Approach to Analysing Phraseology and Collocation in ESP Texts
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Systemic Functional Features in Stylistic Text Classification
Systemic Functional Features in Stylistic Text Classification Casey Whitelaw Shlomo Argamon School of Information Technologies Department of Computer Science University of Sydney, NSW, Australia Illinois Institute of Technology [email protected] 10 W. 31st Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA [email protected] Abstract of meaning, we are unlikely to gain any true insight into the nature of the stylistic dimension(s) under study. We propose that textual ‘style’ should be best de- fined as ‘non-denotational meaning’, i.e., those as- How then should we approach finding more theoretically- pects of a text’s meaning that are mostly inde- motivated stylistic feature sets? First consider the well- pendent of what the text refers to in the world. accepted notion that style is indicated by features that in- To make this more concrete, we describe a lin- dicate the author’s choice of one mode of expression from guistically well-motivated framework for compu- among a set of equivalent modes. At the surface level, this tational stylistic analysis based on Systemic Func- may be expressed by specific choice of words, syntactic struc- tional Linguistics. This theory views a text as a tures, discourse strategy, or combinations. The causes of such realisation of multiple overlapping choices within surface variation are similarly heterogeneous, including the a network of related meanings, many of which re- genre, register, or purpose of the text, as well as the educa- late to non-denotational (traditionally ‘pragmatic’) tional background, social status, and personality of the au- aspects such as cohesion or interpersonal distance. thor and audience. -
Lectures on English Lexicology
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ГОУ ВПО «Татарский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет» LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка Казань 2010 МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ГОУ ВПО «Татарский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет» LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов факультетов иностранных языков Казань 2010 ББК УДК Л Печатается по решению Методического совета факультета иностранных языков Татарского государственного гуманитарно-педагогического университета в качестве учебного пособия Л Lectures on English Lexicology. Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка. Учебное пособие для студентов иностранных языков. – Казань: ТГГПУ, 2010 - 92 с. Составитель: к.филол.н., доцент Давлетбаева Д.Н. Научный редактор: д.филол.н., профессор Садыкова А.Г. Рецензенты: д.филол.н., профессор Арсентьева Е.Ф. (КГУ) к.филол.н., доцент Мухаметдинова Р.Г. (ТГГПУ) © Давлетбаева Д.Н. © Татарский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет INTRODUCTION The book is intended for English language students at Pedagogical Universities taking the course of English lexicology and fully meets the requirements of the programme in the subject. It may also be of interest to all readers, whose command of English is sufficient to enable them to read texts of average difficulty and who would like to gain some information about the vocabulary resources of Modern English (for example, about synonyms -
A Survey of Studies in Systemic Functional Language Description and Typology Isaac N
Mwinlaaru and Xuan Functional Linguistics (2016) 3:8 DOI 10.1186/s40554-016-0030-4 REVIEW Open Access A survey of studies in systemic functional language description and typology Isaac N. Mwinlaaru1* and Winfred Wenhui Xuan2 * Correspondence: isaac. [email protected] Abstract 1Polysystemic Research Group, Department of English, The Hong Systemic functional theory embodies a multilingual perspective to language from its Kong Polytechnic University, Hung earliest formulation. However, it was not until the last two decades that descriptions Hom, KWL, Hong Kong of languages other than English, particularly in the light of language typology, garnered Full list of author information is available at the end of the article much interest among scholars working with systemic theory. The objective of the present study is to survey the growing literature in this field. The survey consists of two main parts. The first part discusses theoretical developments in relation to language description and typology. The second part presents a meta-analysis of empirical studies in the field. The meta-analysis examines the historical progress in systemic typology and description of non-Anglo languages, the coverage of descriptions in terms of areal and genetic language families, mode of publication and, finally, methodological procedures employed by the studies. Challenges arising from these analytical decisions are also examined. The motivation for the study is to provide a state of the art review of the field in order to guide new descriptions and draw implications for further research in functional language typology, in general, and systemic typology, in particular. Keywords: Functional language typology, Language description, History of linguistics, Meta-analysis, Meta-theory, Multilingual studies, Systemic functional theory Introduction For the past two decades, the description of languages other than English, in general, and language typology, in particular, has increasingly garnered much interest in sys- temic functional linguistics (SFL). -
Introduction: WHY, WHAT and HOW in Phraseology
