Millennium Women: Sexual Challenges in the Digital Era Dr

Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1), June 2020 ISSN 2581-575X https://www.iisb.org./

Review Article Millennium women: Sexual challenges in the digital era Dr . Srijeeta Mukherjee PG Trainee, Department of Psychiatry, MKCG Medical College, Brahmapur, Ganjam, Odisha,

Date of Submission : Abstract 30 March 2020 Date of Acceptance : Contemporary life is rapidly becoming digitalized. 30 May 2020 Technology has percolated all spheres of human existence, blurring the dichotomy between online and off-line. Social structures and discriminations already existing in everyday lives have also spilled online. Hate, abuse, misogyny has encroached online spaces aiming to demean, hurt, and humiliate women and are a serious threat to the right of free speech. In this article, we look at how digital platforms and paradoxically helpful in generating awareness and improving participation via social media with more and more women sharing their experiences via #Testimonials ( Keywords: Online hate, # MeToo, #NotOkay, #raped never reported, etc ) and Cyber sexual harassment, survivor selfies that go viral and generate public outcry that Indian cyber laws, Digilantism, mobilizes socio-cultural and socio-political changes that Psychological issues. strives to decrease the age-old gender divide.

Introduction changed the ways we communicate, form relationships, and access information Digital technologies including smartphones, (Lupton, 2014). social networking sites, video hosting sites, online multiplayer gaming, clouds/dropbox The government of India recognizes the services, blogs, wearables with activity need to empower Indian citizens digitally and tracking, etc have dramatically changed increase digital literacy, launched the ‘Digital contemporary lifestyle and communication India’ campaign in 2015 which aims to (Powell, 2017; Lupton, 2014). increase connectivity, participation, and improved access to public services. They have a profound impact on all spheres of human behavior and existence. It has Digital technologies provide new forms of social connectivity for constructing self- Corresponding Author : Dr. Srijeeta Mukherjee identities outside traditional institutions E Mail: [email protected] How to cite the article : Mukherjee, S. (2020). (family, work, or school), create personal Millennium women: Sexual challenges in the space with definite boundaries as well as digital era. Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & develop their social and professional lives to Culture, 6(1), 47-56. gain acceptance and recognition globally DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.3929191

47 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1)

(Oksman, 2004). Technology has become social media, and online dating sites, or embedded in daily lives, permeating every through private communications via mobile nook and cranny increasingly blurring the phone or email, including verbal and/or dichotomies of online and offline written comments and requests, and/ or (Jamaludin, 2011). The rapidly developing graphic images (Sethi & Ghatak, 2018). information and communication technology Dimensions of Cyber Sexual Harassment have brought significant economic, political, (Powell, 2017) are identified as: and social changes so much so that 'Life is Digital' is not a hyperbolic claim ( Lupton, 2014). 1. Gender-based harassment: It may be verbal, visual, and textual. These are Society and technology are shaped mutually unsolicited comments or abusive by human behavior and interactions. remarks and pile on threats directed at Previously owing to the digital divide, poor victims because of their gender access, and digital illiteracy, the internet was invoking graphic imageries of rape, considered largely a masculine domain, violence, and abuse to stimulate fear developed for, and use by men (Levmore and and other negative emotions. Women, Nussbaum,2010).Due to increased mainly college-aged girls, are ridiculed awareness, affordable smart phones and online for their sexuality and objectified data-plans, women and other marginalized (Wajcman, 2000; Hardaker, 2016). Men groups (LGBTQ, people with disabilities, receive the hate for their ideas and etc) are increasingly using the ‘Net’ to share actions, the comments generally make ideas, express opinions, and create niche fun of their perceived sexuality and online presence (Green et al, 2015 ). With the diminish their manliness. Most globalization of digital communication, LGBTQ people are attacked because of abuse, and harassment too has become their sexuality doesn't conform to global (Henry and Powell, 2014; Powell, heterosexual society rules and they are 2017; Bartlett et al, 2014). Women are accused of being sex offenders and disproportionately high recipients of these sexually deviant. Sexual and Hate 'E-Bile' followed by people of alternate comments falsely accusing the victim sexuality and few men (Jane, 2014).Ninety of having STDs, mental illnesses, etc percent of the slanderous comments, real or flood the message boards and blog doctored images, and porn video content (Hardaker, 2010). showcases verbal or physical aggression against women (Mc Glynn, 2017). 2. Unwanted sexual attention and experiences: Perpetrators convey Online sexual harassment sexual messages by objectifying and Sexual harassment is a well defined and reducing victims to be their sex organs familiar term. It is a form of sex (often described as diseased) existing discrimination involving unwanted/ solely for the pleasure of others unwelcome sexual advances, requests for (Hardacker, 2010). Inappropriate sexual favor, and other conduct of verbal or comments on intimate lives and physical nature that causes another person to subjects, unsolicited images and feel offended, humiliated, fearful, or videosblatantly hinting sex-related intimidated. activities either online or offline (Baumgartner et al, 2010; Sarkeesian, It comes online when it is perpetrated with 2012).Using camera-enabled smart the aid of digital technology like on internet phones to take photographs and videos sites, such as chat rooms, public forums, of unsuspecting victims to share online. 48 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1)

