Creating the Autonomous City?

Published by Volume 3 • Issue 2 November 2016

In association with

thinkingcities.com

ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH MOBILITY, MULTIMODALITY SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SAFETY & SECURITY IN IN TRANSPORT & TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY CHALLENGES TRANSPORT Do we have the infrastructure to Free for all: How Tallinn bucked CIVITAS’ aim is to make cities Female server: Positive outcomes cope with the rise of EVs?, p28 the targeted ridership trend, p44 more sustainable and liveable, p68 from the New Urban Agenda, p80 SMART TRANSPORT FOR CITIES AND REGIONS Creating the autonomous city? Accessibility, sustainability, liveability: how the influx of autonomous technology We envisage a can help cities achieve their main goals city of happy, creative and empowered people

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www.mitsubishi-displaywall.com TOLL FREE: 888.307.0349 www.mitsubishielectric.ca PHONE: 905.475.7728 A degree of autonomy Foreword Karen Vancluysen and Kevin Borras wonder just how autonomous a city needs to be to meet the pressing mobility needs of its citizens

hat role can automated vehicles play in cities? specific roadway or pavement modifications. There are substantial research and develop- Digital aspects would include quandaries such as Wment activities worldwide and claims made what data is required from road/traffic authorities by at least one vehicle manufacturer that autonomous and what is actually feasible. There are also questions There are a KEVIN BORRAS, THINKING CITIES | KAREN VANCLUYSEN, POLIS vehicles will be on the roads within the next five years. regarding the maintenance of highly detailed roadway This begats several rather interesting questions: Firstly, huge number maps and pertinent traffic operations data. just how feasible is that? Secondly, is this something that of positive Another point worth noting is the change in behav- cities actually want and are preparing for? Are cities con- effects that iour that will be required by the citizens themselves in sidering where automation can contribute to their vision terms of simple road rules. Think about the last time of their future? And should cities be actively engaging in autonomous you crossed a road in a city – how much information these developments or should they remain an observe? cities can did you take in aurally before crossing? It’s surprising Cities are striving to reduce the amount of cars that have on our how much your decision to cross a road is influenced are increasingly congesting their streets and giving by sound: you recognise the sound of a car slowing rise to air quality and pollution issues. Replacing driven lives down or changing down a gear even though you may vehicles with automated vehicles will not solve the not be able to see it. This certainly won’t be an instinct problems of congestion and deliver the goal of more you will be able to rely upon when autonomous, elec- liveable cities. In fact, research by the OECD shows tric vehicles start to populate our city streets. that, if anything, the automation of cars could lead to There are of course a huge number of positive effects an increase in the number of kilometres travelled. that autonomous cities will have on our lives. We all know If the increased road capacity that automation is slated the statistics that prove that an enormous percentage of to deliver is not managed sufficiently (and efficiently) cities vehicular accidents are caused by human error, so with could be creating a whole range of new problems as the the human element somewhat removed from the equa- additional space created would need to fit into the existing tion it will surely lead to a significant reduction in the mix of urban mobility infrastructures already in place. number of crashes, and that can only be a good thing. Karen Furthermore, the OECD study also shows that while And what about autonomous public transport? Vancluysen highways could benefit the most out of automation, its is secretary One recent tragic event that occurred very close to application at urban and suburban levels would mostly general of H3B Media’s headquarters, the Croydon tram crash benefit passenger and delivery shuttles, as well as Polis that claimed the lives of seven people and resulted in taxis, all of which typically operate at low speeds. many more seriously injured, appears to have been kvancluysen@ Additional challenges arise when cities are con- the result of, if not human error, the lack of human polisnetwork.eu fronted with automated vehicle-related conundrums intervention. If the driver fell asleep or blacked out due that, while they may appear to be some years away to a medical condition then the arguments for driver- from being addressable, need to be considered now. less public transit systems and services will only be For example, what might be the impact of automated strengthened (Lyon Metro’s Line D and the Docklands functions on vehicle movements and traffic manage- Light Railway in London serve as a case in point). ment? What might be the impact of automation and In the autonomous vehicle world one of the most road safety, particularly on vulnerable road users? talked-about elements is the level of automation and There are also a number of infrastructure aspects what is appropriate for trucks and passenger vehicles. that cannot be ignored: This also applies to public transit. The defined levels Physical aspects, such as road markings, parked Kevin Borras is range from Level 1 (basic driver assistance) to Level cars and other obstacles require vehicle-to-vehi- editor-in-chief 5 (full automation). Human drivers monitor the driving of Thinking cle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications Cities environment in Levels 1 and 2, while for Levels 3-5 the equipment, ground-based units for global naviga- driving environment is monitored by the automated tion systems, dedicated facilities comparable to bus kevin@ driving system itself. Could these levels of automation and bicycle lanes, on-street parking restrictions, and h3bm.com be applied to cities as well as vehicles? 1

01 Foreword.indd 1 18/11/2016 17:39 CONTENTS Volume 3 Issue 2 • November 2016

A Thinking Highways publication published by H3B Media Ltd in association with Polis 01 14 24 Polis Executive Director Karen La Rochelle: Jean-François Portland: Supporting bike Vancluysen and Thinking Cities Fountaine, Mayor of La Rochelle commuting through technology Editor-in-Chief Kevin Borras discuss and President of La Rochelle Urban the thorny issue of autonomy Community 06 18 28 Rotterdam: Pex Langenberg, Jerusalem: City Council Executive Electric Vehicles: Do we have Alderman for Sustainability Member, Fleur Hassan-Nahoum the infrastructure to cope with and Mobility EV demand? 10 22 34 Dubai: H.E Mattar Al Tayer, Director Ile de France: Making EV charging at Trondheim: Green transport is General and Chairman of the Board of home a reality on the rise - finally Executive Directors, RTA

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Contents.indd 2 18/11/2016 16:07 THE TEAM AT THE SWARCO HEADQUARTERS IN WATTENS/AUSTRIA CORDIALLY CONGRATULATES THINKING HIGHWAYS ON ITS 10TH ANNIVERSARY!

We thank the H3B media team for the great communication support over the past decade and look forward to a continued successful partnership.

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SWARCO I First in Traffc Solutions.

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Contents.indd2016_08 10 years 3 TH 260x210 - Kopie.indd 1 29.08.201618/11/2016 08:56:44 15:46 38 56 80 Sarajevo: The challenges to the future Berlin: Who will win the new SLoCaT: How women will development of urban cycling mobility race? benefit from the outcomes of the New Urban Agenda 44 62 84 Tallinn: Free transport for all is more Barcelona: Superblocks, and air Smart City Workstations: than a dream quality, are on the rise From a source of frustration to the pinnacle of efficiency 48 68 Toulouse: A new mobility strategy CIVITAS: Cleaner, better transport for where everybody wins Europe...and beyond

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Editor-in-Chief Thinking Cities is published by H3B Media and Polis - ISSN 2054-9024 H3B Media Group Headquarters Kevin Borras ([email protected]) +44 (0) 20 3463 9482 Thinking Cities is published by H3B Media, 15 Onslow Gardens, Wallington 15 Onslow Gardens, Wallington, SM6 9QL, UK Tel +44 (0) 20 3463 9480 Executive Director, Polis SM6 9QL, UK and Polis, rue du Trône 98, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. This edition is distributed in Europe/RoW by Asendia and in the USA by Asendia Fax +44 (0) 20 8647 8725 Karen Vancluysen ([email protected]) +32 (0) 2 500 56 70 email [email protected] Art Editor USA, 17B S Middlesex Ave, Monroe NJ 08831. Periodicals postage paid New www.thinkingcities.com Ed Miller Brunswick, NJ and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: send address Join the Thinking Highways and Thinking Cities LinkedIn groups at changes to Thinking Highways, 701C Ashland Ave, Folcroft PA 19032. Editorial Team linkedin.com and follow us on Twitter at thinkinghwys

Kevin Borras, Karen Vancluysen, Dagmar Köhler, Pasquale Cancellara Although due care has been taken to ensure that the content of this Polis – European Cities and Regions networking for innovative Contributors to this issue publication is accurate and up-to-date, the publisher can accept no transport solutions Heather Allen, Johan Bekaert, Björn Ove Berthelsen, Pasquale liability for errors and omissions. Unless otherwise stated, this publication rue du Trône 98, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium Cancellara, Fiona D’Cunha, Helen Franzen, Jean-Francois Fountaine, has not tested products or services that are described herein, and Tel +32 (0) 2 500 56 70 Fanny Granger, Fleur Hassan-Nahoum, Zach Henkin, Egbert their inclusion does not imply any form of endorsement. By accepting Fax: +32 (0) 2 500 56 80 Huenewaldt, Andreas Kossak, Pex Langenberg, Chin Yu Lee, advertisements in this publication, the publisher does not warrant their email [email protected] Mary Malicet, Damir Margeta, Thomas Mourey, Bram Miller, accuracy, nor accept responsibility for their contents. The publisher www.polisnetwork.eu Johan Sjöberg, Daniela Stoycheva, HE Mattar Al Tayer, Peitsa Turvanen, welcomes unsolicited manuscripts and illustrations but can accept no Follow Polis on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Polisnetwork Sander van der Veen liability for their safe return. Subscriptions, Circulation and Accounts H3B Media North America Kerry Hill ([email protected]) +44 (0) 20 3463 9486 © 2016 H3B Media Ltd/Polis. All rights reserved. 1960 Gallows Road, Suite 220, Vienna, Virginia 22182-3827-99 USA Group Publishing Director The views and opinions of the authors are not necessarily those of Tel +1-703-893-0744 Kevin Borras H3B Media Ltd or Polis. Reproduction (in whole or in part) of any text, email [email protected] Group CEO photograph or illustration contained in this publication without the H3B Media Latin America Luis Hill ([email protected]) +44 (0) 20 3463 9485 written permission of the publishers is strictly prohibited. Rua Princesa Isabel, 94, conj 112, Printed in the UK by Manson Group Ltd Brooklin, São Paulo – CEP 04601-000, Brazil Tel +55 11 5095 0096 email [email protected]

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Contents.indd 4 18/11/2016 16:08 Senior transport officials from forward-thinking cities around the world discuss their plans for the future and how they are addressing the mobility issues that matter most to their citizens.

