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Cultural Studies and the Politics of Intellectual Location

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CRITICAL HABITATIONS: CULTURAL STUDIES AND THE POLITICS OF INTELLECTUAL LOCATION Tania Lewis (M.A., B.A.Hons., Canterbury; MB.ChB., Otago, NZ) Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March 2000 Department of English with Cultural Studies The University of Melbourne ABSTRACT Over the past four or so decades, a number of social transformations—including in particular the dramatic expansion of the tertiary education sector—have impacted significantly on the role and status of the intellectual in contemporary life. While the authority of the intellectual was once based on a claim to universality, the openly professionalised nature of contemporary intellectual life has thoroughly problematised such claims. Accordingly, the broadly representative role that so-called “public” intellectuals were once said to have played has increasingly been challenged by more “specific” models of intellectual practice, models that have emerged in particular out of new fields of knowledge such as cultural studies. While cultural conservatives have argued that this challenge marks the declining status of the intellectual in contemporary society, the emergence of a variety of “new” intellectual models linked to specific social and institutional formations suggests that, far from declining, concerns over the status and responsibility of the intellectual are ongoing. This thesis examines the complex relations between contemporary intellectual practices and social and cultural location. Focusing in particular on the field of cultural studies, I examine the careers and biographies of four intellectuals. In my introductory chapter I review the major theories of intellectual practice circulating within cultural studies and conclude that a new, more “located” approach to understanding intellectual practice is required. Putting this new approach to work, the first part of my thesis examines the personal and intellectual biography of the black British intellectual Stuart Hall and—using the trope of “diaspora”— positions him in relation to the field of British cultural studies. In part two I focus on the largely academically-situated intellectual practices of Lawrence Grossberg and Andrew Ross, two prominent American-based cultural studies practitioners. Taking them as exemplars of American cultural studies, a highly academicised and disciplined field, I place into question the common assumption that the institutionally-located intellectual lacks critical autonomy. In part three, I discuss the life and career of the Australian intellectual, Meaghan Morris, focusing on the transnational and trans-institutional genealogy of both Morris and the Sydney-based strand of cultural studies with which she is associated. Finally, I conclude the thesis with a brief postscript reiterating my argument for the increasing importance of a “comparative cosmopolitan” model of intellectualism—that is, an approach to intellectuals that is able to engage with both broad-based and transnational concerns while, at the same time, also acknowledging their responsibilities as a geographically and socially-situated group. DECLARATION This is to certify that i. the thesis comprises only my original work. ii. due acknowledgment has been made in the text to all other material used. iii. the thesis is less than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, maps, bibliographies, appendices and footnotes. Signed: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Earlier versions of parts of this thesis have been published in the following journals: “Located Cosmopolitans: Grounding the Rhetoric of Autonomy,” Antithesis 8.1 (1996): 47- 68. “Stuart Hall: Biography of a Diasporic Intellectual,” Arena 9 (1997): 157-173. An Australian Postgraduate Award, as well as tutoring and research assistant work in the Department of English with Cultural Studies at the University of Melbourne, provided me with the financial support to undertake this PhD. My research was greatly enhanced by a number of generous travel grants from the Department of English with Cultural Studies, the Faculty of Arts, the School of Graduate Studies and the Ian Potter Foundation. A big thank you is due to Ken Ruthven whose insights into the vagaries of grant applications proved invaluable. The following people helped ameliorate and put into perspective the frustrations and isolation of thesis writing: Delia Falconer, Richard Harling, Eleanor Hogan, Michelle Landauer, Jane Landman, Philippa Moylan, Brigid Shadbolt, Felicity Van Rysbergen, Michael Burguieres, Amanda Claremont, Hilary Ericksen, Lisa Fletcher, Angus Gordon, Graham Jones, Lorien Kaye, Bethan Lewis, Ian Robertson and Vase Stojcevski. A major thank you must go to Ngaire Lewis without