Victim's contact information, social can be retrieved online long after the victim security numbers, medical conditions, has curtailed and censored their online and their availability for sex are activities. advertised online rendering them The proliferation of cyber sexual vulnerable to violence by strangers harassment beside the perpetrators (doxxing) (Henry and Powell 2016; Eckert, 2020). India has 560 million (January 2020) active internet users and has become the leading 3. Sexual coercion and sextortion: country with 260 million people using Face Perpetrators pressurize victims to share book, 34 million users on Twitter, and video nude photographs and videos then sharing platform Tiktok was downloaded by extort money with threats of sharing them with family and public, damaging 466 million Indians by November 2019. reputation, employability, and Almost 400 million Indian smartphone users increasingly exposed to sexual assault are on Whats App or its local language by strangers. Many people (mainly counterpart (Tech Crunch, Reuters). women) are victims of revenge porn by Statistics show that the numbers are still their rejected ex-partners. Fake online increasing, with more people connecting advertisement soliciting sex and lies online. Higher educated people are using about the victim's violent and more internet. Men and womendiffer in their masochistic sexual preferences internet use (Bimber, 2000), with men populate the net created by often voraciously consuming information and known people, ex-boyfriends, ex- women gravitating towards communication. husbands, coworkers, etc. Nude photos Men are more likely to use the internet for and videos, doctored images appear on recreation and women are rapidly catching dedicated porn sites in case of non up (Statistics Research Department, 2020). cooperation (Englander, 2015; Powell 2017, 122). Several predators coerce Due to the lack of digital literacy, many are and groom children online to produce unaware of their digital rights. For them, child pornography (Beech et al, 2008). cyberspace is a disembodied and abstract 4. Cyberstalking: Malicious stalkers are virtual space that is very different from real using sophisticated technologies to lives, full of fun and games (Powell 2017; keep tabs on their victims, hacking into Benedickt 1991). personal devices, cars, homes, and While this may be true in some cases, the offices. Threatening anonymous emails internet has its own darker aspects. and messages to victims and employers Sociologists argue that rigid gender roles and full of lies, accusing victims of stereotypes experienced during face to face misdeeds and offenses (Spitzberg, communications can be changed via digital 2002; Borrajo et al, 2015; Craven et al, means ( Beck-Gernsheim, 2002; Cooper, 2006; Fraser et al, 2010). Delmonico, & Burg, 2000) but physically What is common in all is they seek to insult, existing and culturally sanctioned power humiliate, and silence victims and diminish structures, inequalities, and domination have their online participation (Powell and Henry spilled online. 2016; Brody and Vangelisti, 2017). Despite Easy accessibility, freedom, anonymity, and the victim's efforts to remove from one site, lack of accountability has led to increased these fester and return online like the head of discrimination and sexism online (Lapidot- Medusa in some other sites. The net provides Lefler and Barak, 2012). Inappropriate longevity to the hate, as comments and abuse behavior has become acceptable and 49 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1) naturalized in the Wild West of the Internet 2017; Stortz 2016). Rape apologists post (Franeck 2009). Unlike contact or place- graphic rape and death threats (Young, 2005; based offenses, online abuse can be Young and Whitty, 2010). perpetrated by a person occupying a different As with rape, domestic violence, and time zone with miles of distance between them and the victims (Powell 2017). workplace sexual harassment ( Mc Donald, 2016), gendered cyber-harassment is Criminals, predators, stalkers also have frequently trivialized as not being a big deal, become ubiquitous, lurking in innocuous mocked and sheltered by stereotypes and online spaces, and targeting unsuspecting rape myths. The responsibility is shifted to audience (Borrajo et at, 2015; Ybarra and the victim, claiming that they were attention Mitchell, 2008). This means the technology- who resand asked for it, enjoyed it, and facilitated sexual harms perpetrated by them bought victimization upon herself ( Loney are undeniably substantial. The prevalence Howes, 2015). It is widely believed that of on-line hostility is on the rise, getting violence is committed only by sexually uglier and filthier with time and increasingly deviant men and women exaggerate or make gendered. Internet trash talk, graphic threats up the claims to cover their indiscretions and of rape and violence, unsolicited requisitions misdeeds (Ging and Siapera, 2018). These and pornographic images, revenge porn myths absolve perpetrators because it was videos and photographs have filled online online, and they didn't mean to do any harm platforms (Jane, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017; (Lonsway et al, 2008; Dodge, 2016). Many Barak, 2015). commentators gang up on the victim thus Online misogyny, rape culture, and escalating the abuse (Palermo et al, 2019). revenge pornography These activities are often under reported due In her series of papers, Emma A. Jane states to shame, lack of technical