o Rotterdam – Pex Langenberg, Alderman Cityview for Sustainability and Mobility Cityview o Dubai – H.E Mattar Al Tayer, Director General and Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors, RTA o La Rochelle – Jean-François Fountaine, Mayor of La Rochelle and President of La Rochelle Urban Community o Jerusalem – City Council Member, Fleur Hassan-Nahoum

Dividers.indd 5 18/11/2016 12:56 Two halves

Photo: Marc Nolte Marc Photo: make a whole Thinking Cities talks to Pex Langenberg, Alderman for Sustainability and Mobility for the City of Rotterdam, about striking the right balance between the two. Interview by Pascal Hofmann and Anna Feiner

Thinking Cities (TC): Mr. carving the city centre in two. Our This is where Mobility and Langenberg, your portfolio con- new objective is that mobility should Sustainability meet up in its best sists of two major themes: Mobility be a binding factor in Rotterdam. form. In order to grow as an attrac- and Sustainability. What chal- That means that we want to reroute tive, healthy and strong economic lenges does Rotterdam face and traffic that has no destination in the city, urban mobility has to evolve how can they be addressed within city to ring roads. We want to relieve at the same pace. This means flex- the themes of your portfolio? this urban living area from harm- ibility, room for innovation and find- Mobility has been literally dividing ful emissions and unhealthy air. In ing a balance between economic the city for too long. A functional some places 50 per cent of harm- growth, resulting in more traffic, design in the 1950s has resulted in ful, unhealthy particulate emissions and offering an attractive city to live broad roads with multiple car lanes, originate from traffic. in and visit. It’s my goal to provide 6 thinkingcities.com

Rotterdam Interview.indd 6 18/11/2016 12:33 solutions to these challenges. My portfolio has the best consistency CItyview for these solutions.

How difficult is finding that balance in Rotterdam? Rotterdam has been rebuilt after being bombarded during the Second World War. Our infrastructure is completely different than other Dutch cities. Rotterdam has been focussing on car mobility for dec- ROTTERDAM ades. The ‘s-Gravendijkwal leading to the Maastunnel and the Coolsingel are examples of that focus; these urban highways were once a symbol of prosperity, but now they’re seen as unwanted and unhealthy so close to a dense living area. That gives you an idea of the change of perspective. That change, plus the expected growth, makes Rotterdam follow two principles: ‘Rerouting traffic, to where it belongs’ and ‘The City Lounge’.

What do these principles mean? How do you put them in effect? The ‘City Lounge’ is the leading principle for the city centre of Rotterdam. This ambitious programme beholds the use of higher quality materials, hospitable public spaces with a comfortable and personal look and feel. This also means more room for pedestrians and cyclists. Based on the City Lounge idea, we strongly advocate using bicycles and public transport for passenger mobility Important in this notion is that we want to make these forms of mobility more attractive than using your car. Clean cars are more than welcome in our city. Public transport in Rotterdam already has the highest consumer rating in the Netherlands so by making sure that our cycling facilities are of the highest quality, we Rotterdam, carved in two by wide roads, want to tempt people to get on their is slowly being brought back together bikes. For example, inhabitants Rotterdam photos: Eric Fecken 7

Rotterdam Interview.indd 7 18/11/2016 12:33 “We have heat sensors that sense the amount of cyclists waiting and give more green when it’s busy”

At the beginning of this year, we established a large environmental zone in Rotterdam that applies to both passenger cars and trucks. By combining this with a scrapping scheme, residents with older, polluting cars, usually a financially vulnerable group, will be spared. An environmental zone is an effective measure. In order to foster the change towards an emission free fleet, we help stimulate electric car use in Rotterdam. We’ve just launched our 2000th charging point in the city and we are almost doubling this amount by 2018. Another way to stimulate a change in mobility is by facilitating other forms. We’re optimizing our cycling Rotterdam has a reputation for being one of infrastructure. That’s done by infra- the more congested cities in the Netherlands structural adjustments like wider, two-way bike lanes, new asphalt or can inspire each other through combination of car and public trans- more parking spaces for cyclists. a Rotterdam cycling community port via our Park + Ride facilities. By But we also experiment for a better called ‘fietsfan010’. Here attention doing so, we manage the increasing ‘cycling flow’. is brought to problems in our facili- pressure on our infrastructure and We have rain sensors that give ties. Because of this community bring balance in the use of car, bike, cyclists more green at traffic lights cycling trails and bicycle parking public transport and pedestrians. when it rains, heat sensors that facilities have been improved. sense the amount of cyclists wait- The Coolsingel, that ‘four-lane How do you stimulate these ing and give more green when it’s arterial road’ in the city centre, changes? busy. But we’re also trying out a will be redeveloped to form a car- We stimulate change mainly by facil- ‘green predictor’ that shows the restricted boulevard with plenty of itating. Transitions need time and right cycling speed in order to get space for cycling, walking and green space. In Rotterdam, as I said before, green at the next traffic light, mak- areas. These kinds of redevelop- we make it happen by facilitating ing a cyclist stop and start less. ments make former barriers into the transition. This means we give These measures also mean that public spaces where people can people, organisations, companies cyclists will gain an advantage meet, recreate, live. with good initiatives, with innovative over motorists, which can stimu- Through traffic is guided over the ideas, room to make those initiatives late motorists to grab the bike for ring roads around Rotterdam. When happen. This can be by stimulating shorter distances. someone from outside the city wants them with funds, introducing parties to visit the city centre of Rotterdam, to each other or simply give them What challenges and solutions do he or she uses public transport, or a physical room to experiment. you see for logistics? 8 thinkingcities.com

Rotterdam Interview.indd 8 18/11/2016 12:33 Rotterdam is proud of its record CItyview of being a city that’s open to innovation ROTTERDAM

Although it accounts for just 10 per be slower than in personal mobility. organizations, I’d like to say: cent of traffic movements, trucks The municipality’s role is to stim- Rotterdam has always been a test- and delivery traffic represent a ulate demand for these electric ing ground for (technical) innova- relatively large polluter, good for vehicles. Various initiatives have tions, our door is open! about 60 per cent of NOx emis- been launched with Light Electric sions and 40 per cent of the PM10. Vehicles or cargo bikes that per- With the improving economic condi- form last mile deliveries and we are FYI tions, urban logistics will intensify. working on granting electric vehi- Pascal Hofmann is That presents us with the challenge cles extra privileges, such as the Senior Communications of keeping the increasing logistic use of the bus lane and more lenient Manager, Mobility at the demand from pressurizing quality delivery times. Municipality of Rotterdam of life in the city. Therefore, we appeal to the Anna Feiner is Spokesperson We can, of course, stimulate effi- European government: facilitate the for Pex Langenberg, Vice- cient driving behaviour and thus tempo and set up a European Fund mayor for Sustainability, there is now a Drivers’ Competition: or subsidy scheme to help finance Mobility and Culture, via an app that measures driving electric vans and trucks. Municipality of Rotterdam behaviour, a group of ‘good driv- I am asking manufacturers to [email protected] ers’ is being created who, during a innovate, and develop an electric or finals day, will compete for the title partially electric logistics solution, [email protected] of ‘best driver in Rotterdam’. This since there is a genuine and grow- www.gezonderelucht.nl is good for creating awareness and ing demand. www.rotterdam.nl/ that’s a necessity for change. wethouderlangenberg Even more importantly, making Is there anything else you would Rotterdam plays host to the the fleet of logistic vehicles cleaner like to say to our readers? Polis Annual Conference from and emission-free is our main goal. Next to hoping that you will have 1-2 December 2016. For more That, however, is something that can a very successful conference in information see the Polis only be achieved by availability and Rotterdam, I’d like to call upon advertisement on page 22 or especially affordability of electric all cities to facilitate and stimu- go to www.polisnetwork.eu or hybrid-electric vans and trucks. late the changes we need in order Developments in this area seem to to keep cities liveable. And to all 9

Rotterdam Interview.indd 9 18/11/2016 12:33 Efficient and seamless: Dubai’s phased approach to smartness

Thinking Cities (TC): As a start, role model. H.H Sheikh Mohammed strategy features six key dimensions could you please present to our launched the Smart Government such as Smart Economy, Smart Living, readers the very ambitious Dubai initiative in May 2013, calling on all Smart Mobility, Smart Governance, Government Initiative, aimed government departments to make Smart Environment, and Smart People at transforming Dubai into the all their services available through whereas Smart ICT Infrastructure acts Smartest City in the world? smart platforms. The government as the common enabler underlying all Under the visionary and charis- departments were given until the smart city services. matic leadership of H.H Sheikh end of May 2015 to complete the Smart Dubai envisions a smart Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum transformation from e-Government and sustainable city that is ‘Efficient, - Vice President and Prime Minister to Smart Government. Seamless, Safe and Impactful’. of UAE and the Ruler of Dubai, Dubai The Smart City initiative was then Dubai’s transformation into a smart has achieved tremendous economic launched in March 2014 and has three city will happen in three phases: growth and is considered a regional years to complete. Dubai’s Smart City Smart Life, Smart Economy, and 10 thinkingcities.com

Dubai Interview.indd 10 18/11/2016 12:34 Fiona D’Cunha and Daniela Stoycheva talk to CItyview Efficient and seamless: H.E Mattar Al Tayer, Director General, Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors, RTA. Dubai’s phased approach to smartness RTA is the Roads and Transport Authority of Dubai, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) THE THINKING CITIES INTERVIEW | H E MATTAR AL TAYER, Dubai

Smart Tourism. Smart Life is to do Smart City initiative? RTA is mandated to provide effi- with services - education, health RTA (established by the Government cient transportation in the Emirate care, telecom, transportation, tele- of Dubai in November 2005) is aligned with the Dubai economic communication, utilities, and energy. responsible for contributing to the development plan. RTA’s vision is Smart Economy is related to ports, Smart Mobility dimension of Smart “Safe and smooth transport for all”. airports, smart bourses, and smart Dubai strategic vision and plays a The continuing development and jobs, efforts to support the economy, critical role in transforming Dubai growth of Dubai as a globally com- while Smart Tourism will deal with to the Smartest City on Earth in petitive business hub and tourist services related to visas, aviation, collaboration with other strategic destination makes the provision of smart gates, hotels, restaurants, etc. partners (eight public sector organ- a safe and smooth transport sys- izations and two smart districts tem high priority for the Government What is Dubai Roads and Transport – Dubai Silicon Oasis and Dubai of Dubai. To fulfil this mission, the Authority (RTA)’s role in this Design District). RTA is responsible for developing 11