whose emotional and intellectual support I would never have got to this point. I also want to thank Meaghan Morris for her kind support, Lawrence Grossberg for his encouragement and for the extensive critical feedback he provided on the American cultural studies section of my thesis, and both Morris and Grossberg for allowing me to conduct extensive face-to-face interviews with each of them. I would also like to thank Andrew Ross for allowing me to interview him by phone. In terms of supervisory support, I want to thank Chris Healy for the extremely useful comments he gave me on my final draft, my primary supervisor Simon During for his open and pragmatic approach to the politics of thesis writing and David Bennett for his early input into my thesis. I am also indebted to the administrative staff in the Department of English with Cultural Studies, in particular Eileen Whittaker. My final thank you goes to my partner Brian Morris for his love, support and mutual enthusiasm for the affective pleasures in life. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION CULTURAL STUDIES AS INTELLECTUAL PRACTICE: MODELS AND METHODOLOGIES 5 Introduction I. THE SOCIAL LOCATION OF THE CULTURAL STUDIES INTELLECTUAL i. “All men are intellectuals:” Cultural Studies and the Organic Intellectual ii. The Dilemmas of Organicity iii. The Knowledge Class iv. Intellectuals as Agents of Governmentality v. The Professionalised Intellectual vi. Contexts and Conjunctures: Specifying Cultural Studies II. CULTURAL CONTEXTS: THE ROLE OF NATIONALISM AND DIASPORA IN CULTURAL STUDIES i. The Trans-national Intellectual ii. Re-mapping Cultural Studies PART ONE STUART HALL AND THE FORMATION OF BRITISH CULTURAL STUDIES : A DIASPORIC NARRATIVE 38 Introduction I. A POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVE i. Narratives of Selfhood ii. Cultural Displacement and Diasporic Identity II. STUART HALL AND THE FORMATION OF CULTURAL STUDIES i. The Crisis of British Culture ii. The Emergence of the New Left iii. Contemporary Cultural Studies at the “Centre” iv. The Move to Theory v. Western Marxism and the Politics of Cultural Identity vi. Thatcherism, New Times and the Return of Ethnicity Conclusion: From the Global to the Local or British Cultural Studies as a Diasporic Formation PART TWO AMERICAN CULTURAL STUDIES: AN INTELLECTUAL AND DISCIPLINARY GENEALOGY 79 Introduction I. THE RISE OF AMERICAN CULTURAL STUDIES i. The Shift to the Right, Cultural Studies, and the Revitalisation of the Left? ii. The Problem of American Cultural Studies iii. Disciplining American Cultural Studies iv. The Discipline of English and the Textualisation of Cultural Studies II. TOWARDS AN AMERICAN GENEALOGY OF CULTURAL STUDIES i. Andrew Ross: Disciplinarity and Dissent: From Literary to Popular Culture ii. American Studies: The Legacies of Liberalism and American Marxism iii. “Bringing it all Back Home:” Lawrence Grossberg, British Cultural Studies and Communications iv. From Birmingham to Illinois v. Grossberg and the Culturalist Legacy of Communications vi. Carey and the “Illinois School” of Cultural Studies III. PRACTICING AMERICAN CULTURAL STUDIES: THE POLITICS OF ACADEMIA i. Professing Cultural Studies ii. A “Socialist Strategy” for Intellectual Practice iii. Contesting Discourses: Rearticulating the Politics of Technoculture Conclusion PART THREE LOCAL COSMOPOLITANISM: MEAGHAN MORRIS AND THE POLITICS OF AUSTRALIAN CULTURAL STUDIES 163 Introduction I. LOCALISM/NATIONALISM/ GLOBALISM: A TRANS-NATIONAL GENEALOGY OF AUSTRALIAN CULTURAL STUDIES i. The Rise of Cosmopolitanism ii. Contesting Colonialisms: “International” Versus Australian Cultural Studies II. MEAGHAN MORRIS: BIOGRAPHY OF A LOCATED COSMOPOLITAN i. From Maitland to Sydney Libertarianism ii. Morris and the Turn to Theory iii. The New Left, French Theory, Feminism, and the Role of Small Presses and Journals iv. On the Edges of the Academy v. Australian Cultural Studies and Trans-institutional Mobility II. THE POLITICS OF INTELLECTUAL LOCATION i. The Economics of Mobility: The Petty-bourgeois and the Free-lance Intellectual ii. Australian Cosmopolitanism and the Politics of Grounded Mobility Conclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity in Australia: Towards an Inter-Nationalist Localism POSTSCRIPT SITUATING THE INTELLECTUAL: TOWARDS A COMPARATIVE LOCALISM 218 WORKS CITED 225 PREFACE ______________________________________________________ The expansion and democratisation of universities alongside the growing power of the media and other “culture industries” among advanced capitalist nations since the 1950s has resulted in intellectuals becoming increasingly incorporated within professional structures and hierarchies. In the world of academia, for instance, this process has been accompanied by a growing awareness of the problematic status of the
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