expertise, the 'online hyperbolic Vitriol' has become a unresponsive law enforcement causing the normalized, commonsensical way to victim to stew alone. According to Citron communicate online. It is commonly 2014, these offenses are usually legally expected by anyone who is online voluntarily intractable due to their personal and and voices opinions. Gender wars are at their idiosyncratic nature (Citron and Franks, peak. Hegemonic masculinity is threatened 2014; Citron, 2014). by the women occupying the supposedly Sexting defined as sending sexually explicit male spaces (Ballard and Welch, 2017); Fox pictures, videos, or text messages and Tang 2014). It has its roots in the age-old cultural tradition that women are inferior to electronically has become normative men. Their ideas, needs, wishes are subject to behavior as foreplay for future sexual the whims of men and their existence is activities (Dir et al, 2013; Drouin et al,2013; limited to domestic spheres, and those who 2017; Mc Daniel, 2015; Klettke et al, 2014). overstep need to be put back into appropriate While it's enjoyable consensually, it can places. Men have actively created several quickly become ugly for people who assume toxic online spaces where they ridicule, or misperceive consent or interest in future abuse, and humiliate women for participating face to face sexual interaction and can in online activities and discussions (Banet potentially lead to unwanted sexual Wieser and Miltner, 2016). Men infiltrate into experiences (Choi et al, 2016; Reyns et al, online forums for only women or any neutral 2013). Sexting and sexual violence are closely online forums and start posting immature related. Many women feel coerced to sext by and inappropriate comments which are partners who resort to manipulation and described as ‘Virtual Manspreading’ (Jane, blackmail (revenge pornography) to exact 50 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1) cooperation (Walker and Sleath 2017; profession. This has been termed ‘Economic Bartow, 2009 ). One study by Brodie found Vandalism’ by E. A. Jane (Jane 2018). Many that participants of sexting (especially men) women report restricting online post are more impulsive and more likely to expressing opinions, using male endorse sexual violence (Brodie et al, 2019; pseudonyms, playing male characters in Florimbio et al, 2019). games, avoiding controversial forums, and engaging the trollers to diminish the hate Psychological impacts of online hate speech. To decrease the digital gender divide, Human beings are vicariously used to enjoy many schools and organizations now provide violence and conflict in movies, television sexual harassment awareness training to their and simulated computer games, the net with members. Research indicates that such training their relative anonymity and impunity help decreases the acceptance of rape myths. users to exercise aggression online against Fighting ‘Fire with Fire’ real human beings. Vitriolic words and graphic threats have become a form of Digital technologies paradoxically also digital sadism (Sest and March, 2017) where provide ways to combat abuse and hate by incivility and crude remarks are a competitive enabling vigilantism, activism, and justice game among perpetrators. They derive (Trottier, 2019; Fileborn, 2014). Confidential pleasure and gratification from the and anonymous reporting of sexual assault discomfort and distress of the victims has empowered victims to alert authorities (Megarry, 2014). Trollers relish the back-and- and take action against their assaulters. forth mockery and boast about their ability to Several victims of online sexual harassment create the most evocative venom, break are using the technology to publicly call out taboos and elicit emotional responses from the perpetrators (DIY Justice Onlineor targets. This hate aims to exclude women Digilantism), documenting evidence from the production and consumption of captured in their smart phones and sharing tools, platforms, and services of digital their experiences as searchable # infrastructure. testimonials with supportive online peer community, some are resorting to making Constant remarks and threats cause the public art, blogs and websites filled with victims to experience long term emotional/ images received by them over the years (Vitis psychological trauma, symptoms of panic, and Gilmour, 2017). Social media sites have anxiety, and depression, sexual problems, become a forum for hashtags activism where and attachment dysfunction primarily victims- survivors, activists, advocates, etc relationship anxiety and avoidance (Ross et can discuss their experiences, challenge the al, 2019). Women report significantly low prevalent mindset, debate, and reframe self-esteem and loss of self-confidence. For policies. With this # going viral with multiple some the reactions from families and sharing and likes, these are also a bridge to support groups based on the existing cultural gain the attention of the mainstream media myths, make it difficult to cope with the and political groups and pressurize necessary experience. There is also a constant fear of changes in policies and laws (Henry and the safety of self and family (Lindsey et al, Powell, 2016) for faster justice (Jane Dobson, 2016). 2016 ). Females facing subordination and exclusion Cyber laws in India online, tend to withdraw from online platforms or change the ways of online It has become imperative to teach women interaction often at the cost of their especially young girls to identify acts of