Dubai Interview.indd 11 18/11/2016 12:34 transport strategies and preparing supporting legislation, planning and In RTA, we associate ‘happiness’ implementing transportation infra- in customers with delivering the structure projects in a manner that is safe and complies with the highest smart apps to the public from international standards, and operating such networks efficiently and in all social segments” the public interest. RTA has developed a Smart City Strategy in line with Smart Dubai in order to identify their prime ser- strategy and is responsible for con- vice needs and embark on providing tribution to Smart Mobility dimension them over the mobile phone. among others. As part of it, RTA also In RTA, we associate ‘happiness’ revised its corporate strategy and in customers with delivering the introduced Smart Dubai and People smart apps to the public from all Happiness as key strategic objec- social segments on one hand, and tives. RTA Smart City roadmap con- that the services provided must be sists of over 50 projects. The Smart seamless, easy and fast on the other. Mobility vision of RTA includes all Eventually, we work towards the modes of transport such as Metro, vision of H.H. Sheikh Mohammed Tram, Buses, Private Cars, Water bin Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice- taxi, Dubai Taxi and non-motorized president, Prime Minister and Ruler modes such as walking and cycling. of Dubai in bringing happiness to Some noteworthy examples of people including UAE citizens, visi- smart city projects of RTA are for tors, businesspeople and tourists instance: from all over the world. In our vision, • Enterprise Command and a person that is informed about the Control Centre (Integrating all smart choices available, has them modes of transport) always at hand and can easily use • Unified Fare Collection – Smart them, is less stressed with daily rou- Card tines, such as where to park, how • Smart Bus Shelters much will this cost him and where • ICT based Parking Guidance to get a taxi from at a moment when System RTA’s Smart Drive Dubai app he badly needs one. Therefore, this • Autonomous Cars (under study) person is happier and we can say • Connected Vehicles (under Smart Dubai was born out of the that, yes, the, smart city brings about study) visionary approach of H.H Sheikh happiness. • Hybrid Buses Mohammed Bin Rashid to focus the • Smart Navigation System (Smart city’s unified effort towards its most Could you tell us a bit more about Drive) valued asset - its people. RTA is how you engaged the citizens in • Real Time Passenger keen on mapping out an important order to determine their needs Information philosophy in designing services and ultimately deliver ‘happiness’ • Nine Smart Apps serving cus- such that they become both accessi- to them? tomers of public transport, pri- ble and easy-to-use, particularly as In order to maintain excellence in vate car owners and corporate we have to tackle and provide ser- the provision of its smart services, customers. vices to a culturally diverse group RTA put at the forefront of its pri- of customers comprising over 200 orities to focus on the ongoing You mention that for both the Dubai nationalities. Our focal attention and improvements and development of Government and the RTA it was methodology has revolved around smart services. It also enhanced important to make people happier. the customer. Therefore, we were the spirit of innovation among young How can a smart city bring about keen on using a variety of communi- people, particularly university and happiness? cation channels with the customers college students by launching in 12 thinkingcities.com

Dubai Interview.indd 12 18/11/2016 12:34 January 2015 a contest for the for the benefit of Dubai’s citizens, CItyview university and college students residents and visitors, corporates as to develop smart applications. well as the Dubai Government. The winners in the contest were It is important to highlight that announced during GITEX (Annual H.H Sheikh Mohammed launched information technology exhibi- Dubai’s Autonomous Transportation tion) in 2015. RTA also developed Strategy in April 2016. This strategy a partnership with the private sets an ambitious target of 25 per sector and strategic partners to The ‘nol’ card cent of all transportation trips in provide quality smart services to Dubai to be smart and driverless the clients. happiness. It has also established an by 2030. A joint venture between THE THINKING CITIES INTERVIEW | H E MATTAR AL TAYER, Dubai In the near future, the RTA will be Innovation Club with representatives the Roads and Transport Authority focusing on sustained improvements from diverse groups giving them an and Dubai Future Foundation, the and development of smart services, opportunity to interact with top man- strategy focuses on four pillars: indi- and will continue stimulating the cre- agement of RTA and provide cus- viduals, technology, policies and leg- ative spirit amongst the youth, espe- tomer feedback. islations and infrastructure. Thanks cially university students. Moreover, to a driverless metro, many custom- the RTA will also uplift the partner- What is Dubai doing to integrate ers of RTA already enjoy a smart and ship with the private sector, and stra- transportation services with driverless world-class public trans- tegic partners to deliver excellent and transport information and port experience. smart services to clients. payment services? RTA believes that ‘Customer RTA has invested in the ‘nol’ card to Can you compare the ‘before’ Needs & Expectations’ must be met be the Unified Transport Payment and ‘after’ Dubai as a Smart at all touch points and that modern card for all transport modes includ- City situation? organisations must act proactively ing Metro, Tram, Buses, Taxi, Water Like any other complex transfor- to predict their “Customers’ Needs, Taxi and Parking. The wealth of mation initiative, Dubai Smart City Expectations, Pulse and even their information that is being gener- initiative is a Journey and a work Customer Appetite”. As such, RTA ated by using the ‘nol’ cards can be in progress. For the Government of has developed a complete framework utilized to provide tailored services Dubai as well as RTA, this journey to deliver this ambitious goal, call- for customers by understanding will continue in line with Dubai 2021 ing it “the Framework for Integrated their journeys. RTA also has a plan Plan that envisages a city of happy, Customer Insight” or the “FICI”. for the expansion of ‘nol’ for non- creative and empowered people and Using the FICI framework, RTA Transport payments. The recent which is their preferred place to Customers are encouraged to give initiative towards this is where ‘nol’ live, work and visit. their feedback through more than can be used in Dubai Public Parks. 14 channels, customer data is then There has also been a signing of collected, analysed and visualised to Memorandum of Understating with FYI discover the customers’ needs and Dubai Smart Office to announce H.E Mattar Al Tayer is Director expectations. Initiatives and projects ‘nol’ as a mode of payment for General, Chairman of the are then planned and executed to Government or Retail Services. Board of Executive Directors cover the needs discovered. RTA is developing Dubai Integrated of the Roads and Transport In addition, RTA engages with our Mobility Platform (DIMP) that will Authority (RTA) of Dubai, customers and people of Dubai in integrate all modes of transport, United Arab Emirates (UAE) many other new and innovative ways. transport services with information For instance, RTA conducts regular and payment services. The DIMP Fiona D’Cunha is senior interactions with customers through will offer a comprehensive mobility editor at RTA a Customer Council. It conducts solution through a single platform Daniela Stoycheva is innovation labs inviting customers, that integrates all functionalities and project manager at Polis students and others to provide feed- modes/services of transport, and [email protected] back and take part in problem-solv- offers a seamless customised journey [email protected] ing and brainstorming for ideas with experience in Dubai. DIMP will inte- the objective of achieving people’s grate RTA and third party offerings 13

Dubai Interview.indd 13 18/11/2016 12:34 Experiment and innovate

Photos ⒸFrédéric Le Lan - Communauté d’Agglomération de La Rochelle La de d’Agglomération Communauté - Lan Le ⒸFrédéric Photos

Jean-François Fountaine, Mayor uring the last few decades La Rochelle has been at the of La Rochelle and President of Dforefront of innovative urban La Rochelle Urban Community mobility and recognised as a pioneer (Communauté d’Agglomération at national and European levels. From December 2014 to April 2015, de La Rochelle), talks to Thinking La Rochelle hosted a demonstration Cities’s Pasquale Cancellara and of Automated Road Transport vehi- Thomas Mourey cles in its centre, under the European project CityMobil2. The positive results achieved have confirmed the city’s willingness to go further