Jezikoslovlje 6.1 (2005): 1-5 ɱ 1 0 ÿlanci – Articles - Artikel Marija Omaziü Faculty of Philosophy Josip Juraj Strossmayer University Osijek Introduction: WHY,WHAT and HOW in phraseology In the past 20 years there has been a growing interest in what was traditionally known as ‘idioms’ in the American and British traditions, but what is also called ‘multi-word combinations or units’, ‘fixed expressions’, ‘formulaic language’, ‘coselection of words’, ‘phrasal lexemes’ and ‘phrasemes’ or ‘phraseological units’. Those units are studied in a variety of disciplines of theoretical and ap- plied linguistics: lexicology, lexicography, discourse analysis, corpus analysis, first and second language acquisition, foreign language teaching, cognitive lin- guistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, semantics, rhetoric and stylistics. This expansion reflects a keener awareness that phraseology is pervasive in speech and writing, and that it plays an important role in first and second lan- guage acquisition and speech production. Despite being undoubtedly fascinating, phraseology has been relatively ne- glected even in lexical studies and semantics. It is only in the past decade that the spectrum of perspectives broadened to include different aspects of the phe- nomenon, thus shaping the new and more widely acknowledged discipline: phraseology. One of the reasons for the increased interest in phraseological units is the tendency in modern linguistics to study language as a mental phenome- non, and the tendency towards interdisciplinary studies. In the logical approach to language, PUs were treated as exceptions to the rule, as special lists of lexi- cally fossilized phrases with specific meanings that language users consulted only if they could not interpret the expression literally. -
A Tribute to Michael Halliday
Theory and Practice in English Studies Volume 8, No. 1, 2019 E-ISSN: 1805-0859 A TRIBUTE TO MICHAEL HALLIDAY Jiří Lukl PROFESSOR Michael A. K. Halliday passed away on the 15th of April, 2018, at the respectable age of 93. The linguistic community thus lost one of its greatest and most influential minds of the past five decades. His many contributions in both the- oretical and applied linguistics cannot be overstated and have not only vastly ex- panded our understanding of how languages work (particularly in relation to their environment) but have also deeply influenced the disciplines of education – espe- cially in the field of English Language Teaching (ELT) – quantitative linguistics, and corpus linguistics. Halliday is most well-known for his comprehensive model of language that is broadly known as systemic functional linguistics (SFL). Halliday was born in 1925 in Leeds, UK. As his parents were both involved with languages (his mother, Winifred Kirkwood, taught French, and his father, Wilfred Halliday, was a teacher of English and a poet), it was only natural for him to become interested in linguistics (Cahill 2018). He received his first linguistic training as a student of Mandarin Chinese. He was awarded a BA degree in Modern Chinese lan- guage and literature at the University of London. Soon after, he began his postgrad- uate studies in Beijing before moving back to the UK to study linguistics, first under the supervision of Gustav Hallam and then John R. Firth (Lowe 2008). He received a PhD in linguistics at Cambridge University in 1955 (Interestingly, while there, Hal- liday had a brief encounter with the Communist party, from which he broke away after the shock of the Soviet Union’s invasion of Hungary in 1956 (Cahill 2018). -
English Language and Literature Majοr
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Khazar University Institutional Repository KHAZAR UNIVERSITY Faculty: Schοοl οf Humanities and Sοcial Sciences Department: English Language and Literature Majοr: Linguistics MA THESIS Theme “Analysis of phraseological units in linguistics” Master Student: Aydan Kerimova Supervisοr: Eldar Shahgaldiyev INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE PHRASEOLOGY 1.1. PHRASEOLOGY - AS A LINGUISTIC DISCIPLINE 1.2 EQUIVALENCE PHRASEOLOGY WORD 1.3. THE CORRELATION OF PHRASEOLOGY AND WORDS CHAPTER II. VOLUME PHRASEOLOGY IN THE CONCEPTS OF NATIONAL SCIENTISTS 2.1 CLASSIFICATION PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS 2.2 EXPANSION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS 2.3 THE PROBLEM OF MODELING CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION AS PART OF PHRASEOLOGY 3.1 THEORY STYLISTIC CONTEXT 3.2 LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION 3.3 PHONETIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION / ALLITERATION, RHYME/ 3.4 CONVERGENCE MEANS OF EXPRESSION CONCLUSION LIST ΟF USED LITERATURE Introduction Thesis is devoted to research of phraseological units Problems of phraseology are traditionally the focus of linguists, there were different opinions regarding the criteria for determining phraseology, status phraseological unit, the characteristics of the system of relations in phraseology, and so on. The number of concepts in linguistics is so great that some of the linguists involuntarily lost faith in the ability to find a way out of the situation, and some linguists especially among new phraseologists even tend to cast doubt on the idea of combining different types of phraseological expressions. The criteria for determining phraseology in linguistics is called in various combinations stability, integrity values are not output from the sum of the values of its constituent words separate formation, the possibility of structural variants or new growths, reproducibility, equivalent words, untranslatability into other languages. -
