneath which the Cro 1ies. present-day brown bear. When standing it reached a height Today this chimney is blocked, but it is possible to make one's of over 6 ft. 6 in. It was a a brow, way slowly along winding galleries marked at their angles by cones a rather head, massive, arms short, sturdy thighs. of gravel, pebbles and iron-stained sand. These various materials It a very different that of the present-day bear, for have s1id gradually down from the surface of the plateau to the the body was dominated by the forepaws and shoulders, and these wor1d underground. They are the traces of a powerful stream of were accentuated by the heavy head, lowered to sniff atthe ground. water which used to sweep the surface, plunge into this chimney The creature was to be feared for its sharp c1aws, six to and spread throug~o~t ~he. ~epth.s ~n the shape of a delta, forming inches long, and for its long canine teeth, both upper and lower, an .underground MlSSlSSlppl m mmlature. There is a striking simi­ which rubbed together as it chewed. None the less, it had the habits Ianty between the course of the Cro and that of the greatest river of a home-keeper. The "mos! bear-1ike bear" was above all a in the wor1d. But the former Cro watercourse was destructive cave bear. It sought its vegetable food in the tundr~ or on the while the Mississippi is creative. The former is negative: a reversed plain, but as winter drew near it 1iked the warm sec1usion of the reproduction of the Iatter. caves. There it found the protection of Mother Earth from damp From this pecu1iar chimney it is easy to follow the two great arms winds and extreme cold.
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