14 thinkingcities.com to become too vainly ambitious, not to believe that automated transport addresses all problems and ques- CItyview tions. Realism must preside and a real service must be brought to customers. Secondly that the inhabitants of La Rochelle Urban Community are committed to innovation in transport and they are especially enthusiastic about our ”city as a living lab” status! Lastly I would say that social For years La Rochelle has been a acceptance of automation is under- LA ROCHELLE city turned towards innovation and way and there is a real need and experimentation, our credo being place for this type of transportation, innovative and electric powered judging by the proliferation of auto- vehicles. Therefore, the CityMobil2 mated vehicles experiments since project offered a step further, build- we made our first test. ing on the earlier demonstrations conducted in 2008 and 2011. Through The city of La Rochelle has recently CityMobil2 we wanted to test the integrated ARTS (Automated Road reaction of La Rochelle’s inhabitants Transport System) into its SUMPs towards the potential of introduc- (Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan)? La Rochelle ing these vehicles in our local urban How do you see the role of automa- benefits from a transport mix. tion in the city’s long term sustain- generous choice of public transit able mobility plans? options and modes What were the main obstacles that Our public transport network is being you had to overcome? redesigned and will be implemented I wouldn’t say we encountered barri- from September 2017. We already ers but rather some reluctance and imagine that some automated road difficulties to overcome. In the first transport system will complement place the lack of legislation on auto- the more conventional transport ser- mation did not facilitate the startup vices (for the “first”/”last” mile) possi- of our demonstration. But in the end, bly in the heart of some activity parks the continuous dialogue we set up (I’m thinking notably about Atlantech with the Ministries has been very use- Low Carbon Park) but also in the city ful to our demonstration and beyond; centre itself, to support the actions we the subsequent demonstrations in took to prevent the Old Harbour from France have benefitted. We made a becoming overun with car traffic. choice, not the easiest one, to conduct this experimentation in the centre Automated transport systems play of the city, in an open environment, an important role in the urban in the integration of automation in which necessarily implies sharing the transport mix particularly in com- urban mobility. Mr. Jean-François road with other users such as cyclists plementing the traditional trans- Fountaine, Mayor of La Rochelle and and pedestrians. We also found some port services (the so-called ‘last President of the Urban Community “ideological barriers” of the type mile’ or ‘first-mile’). Where exactly (Communauté d’Agglomération), “Automation equals job loss”. in the city do you think ARTS can speaks to Thinking Cities. make a true difference - university Could you highlight some lessons campuses, tourist areas, etc.? M Fountaine, could you please tell that you learned from your involve- A prerequisite for this is an evolution us why your city decided to take part ment in the CityMobil2 project? of the legislation and an improve- in the CityMobil2 project? What were Firstly that in such demonstrations, ment of the technology to fully meet your main expectations from the ambitious by nature, you have to our needs. Safety is crucial: it was project’s onsite demonstrations? keep your feet on the ground, not our number one priority for the past 15 demonstrations and it will be in the collective level (public transport) or To have a clear vision of how the future. Automation in transport is more on an individual base? whole system could work, consider being closely watched, and some Both, I would say! But not at the its integration with the other modes accidents have already occurred. same time. Car manufacturers are of transport and road users and think Different types of automated trans- currently working hard to develop about an integrated pricing system. port systems in the city - and beyond automated cars. I am fascinated by the city centre - can be imagined in the acceleration of their develop- What would you recommend to the the future (shuttles, convoys of shut- ments. But I believe that in the years European Commission and to the tles or buses if needed). to come, the car manufacturers will industry sector? As I said I think automated shut- deliver cars offering very advanced To quickly adopt a standardised reg- tles have a future if they come as a and efficient “driver assistance” sys- ulation at a European level (at least). complementary mode in the trans- tems rather than a “full automation” To keep helping those cities wish- port supply chain, in particular if system: it will take some time before ing to go further in the introduc- they are linked to our BRT lines, in we see autonomous cars go where tion of automated vehicles in urban order to feed them. Such vehicles you want, from door to door, on all areas, despite the diverse or com- may be used for tourism purposes types of road. plex environments. And by doing so, or more generally as a “last mile” But if we talk about the near contributing to the move from pilot complement in the historic heart of future, we need to think collectively. experiments to a permanent offer of La Rochelle, but they could also be We must also think about the public an automated transport service. seen as an aid to walking – which is space in our cities ... and this space And still pay the closest attention to something we also try to stimulate. is becoming more and more valu- the human: automation must be intro- Some other uses might be con- able. We want a quiet and peaceful duced in order to free human beings sidered, notably to manage more city. We do not want to replace bot- from painful or repetitive tasks. As far efficiently our electric car-shar- tlenecks of individual conventional as transport is concerned, automation ing service YéloMobile. Imagine cars by traffic jams of autonomous can have extremely positive effects on YéloMobile electric vehicles that cars. That is why I favour a collective road safety and environment but it can can go by themselves closer to the approach - as an efficient, flexible also have a negative impact if the pro- customer or relocate to a station in addition that encourages us to use cess is not managed properly. This is order to meet the demand. public transport. why the European Commission must, In areas other than the histori- We of course keep in mind that in parallel to demonstrations, develop cal city centre (with larger avenues individual autonomous car will also in-depth studies on the impact of or boulevards), we could imagine circulate on our roads in the future, automated systems in the city, includ- the circulation of bigger vehicles and that all systems will need to be ing those focusing on the interac- that would circulate on a dedicated (inter-)connected. What is immedi- tion of these automated vehicles with lane. This could be an answer to the ately at stake now is to improve the pedestrians and cyclists. weak point represented by the speed legislation that allows these vehi- limit we encountered during the cles to operate in town permanently CityMobil2 demonstration in our city. beyond one-off demonstrations. FYI It is also conceivable that automated Pasquale Cancellara, is vehicles could be used in urban logis- What would be your recommen- Communications Intern and tics, a topic on which we are currently dations for other cities wishing to Thomas Mourey is Project working to define a strategy. demonstrate or deploy automated Officer at Polis Netwokr Whatever the uses might be, what systems? [email protected] is certain is that we do not want these To form a strong local partnership vehicles to be “gadgets” or a sim- (mobility authority/city, operator, [email protected] ple attraction. They must address a research laboratories, etc.) made up of With thanks to Matthieu need, and ensure a mobility service actively involved and committed people. Graindorge, EU Projects - both efficient and flexible. To prepare upstream the consul- manager, Communauté tation with stakeholders, make sure d’Agglomération de La Rochelle How do you see the future of auto- that every aspect of communication matthieu.graindorge@ mated vehicles in Europe? Will and information dissemination is not agglo-larochelle.fr they become a true alternative on a left out.

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Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 16:09 502-007416 • Kunde: Vitronic • Anzeige • Schutzengel, redlight+speed; ohne Störer • Farben: 4c (Euroskala) • Format: B 210 x H 260 mm (+ 4 mm Beschnitt) Pasquale Cancellara Holy City, discusses Jerusalem’s urban mobility priorities and plans with City wholly mobile Council Executive Member Fleur Hassan-Nahoum

How would you describe transport The continuing trend of focusing in Jerusalem? What are the main on mass transit and non-motorized challenges and trends currently? Jerusalem as a city continues to modes will be the most noticeable expand and change dynamically in terms of culture, economy, land use to Jerusalem residents and transportation. The state of our mass transit today versus a decade ago is a drastic leap forward due to national and local measures continuing to build upon each other for further progress. One such example is the nationwide rollout of the Rav- Kav (reloadable smart-card payment system) replacing multi-pass paper purchases, which allowed for local buses to introduce all-doors boarding to reduce dwell time at stations. The landscape of the main commercial corridor in Jerusalem, Jaffa Street, used to feature a four-lane roadway congested with private traffic and over a dozen bus lines. Since 2011, Jaffa Street is home to a pedestrian plaza extending over two kilometers, lined with retail stores with the Jerusalem’s first light rail transit (LRT), the Red Line, running along its median (below).

18 thinkingcities.com

Jerusalem.indd 18 18/11/2016 12:35 This new mode of transit connects (translated as “Router”) to provide bet- the Jerusalem Municipality and the over 250,000 residents in various ter point-to-point navigation within the Ministries of Transportation and CItyview neighborhoods to the downtown core city by including both the light rail and Environmental Protection. The aim is and brings visitors directly from the bus networks. The main challenge is to limit the access to heavy trucks and central bus station to the Old City the speed of rolling out these enhance- bus to the city centre during business and its holy sites. The completion of ments – the first light rail line took hours and to allow it only to newer and bus rapid transit (BRT) lanes along over a decade to construct. However, less polluting models. This will reduce the main north-south vehicular cor- the construction of three park-and- vehicle usage or shift users to cleaner ridors of Hebron Road and King ride stations in addition to the ongoing vehicles, for local businesses receiv- George Street have significantly sped extensions of the Red Line towards the ing deliveries and for public or private up bus travel times from the outer Hadassah Ein Kerem Hospital and the buses crossing the downtown area. districts to the city center. With two campuses of Hebrew University, both The measure is expected to reduce JERUSALEM future light rail lines currently in the being major public institutions with air pollution primarily within the LEZ design phase with an opening antici- thousands of daily commuters, have cordon but will also generate spillo- pated in 2025, we look to a trans- progressed at a faster ace. ver benefits to the rest of the city with formed Jerusalem for the better use the cleaner vehicles traveling on their by its residents and its visitors. Jerusalem has recently released a streets. In order to provide public out- The continuing trend of focusing Low Emission Zone (LEZ) programme reach and education on the benefits on mass transit and non-motorized – what are its main features and what and restrictions of this environmen- modes will be the most noticeable to kind of impact will it have on the city? tal cordon, there will be a gradual Jerusalem residents in the coming two Further quality of life gains for introduction of the LEZ with warnings decades. To build upon the physical Jerusalemites are in the works via given to offending vehicles starting infrastructure gains, the municipality the Low Emission Zone or LEZ pro- in mid-2017 and fines only starting has developed an application Maslulan gram – a cooperative plan between towards the end of 2018. In short,

Jerusalem.indd 19 18/11/2016 12:35 Sustainability local city government and a local is high on the NGO is working to improve the walk- agenda in Jerusalem ing infrastructure for residents and organize active outdoor activities for healthier citizens. As the LRT and BRT lines continue to expand, the freed- up space in the streets will allow for wider and greener pedestrian zones for both transit and cultural events.

When planning your activities are you getting inspiration from other cities in Europe or around the world? What are the topics on which you would with the implementation of the LEZ – Jerusalem. Encouraging the use of be most interested to exchange Jerusalemites will breathe in cleaner bicycles, despite the hilly topography, information? air within and beyond their downtown is an ongoing commitment via the The model cities that Jerusalem pedestrian zones within several years. additional construction of bike lanes aspires to match or even surpass in and around the city. Recently, a are Rotterdam, (The Netherlands) The EU wants to phase out con- 42-kilometer long bicycle pathway with regards to the LEZ and Freiburg ventionally fueled vehicles by 2050 was opened to the public as part of the (Germany) with respect to the LRT. and move towards carbon neutral completion of the Jerusalem Park, The German city’s extensive tram urban logistics by 2030 (European which belts the city in green and pro- network combined with feeder buses Directive on Alternative Fuels and vides recreational facilities for resi- acts as a parallel to the Jerusalem Infrastructure) - does the city of dents along its length. plan of three light rail lines criss- Jerusalem have an alternative fuels In the coming decade, a bike-share crossing the city – two in a north-south plan for the future? program is in the works for the down- direction and one going east-west – Jerusalem approaches alternative town area of the city. Since even walk- with bus rapid transit lines spurring fuels as a potential solution to reducing and cycling cannot cover all the off to local neighborhoods. In its own ing the environmental impact of nec- residents of Jerusalem, especially right, the recently expanded LEZ of essary municipal vehicles, whether it the burgeoning demographic sector Rotterdam acts as a good example to be trash collection trucks or industrial of children, car-sharing and shuttles Jerusalem with the similar gradual buildings. With the anticipated arrival are the approach we are pursuing buildup of the area from the city cen- of the national natural gas pipeline to provide for their transit needs. In tre outwards along with expanding to the city in 2019, the municipality is fact, car-sharing is already occurring the enforcement from only trucks and conducting a feasibility study on the organically within the dense confines buses to private vehicles. Jerusalem creation of a CNG (compressed natu- of the ultra-Orthodox populated zones is keenly interested in learning ral gas) fueling station for municipal of Jerusalem, where limited park- more about the implementation and and private use. Furthermore, there is ing and limited incomes give way to enforcement issues of LEZs as well as currently an investigative study under- shared use of vanpools – all without the development of grassroots meas- way on the impact of biodiesel fuels on any city intervention or subsidy. ures to encourage the healthy lifestyle the existing fleet of municipal trucks On a more formal level, the munici- of residents. to ascertain if increased emissions pality continues to expand shuttle or engine damage will occur over the access to holy sites in the Old City, long-term use of biodiesel. to major sporting events, and to FYI large office parks on the outskirts of Ms. Fleur Hassan–Nahoum How do you see the role of alternative Jerusalem – all free of charge from is Jerusalem City Council modes of transport in the city – walk- park-and-ride lots located out of the Executive Member, Transport ing, cycling, car sharing? way of residential areas to alleviate the and Preservation Portfolios for Non-motorized modes of transpor- burden on local residents near such the Yerushalmim Party, Israel tation, mainly walking, already act high-demand venues. Last but cer- [email protected] as the ‘last leg’ of many trips within tainly not least, cooperation between 20 thinkingcities.com