Terminology, Phraseology, and Lexicography 1. Introduction Sinclair
Terminology, Phraseology, and Lexicography1 Patrick Hanks Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics, Charles University in Prague This paper explores two aspects of word use and word meaning in terms of Sinclair's (1991, 1998) distinction between the open-choice principle (or terminological tendency) and the idiom principle (or phraseological tendency). Technical terms such as strobilation are rare, highly domain-specific, and of little phraseological interest, although the texts in which such word occur do tend to contain interesting clusters of domain-specific terminology. At the other extreme, it is impossible to know the meaning of ordinary common words such as the verb blow without knowing the phraseological context in which the word is used. Many words have both a terminological tendency and a phraseological tendency. In some cases the two tendencies are in harmony; in other cases there is tension between them. The relationship between these two tendencies is investigated, using examples from the British National Corpus. 1. Introduction Sinclair (1991) makes a distinction between two aspects of meaning in texts, which he calls the open-choice principle and the idiom principle. In this paper, I will try to show why it is of great importance, not only for understanding meaning in text, but also for lexicography, to try to take account of both principles even-handedly and assess the balance between them when analyzing the meaning and use of a word. The open-choice principle (alternatively called the terminological tendency) is: a way of seeing language as the result of a very large number of complex choices. At each point where a unit is complete (a word or a phrase or a clause), a large range of choices opens up and the only restraint is grammaticalness. -
Demystifying Halliday's Metafunctions of Language
International Journal of Language and Literature December 2017, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 211-217 ISSN: 2334-234X (Print), 2334-2358 (Online) Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research Institute for Policy Development DOI: 10.15640/ijll.v5n2a21 URL: https://doi.org/10.15640/ijll.v5n2a21 Demystifying Halliday’s Metafunctions of Language Justine Bakuuro1 Abstract According to Michael Halliday, a language evolves in response to the specific demands of the society in which it is used. The nature of the language is closely related to the functions it has to serve. Halliday’s theory of Systematic functional grammar is constructed around some basic concepts, one of which is the concept of “metafunction”. Considering the clause as a unit in which meanings of three different kinds are combined, the clause serves as a pivot around which metafunctional discussions centre. Halliday divides the way we use language into three different metafunctions. The textual metafunction of the clause portrays it as having a theme and a rheme – clause as a message. The interpersonal metafunction of it however portrays it as having mood and residue – clause as an exchange. And finally, the ideational metafunction of the clause portrays it as having transitivity (process), participants(s) and circumstance(s). The study serves to help the systemic functional linguistics student to understand the key pillars of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG).The study may be termed as “SFG made easy”. Keywords: systemic functional grammar, language, metafunction, theme and rheme, mood, transitivity. Simplifying the Three Hallidayan Metafunctions of Language The textual metafunction underscores the fact that language is used to organise discourse and create continuity and flow in our texts or in conversations. -
Genre in Linguistic Traditions: Systemic Functional and Corpus Linguistics
3 Genre in Linguistic Traditions: Systemic Functional and Corpus Linguistics While current approaches to genre in Rhetoric and Composition stud- ies draw in part from work in literary theory, they draw more so from linguistic, rhetorical, and sociological traditions. In this and the fol- lowing chapter, we will examine genre studies within linguistic tra- ditions, namely Systemic Functional Linguistics, Corpus Linguistics, and English for Specific Purposes. Then in Chapters 5 and 6, we will focus on genre studies within rhetorical and sociological traditions, since Rhetorical Genre Studies (RGS) has been most closely linked with and has most directly informed the study and teaching of genre in Rhetoric and Composition studies. Genre and Systemic Functional Linguistics Systemic Functional approaches to genre have contributed richly to how genre is understood and applied in textual analysis and language teaching over the last twenty-five years. Influenced in large part by the work of Michael Halliday (Halliday; Halliday and Hasan) at the University of Sydney, and applied to genre particularly in the work of J. R. Martin, Frances Christie, Bill Cope and Mary Kalantzis, Gunther Kress, Brian Paltridge, Joan Rothery, Eija Ventola, and others, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) operates from the premise that language structure is integrally related to social function and context. Language is organized the way it is within a culture because such an organization serves a social purpose within that culture. “Functional” thus refers to the work that language does within particular contexts. “Systemic” re- fers to the structure or organization of language so that it can be used to get things done within those contexts. -
