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Air Pollution by Jet Aircraft at Seattle-Tacoma Airport

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Air Pollution by Jet Aircraft at Seattle-Tacoma Airport ESSA WBTM WR 58 A UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT DF COMMERCE PUBLICATION ESSA Technical Memorandum WBTM WR 58 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Weather Bureau Air Pollution by Jet Aircraft at Seattle - Tacoma Airport WALLACE R. DONALDSON l Western Region SAL, LAKE CITY, UTAH October 1970 WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL MEMORANDA The Technical Memorandum series provide an informal medium for the documentation ~nd quick dissemI­ nation of results not appropriate, or not yet ready, for formal publication in the standard Journals. The series are used to report on work in progress, to describe technical procedures and practices, or to report to a limited audience. These Technical ~emcranda wi II report on investigation devoted primarily to Regional and local problems of interest mainly to Western Region personnel, and hence wil I not be widely distributed. These Memoranda are avai lable from the Western Region Headquarters at the fol lowing address: Weather Bureau ~estern ~e9ion HeadquarTers, Attention SSD. P. O. Box II 18B, Federal Sui Idlng. Salt lake City, Utah 84 I. The Western Region subseries of ESSA Technical Memoranda, No. 5 (revised edition). No. 10 and all others beginning with No. 24, are avai lable also from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, U. S. Department of Commerce, Si I Is Bui lding, Port Royal Road, Springfield, Va. 22151. Price: $3.00 paper copy; SO.65 microfiche. Order by accession number shown in paren­ theses at end of each entry. Western Region Technical Memoranda: No. I- Some Notes on Probabi I Ity Forecasting. Edward D. Diemer. September 1965. No. 2 Climatological Precipitation Probabil itles. Oompi led by lucianne Mi Iler. Dec. 1965. No. 3 Western Region Pre- and Post-FP-3 Program. Edward D. Diemer. ~~rch 1966. No.4 Use of Meteorological Satel lite Data. March 1966. No. 5** Station Descriptions of local Effects on Synoptic Weather Patterns. Phi I ip Wi 1Iiams. Jr. October 1969 (Revised). {PB-178 000) No. 6' Improvement of Forecast ~ording and Format. C. L. Glenn. ~ay 1966. No. 7 Final Report on Precipitation Probabi lity Test Programs. Edward O. Diemer. May 1966. No. 8' Interpreting the RAREP. Herbert P. Benner. May 1966. (Revised January 1967.) No. 9 A Collection of Papers Related to the 1966 NMC Primitive-Equation Model. June 1966. No. 10' Sonic Boom. loren Crow (6th Weather Wing, USAF, Pamphlet). June 1966. (AD-479 366) . , No. II Some Electrical Processes in the Atmosphere. J. Latham. June 1966. No. 12' A Comparison of Fog Incidence at Missoula, Montana, with Surrounding locations. Richard A. Dightman. August 1966. No. 13* A Collection of Technical Attachments on the 1966 NMC Primitive-Equation Model. leonard W. Snellman. August 1966. No. 14 Appl ication of Net Radiometer Measurements to Short-Range Fog and Stratus Forecasting at Los Angeles. Frederick Thomas. September 1966. No. 15 The Use of the Mean as an Estimate of "Normal" Precipitation in an Arid Region. Paul C. Kangieser. November 1966. No. 16 Some Notes on Acclimatization in Man. Edited by leonard W. Snellman. November 1966. No. 17 A Digitalized Summary of Radar Echoes Within 100 Mi les of Sacramento, California. No. 18 limitations of Selected ~eteorological Data. December 1966. No. 19' A Grid Method for Estimating Precipitation Amounts by Using the WSR-57 Radar. R. Granger. December 1966. No. 40* Transmitting Radar Echo locations to local Fire Control Agencies for lightning Fire Detection. Robert R. Peterson. March 1967. No. 21 An Objective Aia for Forecasting the End of East Winds In the Columbia Gorge. D. John Coparanis. Apri I 1967. No. 22 Derivation of Radar Horizons in Mountainous Terrain. Roger C. Pappas. Aprl I 1967. No. 23 "K" Chart Application to Thunderstorm Forecasts Over the Western United States. Richard E. Hambidge. May 1967. No. 24 Historical and Climatological Study of Grinnell Glacier. ~~ntana. Richard A. Dightman. July 1967. (PS-178071) No. 25 Verification of Operational Probability of Precipitation Forecasts, Aprl I 1966-March 1967. W. W. Dickey. October 1967. (PS-176240) No. 26 A Study of Winds in the lake Mead Recreation Area. R. P. Augulis. Jan. 1968. (PS-177 830) No. 27 Objective Minimum Temperature Forecasting for Helena, Montana. D. E. Olsen. Feb. 1968. (PS-I77 827) *Out of Pr i nt **Revised A western Indian 5ymbol for rain. It also symbolizes man's dependence on weather and environment in the West. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION WEATHER BUREAU Weather Bureau Technical Memorandum WR-58 AIR POLLUTION BY JET AIRCRAFT AT SEATTLE-TACOMA AIRPORT Wallace R. Donaldson (J National Weather Service Office Seattle-Tacoma, Washington WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NO. 58 SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH OCTOBER 1970 () TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables I. Introduction II• Transportati on Growth Patterns II I. Technology Interactions IV• Public Resistance to Jet Aircraft 2 V. A History of the Seattle-Tacoma Airport 2 VI• Air Traffic Statistics for Seattle-Tacoma Airport 1960 to 1969 2 VII. Emission Characteristics of Jet Aircraft Engines 2-3 I) VIII• Turbine Engine Odors 3 IX. Comparison of Automobile and Aircraft Engine Emissions 3 X. Comparisons of Dai Iy Contaminant Emissions in Los Angeles County 3 XI• Air Force Comparisons of Jet Engine Air Pollution Emissions 4-5 XII• Commercial Air Traffic Figures for Seattle- Tacoma Airport in 1969 5 XIII• Jet Aircraft Time Study Comparisons 5-6 XIV. Estimated Pollution Emissions from Jet Operations 6 XV. Local Pollution Dispersion Areas 6-7 XVI. Areal Fuel Consumption 7 i i () TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page XVII. Aircraft Emission Comparisons 7 XV I II . Fuel Grades and Additives 8 XIX. VISIBLE EMISSIONS 8 XX. CONCLUS IONS 8-9 XXI. REFERENCES 9 (J iii () LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure Passenger Mi les for Rai I, Air, and Bus Intercity Travel 10 Figure 2 Social and Technological Activities Related to the Aircraft Industry II Figure 3 Commercial Air Traffic at the Seattle-Tacoma Ai rport 12 Figure 4 Map of Seattle-Tacoma Airport Vicinity 13 Figure 5 Articles From Seattle P.I. and Seattle Times Concerning ,Pollution From Jet Engines 14 Table I Comparison of Automobile and Aircraft Engine Emissions (Pounds of Pollutant per Thousand Pounds of Fuel) 15 Tab Ie 2 Average Dai Iy Emissions, Tons per Day, Los Angeles County 15 /) Table 3 Pollution Emissions from Jet Aircraft 16 '--- Table 4 A Comparison Simi lar to Table 3 Except that the Pollutants are Measured in Lb/Hr 17 Tab Ie 5 Seattle-Tacoma Airport Traffic, 1969 18 Tab Ie 6 Operational Time-Studies for Air Force, Los Angeles, and Seattle-Tacoma Airport 18 Table 7 Estimated Pollution Emissions from Jet Aircraft During Departure and Arrival 19 Table 8 Fuel Consumption Rates of Gas Turbine Engines Based on Los Angeles Study 20 Table 9 Annual Fuel Consumption for Various Airports <Gallons) 21 Table 10 Fuel Consumption Comparison Between Los Angeles and Seattle-Tacoma Airports (1968-69) 21 " Table II Average Rates of Emission of Air Contaminants per Average FI ight from Gas Turbine Engine Powered Aircraft at the Seattle-Tacoma Inter­ (,) national Airport 22 iv ,---~-----'---,---------- ----- () AIR POLLUTION BY JET AIRCRAFT AT SEATTLE-TACOMA AIRPORT ' ...--,' I. INTRODUCTION Most pollution problems we face today are a direct result of advances in technology. In the aircraft industry this is particularly true. As the airplane increased in size and power, more pollution was pro­ duced'. The advent of the commerc ia I jet aircraft attracted the atten­ tion of the public through the visible smoke plume and noise. The rapid expansion of air transportation brought other problems to airlines and airport operators. There were lawsuits over violation of individual air space, complaints over fal ling objects and nasty letters written to the editor concerning TV and radio interference. At local airports there were strong kerosene odors, soot fal lout, and occasional occurrences of eye irritating smogs. The sprawl ing major airports with ever-increasing numbers of large, more powerful jet aircraft are the result of technological develop­ ments which in turn contribute air pollution. At the 62nd annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association in New York on June 26, 1968, a paper was presented by George, Verssen, and Chass (I). This paper was one of the first studies of jet aircraft pollution in the United States. Ideas and data in this paper suggested the format for the Seattle study. In the pages that fol lo~ some of the problems of the jet engine are discussed along with some effects on the environment. Proposals to help to reduce the pollution problem are also discussed. I I. TRANSPORTATION GROWTH PATTERNS Figure I depicts a 30-year pattern of pUblic transportation covering domestic intercity travel. The rapid increase in air passenger mi les, after the advent of the jet aircraft in 1958, is very apparent. Data for Figure I was taken from information gathered by the National Academy of Engineering (2). A projected period of data extends from 1970 to 1977. III. TECHNOLOGY INTERACTIONS Figure 2 represents a system of social and technological activities centered around the airplane. The interaction between the environ­ ment and the elements of the system are shown by the arrows. Most of the technological interactions of Figure 2 apply to al I modes of transportation and not exclusively to the airplane. The aircraft (,) industry, however, is an excel lent example (3). IV. PUBLIC RESISTANCE TO JET AIRCRAFT Two features of jet aircraft operation cause most criticism by the public: noise and the very obvious smoke plume. This paper wi II deal with the problem of air pollution and discuss contaminants found in the jet engine exhaust. , V. A HISTORY OF THE SEATTLE-TACOMA AIRPORT The Seattle-Tacoma Airport was constructed in 1944 as an aiternate airport to nearby busy Boeing Field.
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