Jerusalem.indd 20 18/11/2016 12:35 This section looks at the impact that urban and regional mobility has on the environment and on health, and how the adverse impact can be reduced Health in Transport Environment and Environment o Ile De France: Making EV charging at home a reality o Portland: Technology supporting bike commuting and Health in o Electric Vehicles: Do we have the infrastructure to cope with EV demand? Transport o Trondheim: Green transport is on the rise - finally o Sarajevo: The challenges to the future development of urban cycling

Photo: Transport for London for Transport Photo:

Dividers.indd 13 18/11/2016 13:01 Building a charge BienVEnu: making EV charging at home a reality, by Fanny Granger

ienVEnu is a demonstra- THE COMPLEX ISSUE quickly afterwards, allowing time to tor that aims at developing OF RECHARGING IN adapt according to each situation Band testing new EV (elec- COLLECTIVE HOUSING and feedback for the duration of the tric vehicle) charging solutions in The French national legislation project. BienVEnu is based on new existing residential housing blocks supports EVs as one of the main and smart technologies, including (condominiums, private and social contributors to low carbon politics. but not limited to smart charging lessors). This three-year project, In the next few years, residential and modularity, making it a viable based in Paris and its outskirts, housing will become the main solution on the long term. seeks to simplify the deployment of location for recharging EVs. EVs with innovative technology and However, charging EVs in such an • Smart charging: the infrastruc- an enhanced commercial offer for urban area remains difficult and ture is made to be efficiently its easy adoption. expensive, and public charging controlled by the way of an algo- Coordinated by Enedis (ex-ERDF), points can’t assure the ever-growing rithm developed specifically for it brings together eight firms, need by themselves. this purpose, the use of smart big and small: Enedis, Centrale- The BienVEnu project tests charging points and a “smart Supélec, Clem’, G2Mobility, Nexans, out a number of experimental box”, allowing for it all to func- Park’n Plug, Tetragora and Trialog. approaches to solve that problem, tion properly. It is part of ADEME’s Investments and specifically the complex issue of • Modularity: most charging sta- for the Future Program, and recharging in collective housing. The tions are built based on the gets support from the Ile de goal is to recruit 10 buildings by the “star”-form or hub. BienVEnu France Region. end of 2016 and have them equipped proposes an alternative with a 22 thinkingcities.com

Ile de France.indd 22 18/11/2016 13:18 Health in Transport cable called a “bus” that goes options of collective mobility, in Environment and along the parking spaces, allow- The project so far the forms of carpooling and “peer ing for new charging points to to peer”, a service which allows EV be easily added even after the • Five buildings recruited, with owners to share their own vehicles parking is fully equipped. a goal of 10. Out of the five, and/or charging points with others. two have now been equipped. Moreover, BienVEnu not only aims at ONE YEAR IN, TWO TO GO • “Grand Prix du Jury des studying the technical, economical The partnership celebrated its first Trophées de la Transition and regulatory challenges of collec- anniversary on 4 October 2016, with Energétique” (Grand Jury tive housing charging but also sets the inauguration of the first building Prize for the Energy Transition out to offer a fully functioning and equipped with the solution. In the Trophies, held by l’Usine 19th arrondissement of Paris, part- Nouvelle) received in June ÎLE DE FRANCE ners and guests gathered around • Elected by the public the new infrastructure. as one of the 47th “100 The residents of the SNI Île-de- projects for climate” (out of France building are the first to ben- almost 600 submissions), efit from the solution. The system an initiative by the French installed in the building’s parking lot Environment Ministry. has six charge points for the resi- • Invited to be presented to dents’ electric cars as well as two the French President and car sharing charging stations with French Environment Minister two available vehicles (a Renault Zoé at the Elysée for the first and a Mitsubishi Outlander). Users/ anniversary of the Energy residents register (at no charge) on Transition law, side by side a dedicated platform where they can with only 6 other projects then reserve either of the vehicles for a specific time. “I believe this is the future”, declared the first user of the service during the event. sustain- when it comes to recharging, and The celebration came after a year able prospect owners find it disenchant- of developing technical solutions electro- ing to think about. French legisla- and meeting with building manag- mobility tion has changed these past years ers, finding the right approaches and s e r v i c e . to support EV deployment, but mis- understanding what did and did not EV users liv- conceptions and little access still appeal to the different actors at play. ing in buildings constraint it. This is where BienVEnu This was done by way of a behavioral taking part in the project will have comes in. analysis that will go on for the dura- the opportunity to recharge right at Not only does it boost accessibil- tion of the project, helping the part- home, and a car-sharing service will ity for existing users, it is also an ners adjust and making a real and also be available to all residents. opportunity for everyone to become effective offer come to life. They will be assisted in all their EV one. With this solution to EV charg- needs: reservation platform, mainte- ing at home, BienVEnu makes it sim- nance, simple billing system. pler for everyone to discover (and FYI adopt) electric mobility, from condo- Fanny Granger is THE CHALLENGE minium owners to private and social Communications OF ACCESSIBILITY lessors. In addition to private charg- Officer at Enedis One of the challenges BienVEnu ing stations, the project includes a [email protected] works towards solving is accessi- car sharing service, making it easier bility and comprehension. As it is, for residents to familiarize them- www.bienvenu-idf.fr/en the public has little access to EVs in selves with electric mobility, and [email protected] France, except for publicly shared allows them to “test drive” before M @BienVEnu_IDF cars available in Paris. EV owners making a final purchasing deci- have a tough time finding solutions sion. BienVEnu also explores other 23

Ile de France.indd 23 18/11/2016 13:18 Cycles of invention

Supporting bike commuting through technology: Zach Henkin reports on a regional pilot project that looks at benefits and barriers to the adoption of electric-assist bicycles for commuters

he City of Portland, Oregon and eliminating the concern of hills Two-wheeled mobility solutions currently has claim to the and distance. such as bike shares and electric T largest percentage of bicycle Electric bicycles, already an bicycles will become an increas- commuters for a large city within overwhelming success in Asia and ingly important piece of the urban the United States. These commut- Europe, have received a limited transportation puzzle, especially ers make use of the bike lanes, reception in American markets. as they relate to first-/last-mile trails and other city infrastructure While bicyclists in Asia and Europe transportation solutions. With these and contribute to a less congested are already thinking of and see- exciting changes, the electric bicy- transportation systems and cleaner ing bicycling as an inherent part of cle is poised to become the next big air by lowering the amount of vehi- urban transportation, many in the thing in urban transportation in the cle miles travelled. United States still see it as purely, United States. These active-transportation com- or mainly, recreational. Drive Oregon conducted an elec- muters also enjoy further public As cities become more congested, tric bicycle pilot project to iden- health and quality of life benefits. they will need to plan for and sup- tify how attitudes and perceptions However, until now, converting port smart infrastructure. Multi- toward electric bicycles changed individuals to bike commuting modal transportation will become a after usage and a social media cam- has focused on road infrastructure necessity for cities that are absorb- paign to increase interest and expo- and safety and not on other barri- ing population gains while also try- sure to electric bicycles and their ers, such as ease of the ride itself ing to achieve sustainability goals. benefits in Oregon. 24 thinkingcities.com

Portland.indd 24 18/11/2016 12:44 Health in Transport ELECTRIC BICYCLE TRANSIT were analyzed using statistical soft- partnership to bring sustainable Environment and CONNECTION PILOT PROJECT ware and GIS. Results showed that urban transportation via solar-pow- In partnership with the Transportation participants biked farther, were ered electric bicycles and scooters to Research and Education Center of more confident, and generally per- Oakland, California, launched a pilot Portland State University and Kaiser ceived fewer barriers to making program in January 2016. Permanente Northwest, Drive trips due to the ease in overcoming The pilot program brought eight Oregon’s electric bicycle pilot sought hills and reducing sweat. The study solar-powered bicycles to Jack to make findings on how electric found that “over half of the respond- London Square in south Oakland. bicycles were perceived by study ents (56 per cent) reported using the The electric bicycles were provided participants, and to test whether a electric bicycle to commute to work by Mahindra GenZe and housed in a folding electric bicycle could be a at least once a week, and over a fifth custom-built solar-powered charg- reliable transportation option when (22 per cent) used the bike three or ing station from DC Solar. The pilot PORTLAND, OREGON paired with public transportation. more times per week.” Even better, program allows commercial resi- The electric bicycle chosen for “overall, the number of people com- dents daily use of the electric bicy- the study through a public request muting to work by bicycle at least cles so that they can experience and for proposals process was a Currie once per week more than doubled explore Oakland in a new way. Bike iZip E3 Compact. The primary cri- during the study.” Solar Oakland is collecting data on teria for the bicycle selected were Overall, bike confidence increased the bicycles, the solar panel power, that the bike was foldable and have throughout the pilot with 28 per cent and how the station is being utilized, a peddle-assist cadence electric showing a greater confidence while and hopes to expand the pilot project assist function. only 13 per cent indicated a decreas- growing to ultimately serve larger The project took place between ing confidence at the end of the 10 transportation needs of Oakland3. April 2014 and September 2015 in weeks. Participants felt that the Because solar-powered and elec- the Portland region on three Kaiser electric bicycles “were comfortable tric bicycles can be an important Permanente Northwest campuses. (89 per cent), fun (92 per cent) and part of existing sustainable transit Employees were issued an electric easy to use overall (93 per cent).” models, providing residents with bicycle for 10 weeks to use for a They also felt safe (92 per cent) and alternative, efficient, and sustain- variety of transportation needs, but more comfortable in traffic (67 per able transportation options, inno- especially focusing on first-/last- cent) compared to standard bikes vative transportation projects like mile commuting combined with pub- and had an overall positive experi- Bike Solar Oakland’s pilot program lic transit. Participants were asked to ence (75 per cent rated the experi- and the Portland electric bicycle complete surveys before, during, and ence as good or very good, versus pilot project serve both smart cit- after use of the electric bicycle. only 4 per cent reporting poor or ies: connected, urban, and thriving. The program consisted of six very poor). Taken together, pilot projects like cohorts of participants of about 30 The study suggests that electric these pave the way for comprehen- employees each at the three regional bicycles do enable users to bike sive campaigns to increase adop- campuses in a different part of the more often, and increase the fre- tion of electric bicycles across the Portland metropolitan area. Cohorts quency of biking even for people country - and to move them out of participated in the study for 10 weeks. who previously rode a conventional the realm of early adopters into an Before the study, about 45 per cent bicycle as part of their commute. essential part of the urban trans- of participants had biked in the past Electric bicycles are also enabling portation fabric. month and cited as barriers to bik- those who might otherwise not bike ing more often being: bad weather because of physical limitations or CONCLUSION (50 per cent), logistics (41 per cent), proximity to their destinations to As cities become more urban and the need to carry more than the bike use a bicycle for their transporta- denser, they will need to create could handle (36 per cent), sweat tion needs2. innovative and usable transporta- (32 per cent) and hills (29 per cent). tion solutions - and electric bicycles Electric bicycles are particularly SIMILAR INITIATIVES are primed to become a large piece well-suited to address the last two Other regions and cities across the of that puzzle. Electric bicycles concerns; sweat and hills. country are examining other aspects can reduce barriers to participa- of two-wheeled urban transportation in cycling. While barriers like RESULTS tion such as mobile electric bicycle hills and sweat stand in the way for Results from the participant surveys sharing. Solar Oakland, a community many commuters to adopt bicycling 25

