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Manual Manipulation of Engine Throttles for Emergency Flight Control

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Manual Manipulation of Engine Throttles for Emergency Flight Control NASA/TM-2004-212045 Manual Manipulation of Engine Throttles for Emergency Flight Control Frank W. Burcham, Jr. Analytical Services & Materials Edwards, California C. Gordon Fullerton and Trindel A. Maine NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California January 2004 The NASA STI Program Office…in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated •CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. to the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA Scientific and Technical technical conferences, symposia, seminars, Information (STI) Program Office plays a key or other meetings sponsored or cosponsored part in helping NASA maintain this by NASA. important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA programs, projects, and mission, NASA’s scientific and technical information. often concerned with subjects having The NASA STI Program Office provides access substantial public interest. to the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- world. The Program Office is also NASA’s language translations of foreign scientific institutional mechanism for disseminating the and technical material pertinent to results of its research and development activities. NASA’s mission. These results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the Specialized services that complement the STI following report types: Program Office’s diverse offerings include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of results…even providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of For more information about the NASA STI NASA programs and include extensive data Program Office, see the following: or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data •Access the NASA STI Program Home Page and information deemed to be of continuing at http://www.sti.nasa.gov reference value. NASA’s counterpart of peer-reviewed formal professional papers but • E-mail your question via the Internet to has less stringent limitations on manuscript [email protected] length and extent of graphic presentations. •Fax your question to the NASA Access Help • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific Desk at (301) 621-0134 and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release •Telephone the NASA Access Help Desk at reports, working papers, and bibliographies (301) 621-0390 that contain minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive analysis. •Write to: NASA Access Help Desk • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and NASA Center for AeroSpace Information technical findings by NASA-sponsored 7121 Standard Drive contractors and grantees. Hanover, MD 21076-1320 NASA/TM-2004-212045 Manual Manipulation of Engine Throttles for Emergency Flight Control Frank W. Burcham, Jr. Analytical Services & Materials Edwards, California C. Gordon Fullerton and Trindel A. Maine NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California 93523-0273 January 2004 NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from the following: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 7121 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Springfield, VA 22161-2171 (301) 621-0390 (703) 487-4650 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT . 1 NOMENCLATURE . 1 INTRODUCTION . 2 LOSS OF FLIGHT CONTROL ACCIDENT–INCIDENT HISTORY . 3 PRINCIPLES OF TOC. 3 Lateral–Directional . 4 Differential Thrust Effects . 4 Fuel Slosh . 4 Summary of Maximum Roll Rate. 4 Lateral Control with An Engine Out and a Lateral Center of Gravity (CGY) Offset . 5 Longitudinal Control Principles . 5 FPA Change Caused by Speed Stability. 5 FPA Change Caused by the Vertical Component of Thrust. 5 Pitching Moment Caused by Thrust Line Offset . 6 Phugoid . 6 Relative Position of Inlet to Exhaust Nozzle . 6 Fuel Slosh . 7 Trim Airspeed Control . 7 Speed Effects on Propulsive Control Power. 7 Effects of CGX on TOC . 8 Speed Effects on TOC . 8 Surface Float with Hydraulics Off . 8 Summary of Predicted Longitudinal and Lateral Thrust Control Power . 9 AIRPLANE TESTS FOR TOC . 9 Airplanes Tested in Piloted Simulators. 9 B-720 Commercial Jet Transport . 9 B-727 Commercial Jet Transport . 10 B-757 Simulations . 11 MD-90 Commercial Jet Transport . 12 MD-11 Heavy Commercial Jet Transport. 13 B-747 Heavy Commercial Jet Transport . 14 C-17 Military Jet Transport . 15 Megatransport Simulation. 17 Cessna 402 Light Commuter Airplane . 18 F-15 Fighter Airplane . 18 F/A-18 Fighter Airplane . 19 iii SR-71 Simulator TOC Evaluation . 20 Summary of Simulator TOC Results . 20 Airplanes Tested In Flight. 20 Lear 24 Executive Jet Transport . 20 T-38 Jet Trainer. 21 PA-30 Piston-Powered Light Twin-Engine Airplane. 22 T-39 Trainer Airplane. 22 MD-11 Transport Airplane . 23 B-747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA). 23 C-17 Military Transport Airplane. 24 F-15 Fighter Airplane . 24 F/A-18 Fighter Airplane . 25 Summary of TOC Tests. 26 OBSERVATIONS FROM AUGMENTED TOC (PCA) RESULTS. 27 SUGGESTED TECHNIQUES FOR TOC FLIGHT CONTROL . 28 Immediate Actions . 28 Lateral-Directional Control Techniques . 28 Yaw Control . 28 Dutch-Roll Damping. 28 Bank Control. 29 Pitch Control Techniques . 29 Pitching Moment Due to Thrust . 29 Phugoid Mode. 29 Determining Trim Airspeed . 30 Phugoid Damping . ..
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