Motivation and Etymology of Phraseological Units in English and Albanian Language
E-ISSN 2039-2117 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 5 No 1 ISSN 2039-9340 MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy January 2014 Motivation and Etymology of Phraseological Units in English and Albanian Language Lediana Beshaj PhD Candidate, Lecturer at Tirana University Albania [email protected] Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n1p189 Abstract “The notion of phraseology implies much more than inventories of idioms and systems of lexical patterns. Phraseology is a dimension of language use in which patterns of wording (lexicons- grammatical patterns) encode semantic views of the world, and at a higher level idioms and lexical phrases have rhetorical and textual roles within a specific discourse. Phraseology is at once a pragmatic dimension of linguistic analysis, and a system of organization which encompasses more local lexical relationships, namely collocation and lexicon grammar” (Gledhill 2000, p.202). The reason why I decided to write this paper is the fact that apart from investigating the phraseological units thoroughly, of a great challenge would be the discovery of their meaning, their etymology and their motivation, specifically in the Albanian language, a language which according to the “Fjalorit të sotëm te gjuhës shqipe” – “The Dictionary of the today’s Albanian language”, over 50% of the word have more than one meaning, i.e. they are poly-semantic words. On the other hand we have the English language which is spoken by 400 million people as a mother tongue and it is a worldwide international language where phraseological units play an integral part of the language .In this paper we aim to see the similarities and the differences between the two languages. -
Constructive Linguistics for Computational Phraseology: the Esperanto Case
Constructive Linguistics for Computational Phraseology: the Esperanto Case Federico Gobbo1,2[0000−0003−1748−4921] 1 University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2 University of Turin, Italy [email protected] http://uva.nl/profile/f.gobbo/ Abstract. This paper presents the application of the constructive ad- positional grammars (CxAdGrams) to phraseological units, through the special case study of Esperanto. Constructive linguistics is an approach to human language analysis that considers constructions, themselves being paradigms of language-in-use, as the first units. Unlike other construc- tional approaches, constructive linguists apply formalisms in understand- ing linguistic phenomena. The adpositional paradigm is the most devel- oped formalism in constructive linguistics, which is understandable by humans and machine-readable at the same time. The term ‘constructive’ should also be understood in formal terms, as the adpositional paradigm is based on constructive mathematics, and in particular on topos-theory. From a theoretical perspective, CxAdGrams describe human languages in terms of constructions, described adpositional trees (in short, adtrees). This paper aims to explain why such an interpretation of constructions in terms of adtrees can be useful for a deeper understanding of phrase- ology. Esperanto is the case study chosen so to give an empirical base to CxAdGrams. In particular, we illustrate the problematisation of its phraseology as well as the advantages of Esperanto in setting up workable prototypes in a short time. Keywords: Constructive Linguistics Computational Phraseology Ad- · · positional Grammars Adpositional Argumentation Esperanto. · · 1 Introduction Understanding how language is structured is one of the most fascinating and challenging endevour that human beings have ever done. -
Phraseology in the Language, in the Dictionary, and in the Computer
DOI 10.1515/phras-2012-0003 YoP 2012; 3: 31–56 Igor Mel’čuk Phraseology in the language, in the dictionary, and in the computer Abstract : Two main families of phrasemes (= non-free phrases) are distinguish ed: lexical phrasemes and semantic-lexical phrasemes; the phrasemes of the first family are constrained only in their form (their meaning being free), those of the second family are constrained both in their meaning and in their form. Two basic concepts are introduced: compositionality of complex linguistic signs and the pivot of a meaning. Three major classes of phrasemes are presented: non- compositional idioms and compositional collocations and clichés . A new type of general dictionary is proposed, and the lexicographic presentation of the three classes of phrasemes is illustrated. To show how the proposed approach to phraseology can be used in Automatic Language Processing, three fully-fledged examples are examined in detail. Keywords: phraseology; compositionality; pivot (of a meaning); idioms; colloca- tions; clichés; lexicography; automatic language processing. Correspondence address: [email protected] 1 Introduction There is no need to insist on the importance of phraseology for linguistic studies; on this point the linguistic community is in agreement. But, curiously and unfor- tunately, there is no agreement on either the exact content of the notion ‘phra- seology’, nor on the way phraseological expressions should be described, nor on how they should be treated in linguistic applications, in particular, in lexi- cography