Portland.indd 25 18/11/2016 12:44 as their primary transportation, an encouraging more trips by bicycle. communities to consider similar electric-assist bicycle can mitigate The pilot program and subse- programs. Electric bicycles can these barriers. Electric bicycles can quent outreach shows that there increase biking in urban areas also make people more comfort- is an inherent interest in elec- because they provide electric power able on and with a bicycle, as well as tric bikes and we encourage other assistance, which can address the limits of trip distance, physical ability, and terrain. Because of this, electric bicycles and bike sharing programs are a great solution to the growing demands of urban and smart cities. As a next step, Drive Oregon plans on seeing how electric bicycles, particularly electric bicycle share programs, can increase EV adoption in low-income communities. Our own pilot was limited by the demograph- ics making up Kaiser’s employees. As a result, 88 per cent had a household income over US$50,000 (and 48 per cent over US$100,000). While we expect the barriers for low-income communities to be similar to those found in the Kaiser study, an additional pilot may uncover additional concerns, such as electric bicycle cost, safe electric bicycle storage and overall community safety.

REFERENCE 1 O. Poblacion, Oregon Public Radio, http://www.opb.org/news/article/ closing-the-gender-gap-for-bicycling-women, accessed on 22 March 2016; and B. McKenzie, Modes Less Traveled—Bicycling and Walking to Work in the United States: 2008-2012, United States Census Bureau, 2014 2 MacArthur, John et., Evaluation of an Electric Bike Pilot Project at Three Employment Campuses in Portland, Oregon, 95th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, 10-14 January 2016 3 Bike Solar Oakland, http:// www.bikesolaroakland.com, accessed on 10 March 2016

FYI Zach Henkin is Program Director at Drive Oregon [email protected] www.driveoregon.org

26 thinkingcities.com

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Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 16:15 “Cars remain plugged in for much longer than the charge Fuelled by requires, so there are opportunities to electricity stagger the charging over time”

The electric vehicle revolution is only just getting started. In the next year or two, the market could really take off. Do we have the infrastructure to cope with this? Johan Sjöberg investigates

Photo courtesy of Transport for London for Transport of courtesy Photo

There could be 50,000 electric and other ultra low emission vehicles in London in just four years’ time

tarting next year, London’s vehicles has become not just feasi- a million. Over the last five years, fleet of black taxis will be ble, but almost inevitable. We are at global sales have increased more S going electric. From January a tipping point. than ten times. 2018, a little over a year from now, no Consumers in the UK market In Norway, the country with the new diesel taxis can be registered. had five electric vehicles to choose most developed market for electric This illustrates the speed at which from In 2012. Today, the number vehicles, 22 per cent of new vehicle the world of transport is switching has grown to 39 while prices have registrations were electric in 2015. from combustion engines to electric dropped, the operating range of the Other markets are in catch-up mode. drive. Although the pace of change batteries has improved and incen- In the Netherlands, plug-in elec- in the London taxi fleet is acceler- tives have become more gener- tric vehicles had 10 per cent market ated by the need to cut pollution ous. Between 2007 and 2010, the share in 2015; Sweden had 2.5 per in the British capital, it also shows number of plug-in electric vehicles cent; France 1.2 per cent; UK 1.1 how technology has reached a point sold worldwide totalled just under per cent; and Germany 0.7 per cent. where widespread use of electric 12,000. In 2015, sales exceeded hall When market penetration in large 28 thinkingcities.com

Sjoberg.indd 28 18/11/2016 16:01 Health in Transport But even if appropriate charging Environment and “Cars remain plugged in for equipment is installed in or near homes, the distribution network much longer than the charge does not have enough capacity for requires, so there are opportunities to all households to draw maximum demand at the same time. The net- stagger the charging over time” work is sized assuming everybody have different patterns of behaviour. This may work when providing energy for cooking Sunday lunches, but when it comes to work commuting, we all tend to move like one herd EV INFRASTRUCTURE – just look at the rush hour in our big cities. This crush is about to be mimicked on the electricity network, as everybody get back at night at the same time and put their electric vehicle on charge. “Fortunately, cars remain plugged in for much longer than the charge requires, so there are opportunities to stagger the charging over time. Smart chargers can also balance the load between vehicles. For instance, if two vehicles are plugged into a system that would normally supply 22 kW, they can be allocated 11 kW each. By cleverly arranging the With smart charging, up to eight times as many vehicles can be charged at the same time, compared to standard charging charging cycles, up to eight times as many vehicles can be charged during economies start to approach the needed and for fast charging, twenty the same time period. Similar tech- same level as in Norway – and this times more. nology can also be used at electric- could start to happen in the next cou- ity substations to balance the power ple of years – this will have a serious HIGH POWER USER on a neighbourhood level between impact on the world market for elec- While car manufacturers have households in areas where many tric vehicles. stepped up to the challenge and bring draw high loads,” says Lindergren. This will reduce the need for fos- new technology to the market at a “But this is on the condition that sil fuels, but increase demand for rapid pace, the charging infrastruc- you don’t draw more energy than the electricity. So where are all these ture shows few signs of changing. electricity infrastructure can pro- electric vehicles going to charge? “A plug-in vehicle requires 6 to 10 vide. Utility companies have a stand- When the electric car is stationary kWh per day. This is a lot of energy ard tariff up to a specific output, for and plugged in, it is a rather power compared to other loads,” says Patrik instance 63A. Above that, a price hungry device. Charging an electric Lindergren, MD of charging equip- penalty is applied. This can be very vehicle takes a minimum of 2300 ment manufacturer Chargestorm. high, perhaps fifty times as high per watt, placing it within the ranks of “Most installations use 16A, sin- kWh as the standard rate. This can the greediest household appliances gle phase, but if you have more make some investments unprofit- such as heater fans, kettles and hair chargers, you require more output. able,” Lindergren points out. dryers. But while the hair dryer is Some vehicles, for instance Tesla, only used for five minutes at a time, can use three phase current, ena- NO ROOM FOR DIY the car charger will stay on for eight bling charging up to 11kW, assum- However, keeping your vehicle hours, as 2300 watt will only give a ing that you have access to three plugged in for a long period of time slow charge. For semi-fast charg- phase current at your property,” brings it own issues. ing, nearly ten times higher output is says Lindergren. “While the wiring in your house 29

Sjoberg.indd 29 18/11/2016 16:01 The new electric London taxi will be taken into use from the end of next year, appliance, with its external cables, manufactured at London Taxi Company’s brand new factory where production can be used for either slow over- will be substantially increased to meet demand from international markets night charging or semi-fast charging, from 3.6 to 22 kW, which will likely become the norm in the future. There is no risk of overheating or fire and it has a built-in RCD. Mode 3 can also be used for load balanc- ing and for communication within the electrical installation. This will be especially useful as electricity prices here in Norway will vary on an hourly basis from 2018, with all households being fitted with a new electricity meter for this purpose. If you want to take advantage of all the benefits a modern electrical vehicle can offer, a Mode 2 charger with an ordinary wall socket is no alternative,” says Grav.

CHECK INCOMING The electrical installation in most private homes can support two 3 kW charge points or one 7 kW charge point. Some older properties with lower capacity supplies may require an upgrade to the incoming supply.