51 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1) sexual harry in their nascent stage and keep 2. Section 354C of the IPC: Punishment evidence via screen shots and printouts that for voyeurism is described in this act can help investigators to trace perpetrators. with up to 3 years of imprisonment in It's the first instinct to ignore and delete the case of the first offense and up to 7 materials but these only encourage abusers years play in second offense. It (Sethi and Ghatak, 2018). Not reacting or especially describes private acts when responding to these seems to be the first unsuspecting women are watched, or response of the victims followed by blocking their images/videos captured. It also and reporting abuse in the sites that are includes the dissemination of obliged to disable them within 36hours consensual image to 3rd party (revenge under IT rules 2011. Cybercrimes have no porn). It is a criminal offense under jurisdiction as these crimes are committed both the IT act and IPC without any barriers of boundaries. So, this can be reported in any city irrespective of 3. Section 354D of the IPC: This section where the crime was committed. Police cyber describes Stalking. Any man who cells have been established especially for follows a woman attempts interaction Internet-related criminal activities. For those despite clear disinterest by a woman who don't wish to approach police can lodge and monitors her activities via complaints at National Commission for digital/electronic communications Women, who take it up with the police and in (except for detection /prevention of case of serious offenses can set up and suspected criminal activities, inquiry to probe the issues. The IT reasonable under circumstances) is Amendment Act, 2008 has established a punishable up to three years and up to National nodal agency called Indian five years in subsequent offenses along Computer Emergency Response Team with monetary fine. (CERT-IN) responsible for computer security threats that have issued guidelines on 4. Section 499 of the IPC: This section has procedures, prevention, reporting, and provisions for Defamation. Any spoken response to cyber sexual harassment and or written word, signs, visual abuse incidents. Online grievance redressal representation, the publication (obscene can be done using emails, filling up incident remarks, photos, or videos on social reporting forms, telephones, fax, and letters media) concerning any person that addressed to the Ministry of Electronics and intends harm the public reputation of Information Technology. such person may be imprisoned for up to 2 years with or without fine or both. Some of the cyber laws about sexual 5. Section 503 of the IPC: This section harassment under Indian Judiciary are: deals with criminal intimidation. Threats 1. Section 354A of the IPC: Under this of injury to person, reputation, or law, people posting obscene comments property with the intent to cause alarm is on SNS are liable for punishment up to punishable with a jail term of up to 2 one-year imprisonment with/without years. Threats of grievous hurt are fine. Unwelcome physical contact, punishable for up to seven years. explicit sexual overtures, showing 6. Section 507 of the IPC: Any person pornography against the will and committing the offense of criminal demanding sexual favors are intimidation using anonymous punishable with imprisonment up to 3 communications is liable for punishment years with or without fine. for upto two years. 52 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1)

