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French SKA White Book the French Community Towards the Square Kilometre Array French SKA White Book The French community towards the Square Kilometre Array Editor in Chief: C. Ferrari arXiv:1712.06950v3 [astro-ph.IM] 28 Mar 2018 Editors: G. Lagache, J.-M. Martin, B. Semelin | Cosmology and Extra-galactic astronomy M. Alves, K. Ferri`ere,M.-A. Miville-Deschenes, L. Montier | Galactic Astronomy E. Josselin, N. Vilmer, P. Zarka | Planets, Sun, Stars and Civilizations S. Corbel, S. Vergani | Transient Universe S. Lambert, G. Theureau | Fundamental Physics S. Bosse, A. Ferrari, S. Gauffre | Technological Developments G. Marquette | Industrial Perspectives and Solutions Published by the SKA France Coordination in collaboration with AS SKA-LOFAR We acknowledge financial support of Universit´eParis-Saclay and AS SKA-LOFAR for the first \French SKA White Book" organisation meeting. We are grateful to the MPIfR colleagues, editors of the German \White Paper", who provided the adopted latex macro Cover images show: (a) an artist's impression of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and of its different antenna types, (b) an artist's impression of the Epoch of Re-ionisation, (c) numerical simulations of the magnetised cosmic web, (d) two paintings of the \Shared Sky" SKA Indigenous Art/Astronomy Exhibition Image courtesy: (a, d) SKAO; (b) A. Loeb (CfA) (c) F. Vazza (INAF) This White Book is available on-line at the SKA France web page: https://ska-france.oca.eu/images/SKA-France-Media/FWB 051017.pdf Contents R´esum´eex´ecutif I Executive summary III 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Square Kilometre Array . .1 1.1.1 The telescopes . .1 1.1.2 The project organisation . .1 1.2 General overview of the SKA science and technology . .3 1.2.1 An instrument designed for a wide range of astronomical and general physics studies . .3 1.2.2 Design of SKA components . .9 1.2.3 Beyond the SKA Observatory: the regional data centres . 12 1.3 Overview of the SKA situation in France . 12 1.3.1 The organisation of the French community towards the SKA . 12 1.3.2 French participation to the SKA preparation . 13 2 Science 16 2.1 Early Universe, cosmology and large scale structures . 16 2.1.1 Constraining astrophysical models of the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionisation with the 21 cm signal . 16 2.1.2 21 cm signal from the EoR . 18 2.1.3 Cross-correlating cosmic fields in the EoR . 20 2.1.4 Cosmic magnetism . 22 2.1.5 Cosmological Evolution of the Neutral and Cold Gas Mass Density . 24 2.1.6 Large scale structure through H i velocity fields . 27 2.1.7 Large Scale Structure and BAO with Intensity Mapping . 29 2.1.8 Distant Universe with Gravitational Lensing in the SKA Era . 30 2.2 Extra-galactic astronomy . 33 2.2.1 Clusters . 33 2.2.1.1 Non-thermal emission from galaxy clusters . 33 2.2.1.2 SKA SZ studies of galaxy clusters . 35 2.2.1.3 Environmental effects on galaxy evolution . 37 2.2.2 Formation and evolution of galaxies . 40 2.2.2.1 Unobscured star formation and cosmic star formation history . 40 2.2.2.2 Large samples of H i galaxies . 42 2.2.2.3 Molecular gas content at high redshift from the CO lines . 44 2.2.2.4 Extragalactic spectral lines but H i and CO . 46 2.2.2.5 The role of AGN . 48 2.2.3 Nearby resolved galaxies . 50 2.2.3.1 Galaxy dynamics and H i distribution . 50 2.2.3.2 The Interstellar Medium in Nearby Galaxies . 52 2.3 Galactic astronomy . 56 2.3.1 The nearby interstellar medium . 56 2.3.2 Turbulent cascade . 58 2.3.3 The formation of cold atomic structures . 60 2.3.4 Molecular complexity in cold cores and hot corinos . 62 2.3.5 Interstellar dust . 64 2.3.6 Faraday tomography . 66 2.3.7 Magnetic fields in star formation regions: Zeeman effect of RRLs . 69 2.3.8 Jets, outflows and young stellar objects . 71 2.3.9 Supernova remnants . 73 2.3.10 Pulsar census and probe of the interstellar medium . 76 2.3.11 Distance determination . 78 2.4 Planets, Sun, Stars and Civilizations . 81 2.4.1 Solar system planets . 81 2.4.1.1 Jupiter's magnetosphere and radio emissions . 81 2.4.1.2 Planetary atmospheres . 82 2.4.1.3 Planetary lightning . 83 2.4.1.4 Electrical activity in Earth's atmosphere . 85 2.4.1.5 Ionospheric physics & Meteor showers . 86 2.4.2 Exoplanets and star-planet interactions . 87 2.4.3 Solar radio emissions . 89 2.4.4 Stellar activity and environment . 93 2.4.4.1 Stellar flares and analogues to Solar radio bursts . 93 2.4.4.2 Cool dwarfs . 95 2.4.4.3 Circumstellar HI . 96 2.4.5 Planets, Stars and Commensal SETI observations . 97 2.5 Transient Universe . 98 2.5.1 Slow transients . 98 2.5.1.1 Accreting transients . 98 2.5.1.2 Ultra Luminous X-ray sources . 102 2.5.1.3 Gamma-ray bursts . 104 2.5.1.4 High Mass X-ray Binaries . 106 2.5.1.5 AGN variability . 108 2.5.1.6 Supernovæ . 111 2.5.2 Fast transients . 112 2.5.2.1 Fast Radio Bursts . 112 2.5.2.2 GW event follow-up . 114 2.5.2.3 Neutron stars magnetosphere and wind . 115 2.5.2.4 Cosmic rays . 117 2.6 Fundamental physics . 119 2.6.1 Pulsar timing arrays as gravitational wave detectors . 119 2.6.2 Binary pulsars as natural laboratories to test Gravitation theories . 121 2.6.3 Neutron star equation of state . 123 2.6.4 Reference frames . 125 3 Scientific synergies with other instruments 128 3.1 Euclid . 128 3.2 E-ELT . 130 3.3 4MOST Cosmology Redshift Survey . 131 3.4 JWST . 133 3.5 DESI . 135 3.6 LSST . 136 3.7 Athena and eROSITA . 138 3.8 CTA .................................................. 140 3.9 LIGO and Virgo . 142 3.10 CMB polarisation experiments . 143 3.11 ALMA . 145 3.12 NenuFAR . 146 3.13 SVOM . 147 3.14 VLBI . ..
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