Photo courtesy of Transport for London for Transport of courtesy Photo British utility company Scottish & Southern Energy (SSE) has highlighted how local networks may require upgrades due to the effects of clustering, or the tendency of people to be inspired by their neigh- The rush hour could get replicated on the electricity network if everyone bours. Driving an electric vehicle has arrives at home at the same time and puts their electric vehicle on charge many advantages and users tend to might be fine for bursts of, say, half owners often use extension cables become very attached to the concept. an hour during normal use, it may that do not meet the same standards If they manage to rouse their neigh- not be up to prolonged use with high as the charging equipment, even bours’ interest, the reasoning goes, output, such as required for charging running these through open windows there could be a strong uptake in a a vehicle. This can result in elevated and across pavements. particular small area. Such clusters temperatures and a house fire,” “A Mode 2 cable should be used could have a disproportionate impact warns Per Höjevik at the Swedish without extension leads on a dedi- on parts of the network. Scottish and National Electrical Safety Board.. cated circuit protected by a 10A Southern Energy modelled a scenario “We recommend that a dedicated fuse and a residual current device. where 40 per cent to 70 per cent of charge point is used, installed by a The output is restricted to 2.2 kW homes on an average street would qualified electrician who can check so charging will be relatively slow,” have electric vehicles. If this were to that the wiring is sound all the way says Jostein Ween Grav, senior engi- happen, one-third of all low-voltage back to the fuse board.” neer at the Norwegian Directorate circuits would need to be upgraded. Electric vehicles are supplied with for Civil Protection, which counts SSE introduced a solution using a Mode 2 cable designed to plug electrical safety among its duties. monitoring technology in the substa- directly into a wall socket. However, “A wall-mounted Mode 3 charger tion and at the charge points. This anecdotal evidence suggests that car is a far better alternative. The way, the company could control the 30 thinkingcities.com

Sjoberg.indd 30 18/11/2016 16:01 Health in Transport Environment and The batteries of electric cars not in use might get used as PAYMENT MODELS energy storage to stabilise energy supply from alternative “We are also running a project look- energy sources such as wind and solar power ing at options for charging at dwell- ings with shared occupancy, such as blocks of flats. There are different models for sharing the cost. At the moment it seems that the most successful way is to apply a flat charge to all the parking spaces in an area, or to all spaces with charging facilities. The electricity itself is so inex- EV INFRASTRUCTURE pensive that it is hardly worth the cost for metering the energy and identifying the user. “Another aspect is that we may see car ownership come down in the future. Owning a car seems less important to young people of today charging when capacity was nearing The peaks drive the costs. One obvi- than for previous generations, with its peak, allowing all of the cars to be ous solution is to stagger charging fewer of them learning to drive. The charged through the night without over time, for instance throughout high purchase price of electric vehi- overloading the system. This can be the night. At the moment we are cles, combined with another social used either on a permanent basis, running a research project aimed trend, the sharing economy, may or as a temporary solution until the at finding out whether this will be result in a drop of the overall num- network can be reinforced. The com- acceptable to users. I suspect that to ber of vehicles purchased. This will pany now monitors its network for the some users, it will be very important have knock-on effects on the need growth of potential clusters. to have their vehicle fully charged for infrastructure.” and ready to go in the shortest pos- CUT THE PEAKS sible time. Others will want to charge INFRASTRUCTURE IS KEY “There is enough energy to run at the lowest tariff available. Still “I have worked with this for about the entire vehicle fleet on electric- others will prefer to charge when seven years. When we started work- ity. The problem is one of output. If green energy is available. By asking ing with plug-in hybrids at Volvo, everyone charges their vehicle at the users about their preferences, I we naïvely thought that all we had the same time, there will likely be think we will be able to find a way to to do was to replace the driveline in a bottleneck situation,” says Stefan spread charging over time.” the car. As far as the car goes, that Pettersson, associate professor and research manager for electromobility at Viktoria Swedish ICT research institute in Gothenburg. “There may be problems on a household level, if you charge your vehicle and run the washing machine at the same time; there may local be problems at the substation if the whole neighbourhood try to charge their vehicles at the same time; or three may be major infrastructure problems if the whole nation arrives home from work and start to charge simultaneously. “The priority in any demand management system is to cut the peaks. The charging infrastructure is key to the development of the electric vehicle market 31

Sjoberg.indd 31 18/11/2016 16:01 holds some truth; it’s still an ordi- Car manufacturers are nary car with a different driveline. now bringing electric But the infrastructure is the bottle- vehicle technology to the market at a rapid pace neck. There has to be an infrastructure that works for people,” says Johan Konnberg, senior advisor for E-mobility at Volvo Car Corporation. “For as long I’ve worked with this, sales volumes of electric vehicles have doubled each year. Do I think this will continue? I think it will accelerate. Several car manufacturers are now launching some very attractive models that are entering the The organisation plans to use its own that you might get paid to own a car. market in 2017 and 2018. I don’t have fleet and public sector procurement “The battery capacity of parked a crystal ball, but I think we will see a to accelerate uptake. A rapid charge electric vehicles can be used to sta- significant growth,” says Konnberg. point network will be deployed by bilise the power supply when using One organisation that has 2018. Plans to provide charge points alternative energy sources such as crunched the numbers is Transport for residents without off-street park- solar or wind power. Millions of cars for London (TfL), the local govern- ing are also taking shape. can be consolidated to make up one ment body responsible for the trans- “Electric vehicle technology is large energy store. This can be a huge port system in Greater London. now sufficiently well developed for help to decarbonise the energy sector. TfL believes that ultra-low emis- a wide market breakthrough. Many “No big changes are needed to the sion vehicles, which includes battery customers are asking for longer physical infrastructure to achieve electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehi- range, and this is something we see this. The main obstacle is the cles, range-extended electric vehi- being delivered by major manufac- national regulatory framework in dif- cles and hydrogen fuel cell electric turers, says Francisco Carranza, ferent countries, as provisions have vehicles, will represent 100 per cent managing director for Renault- to be made for selling electricity to of sales by 2040. In its most ambitious Nissan Energy Services. the network,” concludes Carranza. scenario, these vehicles will have “The trend towards shared mobil- So although a cursory look at an reached 60 percent of sales by 2030. ity works great in tandem with elec- average traffic queue may suggest In a more conservative scenario, tromobility, reducing the number of that fossil fuelled private transport is sales will have reached 30 percent cars on the road. This is a comple- here to stay, radical change may be by 2030. Under the conservative sce- mentary ownership model; we don’t just around the corner. nario, the number of these vehicles see it as cannibalising the private ‘The stone age did not end for in London will be over 20,000 in 2020 ownership market. More efficient lack of stone and the oil age will and will be approaching 100,000 in use will drive down costs and make end long before the world runs out 2025. This means a 25-fold increase car travel affordable for new users in of oil,’ predicted Saudi Arabia’s oil in these vehicles in London, assum- markets where mobility would oth- minister Sheikh Zaki Yamani back ing the conservative scenario. In the erwise be too costly. in the 1970s. more ambitious scenario, the num- Carranza also sees opportunities It seems he might have had ber of these vehicles in London is for using the batteries of stationary a point. estimated to reach 50,000 in 2020 electric vehicles as an energy store, and reach 220,000 in 2025. a concept known as vehicle-to-grid. FYI “Private cars are under-utilised. Johan Sjöberg is a freelance LONGER RANGE AVAILABLE Average usage time for cars is 4 per technology journalist Like Konnberg at Volvo Car cent and average occupancy is 1.3 specialising in electric vehicles. Corporation, TfL recognises that the passengers. Vehicle-to-grid charg- He is based in Epsom, UK key to getting more electric vehicles on ing could make use of the vehicle and Motala, Sweden the road is a large number of charge during the time it is not being driven. points, giving users the confidence It could even open up for new owner- [email protected] they can charge up when they need to. ship models. Imagine, for instance, 32 thinkingcities.com

Sjoberg.indd 32 18/11/2016 16:01 Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 16:17 Increasingly green

A recent survey1 showed that public opinion has turned in favour of greener transport despite initial resistance. It’s certainly on the rise in Trondheim, Norway, as Chin Yu Lee and Bjorn Ove Berthelsen report

rondheim is situated in central Norway and is the country’s T third largest city. The city covers 342.3 km² and is a major logistic hub for the region of Trøndelag and Mid-Scandinavia. It has 188,000 inhabitants, approximately one sixth of which are students. Hosting the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and SINTEF, the biggest independent multidis- ciplinary research institution in Scandinavia, Trondheim is known as the technological capital of Norway. During the last few years, Trondheim has achieved a shift from standard cars to greener transport modes that have never previoously been seen in a Norwegian city. The quick result has been achieved due to political resolve and a policy mix designed both to restrict car use and encourage other modes of non- motorised and low-carbon transport “Thank you for cycling” options. This article highlights the key actions in this green transition.

MILJØPAKKEN (GREENER TRONDHEIM) - A PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT In 2008, Trondheim was a city beset

by traffic problems and lacking in Miljøpakken Photo: 34 thinkingcities.com

Trondheim.indd 34 18/11/2016 16:02 “The first measures were Health in Transport including reducing car traffic. At the Environment and implemented in the summer of same time, Trondheim is gaining some 3000 new inhabitants every 2008 with bus lanes being year. The corresponding growth in regulated in the city centre” transport demand must in practice be covered by walking, cycling or public transport. The first measures were implemented in the summer of 2008 with bus lanes being regulated in the city centre. The effects were immediate. Buses arrived at their destinations TRONDHEIM more quickly and car traffic was reduced. The Norwegian parliament approved Miljøpakken in 2009. This gave Trondheim the possibility to receive financial support from the Photo: Knut Opeide, Statens vegvesen Statens Opeide, Knut Photo: state towards implementing the program. The most controversial measure was the re-introduction of a toll system with double charging for rush-hour traffic. Half of the income from the toll system goes to improving the road network while the other half goes to developing green transport solutions. This was an explicit policy goal to transfer funds from motorists to those who use environmentally friendly forms of transport. To date, the results have been impressive. The number of car trips has fallen from 58 per cent to 52.9 per cent. Traffic measured at the city’s toll stations is 17 per cent lower today than in 2010. Use of public transport is up by 60 per cent since 2008. The number of cyclists commuting to and from the city centre has increased by 50 per cent since 2010. The number of people walking to and from the city centre has increased by 28 per cent since funds to build new infrastructure. and cross-administrative project 2010. Finally, local air quality is bet- In the same year the Norwegian involving Trondheim Municipality, ter now than it has been in 20 years. parliament adopted new targets to South-Trøndelag County Authority Proposing Miljøpakken was a make Norway climate neutral by and the National Road Authority. brave move for the politicians. 2030. Local politicians in Trondheim The Green Partnership Agreement Although these restrictive meas- decided to take action. Half of the was born. Miljøpakken or Greener ures were unpopular in the begin- city’s greenhouse gas emissions Trondheim is a partnership for sus- ning, a recent survey2 conducted were transport-related; traffic had tainable transport. The main goal by a local newspaper showed that to be reduced. The City of Trondheim is to cut greenhouse gas emis- public opinion has turned in favour decided to set up a cutting-edge sions through a suite of measures of these measures. 35