7. Section 509 of the IPC: Any sexual this widespread uproar is mot merely words, sounds, gestures, exhibits (photos Slacktivism (Rotman, 2011)but an all- or videos) posted on SNS intruding upon powerful tool for activism and seeking both privacy and modesty is punishable for up informal and formal justice (Powell and to 3 years with fine. Henry, 2015)against the age-old gender wars, to bring forth significant sociocultural and 8. Section 66E and 67A of the IT Act: sociopolitical changes in the modern times. Publishing sexual images in print or digitally that violates the privacy of an References individual is penalized with imprisonment Ballard, M.E., and Welch, K.M., 2017. Virtual up to 3 years and fine up to 2 lakhs under warfare: Cyberbullying and cyber-victimization 66 E and seven years imprisonment and in MMOG play. Games and Culture, 12(5), 466-491. fines up to 10 lakhs in 67A Banet-Weiser, S. and Miltner, K.M., 2016. # 9. Section 67 of the IT Act: Publishing MasculinitySoFragile: culture, structure, and networked misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, obscene material online. 16(1), 171-174. 10. Section 67B: Publishing Child Barak, A., 2005. Sexual harassment on the pornography, Online Sexual Grooming Internet. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), of children is penalized with 77-92. imprisonment from 5 to 7 years and fine Bartlett, J., Norrie, R., Patel, S., Rumpel, R. and up to 10 lakhs. Wibberley, S., 2014. Misogyny on twitter. 11. Section 292 of the IPC: Any book, Bartow, A., 2009. Internet defamation as profit paper, pamphlet, drawing, painting, or center: The monetization of online harassment. representation deemed lascivious and Harv. JL & Gender, 32, 383. obscene digitallyfalls under this Baumgartner, S.E., Valkenburg, P.M. and Peter, J., provision. 2010. Unwanted online sexual solicitation and risky sexual online behavior across the lifespan. Conclusion Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Online communities and social media have 31(6), 439-447. empowered victim-survivors, advocates, Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E., 2002. activists, etc, and enabled widespread Institutionalized individualism and its social and support for feminist activism. Woman's political consequences. Ann Arbor: University of testimonials have long served as a form of Michigan Press. activism and justice-seeking but the online Beech, A.R., Elliott, I.A., Birgden, A. and formats have enabled reclaiming several Findlater, D., 2008. The Internet and child sexual previously silent voices, increased offending: A criminological review. Aggression participation, generate awareness about and violent behavior, 13(3), 216-228. gender mis recognition, validation of their Benedickt, M., 1991. Cyberspace: first steps. experiences from global network and Bimber, B., 2000. Measuring the gender gap on vindication for their sufferings. These have the Internet. Social science quarterly, 868-876 been recognized socially and politically, Borrajo, E., Gámez-Guadix, M. and Calvete, E., necessitating measures for reporting and 2015. Cyber dating abuse: Prevalence, context, action against perpetrators (Powell and and relationship with offline dating aggression. Henry, 2018). Laws have been modified to Psychological reports, 116(2), 565-585. encompass the changing scenarios and Brodie, Z.P., Wilson, C. and Scott, G.G., 2019. people have been sensitized to this Sextual Intercourse: Considering Social– fundamental yet ‘new’ discrimination. Thus, 53 Indian Journal of Health, Sexuality & Culture Volume (6), Issue (1)

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