Trondheim.indd 35 18/11/2016 16:02 Photo: Knut Opeide, Statens vegvesen supplemented by fully battery electric buses. In terms of holistic and strategic planning matters, STFK has struc- tured their work for future-oriented public transport in five elements: fuels and energy forms, land-use analysis, route structures, super buses in Trondheim and mate- rial strategy (for procurement priorities). In August 2019, the public transportation system in Trondheim will be totally revamped. Three lines of super buses will form the backbone of the system, supplemented by five lines of electric buses and other measures to make the connection as seamless and user- Miljøpakken is soon entering its Trondheim. The SØT-cooperation friendly as possible. third phase in 2017. Earlier this has been developed through three Some 40 fully electric buses will year, Trondheim signed the first periods of three-year-long Interreg be purchased in 2017, and this will Urban Environment Agreement IVA projects during 2008-2018 based be the largest order of its kind in among Norwegian cities. This on the vision of establishing a fossil- Norway. The driving distances vary agreement between the national free, inter-regional transport corri- from 3 to 15 kilometers throughout and local authorities will bring more dor. The 460km of highway E6/E14 the five lines. The electric buses financial resources for green mobil- between Trondheim and Sundsvall will be charged rapidly by panto- ity in Trondheim. is called the Green Highway®. graphs at the end station(s) of each After years of close collabora- line. These vehicles, low in CO2 and GREEN HIGHWAY – tion, the three cities have become other types of emissions and noise A REGIONAL COLLABORATION pioneers in widespread usage of level, are well-suited to the urban IN MID-SCANDINAVIA electric vehicles (EV) and charg- environment. Perhaps even more The Mid-Scandinavian region ing infrastructure. Since 2015, the importantly, an economic analysis between Trondheim in Norway and focus has also shifted to activities Sundsvall in Sweden shares a com- that promote and enhance the total mon cultural heritage and has been value chains of biogas and hydrogen connected through trade and other as options for fossil-free fuels. types of collaboration for more than 1000 years. This connection FOSSIL-FREE PUBLIC has been strengthened through TRANSPORTATION FROM 2019 “Nordens grønne belte (The Nordic In Norway, the regional authorities Green Belt)” under the European are responsible of the public trans- Union Interreg Sweden-Norway port system. While the Norwegian programme3. Other than reduction National Transport Plan for 2018- of GHG emissions and environmen- 2029 has proposed that city buses tal issues, green growth, innova- shall be zero-emission by 2025, tion and job creation are also policy South-Trøndelag County Authority goals of the programme. (STFK) and its public transporta- In recent years, this region tion company AtB aim at achieving has been devoted to sustainable a fossil-free public transportation in mobility. The key drivers of this the Trondheim region as from 2019. Trondheim, Norway’s capital development are the municipali- The buses will be mainly fueled of technology, puts great ties of Sundsvall, Østersund and by biogas and partly by biodiesel, efforts in low-carbon mobility 36 thinkingcities.com

Trondheim.indd 36 18/11/2016 16:02 E-bus lines in Trondheim from autumn 2019 Health in Transport Environment and demonstrated that financial savings with three other university colleges. can be expected from shifting from In light of the merging process, the fossil fuels to electricity4. Norwegian government approved of a large campus concentration initia- ELECTROMOBILITY tive in Trondheim. This move is also IN TRONDHEIM intended to bring great opportuni- Norway adopted its first incentives ties for urban transformation. for electric vehicles (EVs) in 1990. The Knowledge Axis To-date, Norway has the highest (Kunnskapsaksen), stretching from number of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in Sluppen in the south to the water- the world. This substantial growth in front Brattøra/Nyhavna in the north, TRONDHEIM EVs has several attributes, inducing is the playground for future smart a favourable regulatory framework growth in Trondheim. Along the set by the government, substantial Knowledge Axis, there are many financial incentives making EVs a prominent knowledge institutions at cost-saving option in relation to fos- international, national and regional sil fuel models, and construction of approximately 8 per cent of the total level, including NTNU’s city cam- an extensive charging infrastruc- fleet of light vehicles. The major- pus. Physically, this also covers ture to counter fears of limited driv- ity of these vehicles are privately the main axis for public transporta- ing range. The Norwegian success owned and only a small percentage tion. The City of Trondheim aims to shows that an incentives scheme is operated by companies and other showcase the Knowledge Axis as a should be composed of both push fleet owners. Regarding charging zero-emission neighborhood. and pull factors. infrastructure, Trondheim has a The story of Trondheim proves The City of Trondheim is a driver total of 85 charging locations, nine that low-carbon mobility outcomes for local and regional penetration of of which are fast charging stations/ are achievable through a combina- EVs. The density in Trondheim is at locations. Trondheim has also a tion of local, regional, and national present in the region of 31 EVs per full-scale Tesla super-charging sta- policy, and the politicians should 1000 inhabitants. By end of 2016, it tion with eight outlets. Trondheim not be afraid of enacting unpopular is expected that 5870 battery elec- Municipality is constantly in dia- measures. To reach the ambitious tric vehicles (BEVs) and just under logue and collaboration with goals, close working relationships 1400 plug-in hybrid electric vehicles research institutions and industrial with local knowledge institutions (PHEVs) will register, making up actors to promote fossil-free mobil- pay big dividends. ity in the city. REFERENCE ZERO EMISSION 1 http://tinyurl.com/adressa-no 2 http://tinyurl.com/adressa-no2 KNOWLEDGE AXIS 3 http://www.interreg-sverige-norge.com The City Council has set an ambi- 4 http://tinyurl.com/adressa-no3 tious climate goal of 80 per cent reduction of GHG emissions by 2030 (from a 1991 baseline). In order to FYI make Trondheim a smart and sus- Ms. Chin-Yu Lee is tainable city, it is necessary to think Climate Advisor with differently and innovatively and Trondheim Municipality cooperate in a wide network. Bjorn Ove Berthelsen Trondheim Municipality and is Chief Engineer with NTNU have since long established Trondheim Municipality close collaboration in many aspects. chin-yu.lee@trondheim. Photo © Carl-Erik Eriksson, Trondheim Municipality Trondheim Eriksson, Carl-Erik © Photo Trondheim provides itself as a city kommune.no lab for various research and devel- bjorn-ove.berthelsen@ opment activities. From January trondheim.kommune.no 2016, NTNU became the biggest university in Norway after a merger 37

Trondheim.indd 37 18/11/2016 16:02 Urban spins Sarajevo, like many cities in the Western Balkans, Urban cycling is becoming is a city where urban an important transportation cycling has been subsystem in Sarajevo developing at a fast pace in the last decade. The city has started buidling infrastructure but the real catalysts of this positive change have come from civil society organizations and also from the private sector, says Damir Margeta. So what are the challenges to the future development of urban cycling in Sarajevo? What kind of infrastructure is necessary and how can local govenment, civil society organizations and private investors engage and cooperate to improve the cycling experience and make important steps towards making Wilson’s Promenade by the Miljacka River is a major city greener and smarter? cycling corridor and venue of the Giro Bambino event

arajevo is the capital of Bosnia host city of the 16th Winter Olympic in the valley of the river Miljacka, and Herzegovina, with an Games in 1984. More recently, it has where Sarajevo extends in an east- Surban population of 400,000, become known due to the war in west direction for nearly 15 kilom- rising to 688,000 in the metropoli- Bosnia during the early 1990s when eters along the river flow. tan area. Sarajevo is perhaps best the city suffered heavily in the long- The specific geographical position known for the assassination of Franz est siege in the history of modern and shape, together with its turbu- Ferdinand which marked the start of warfare. Geographically, it is sur- lent history during which the city the First World War and also as the rounded by mountains and situated was ruled by the Ottomans, Austro 38 thinkingcities.com

Sarajevo.indd 38 18/11/2016 16:00 Health in Transport Hungarians and the period of Bosnia and lately it has been followed with of transport for citizens during the Environment and as a federal part of two Yugoslavias, a steady trend of bicycle infrastruc- war so that defenders of Sarajevo resulted in a city consisting of three ture development. Urban cycling is could ride to positions of defence and discrete architectual entities with becoming an important transporta- civilians could get food and water to different architectural styles and, tion subsystem in Sarajevo. It aspires their homes in order to survive. As a crucially, different organization and to be a part of the solution to traffic reminder of the tough days, in front treatment of traffic. The road net- jams, lower emissions of greenhouse of Sarajevo’s war hospital, a sculp- work of the city comprises not just gases and traffic pollutio and to bring ture of a bicyle immersed in concrete narrow alleys and streets (sokaci) in many positive effects to the city and its was set as a permanent reminder of Bascarsija (the Ottoman city center) citizens - especially bike commuters. its role in the survival of the besieged and mahalas, the neigborhoods of city. With the establishment of peace, individual housing on the surrond- A SHORT HISTORY OF the bicycle as a means of transporta- SARAJEVO ing hills, wide streets and squares BICYCLE FACILITIES tion was put aside and Sarajevo, as of the Viennese Secession, but also DEVELOPMENT IN SARAJEVO well as other cities in countries in the modern urban highways, along The first bike trails in Sarajevo were transition, experienced oan unprec- which lie the densly populated neigh- built in the 1970s and the first sys- edented accelerateion in individual bourhoods of collective housing in tematic planning of bicycle facilities motorisation that resulted in the tall buildings and skycrapers. was set in the city’s urban develop- more than 135,000 motor vehicles For almost 25 years, Bosnia and ment plan for 1986-2015 when almost registered today. Herzegovina has been an independ- 70 km of bicycle paths were planned However, positive steps toward ent state and its capital is in a phase in the city’s metropolitan area. the development of sustainable of rapid development and demo- The organizing of bicycle transpor- forms of transport have been taken. graphic growth, meaning that there tation was planned on wide boule- In recent years, citizens of Sarajevo is less space available and with vards parallel to the city motorway have spontaneously been opting for a compelling need for increasing and tram tracks as part of a wider a bicycle commute as a lightweight, urbanization. With the rapid personal vision of urban transport and urban fast, flexible alternative form of indi- motorization typically inherent in highways. Here, the cyclists freely vidual transportation. Moreover, the post-transition countries, there are moved together with pedestrians first kilometers of bicycle paths are now more than 130,000 cars reg- in neighborhoods that were built now being built but it is interesting istered in Sarajevo. All this brings under the former Yugoslavia and how this expansion of bicycle com- an additional load on the city’s road subsequently became even more muting occurred. In the early 2000s, network and its public transport urbanized in the post-war period. the bicycle primarly became popular system. Consequently, more com- The realization of the plan to build as a means of recreation for riding plex requirements for planning and bicycle facilities stopped with the on Sarajevo’s surrounding moun- organizing a transportation system beginning of the war between 1992 tains, the terrain providing excellent impose the need for the creation of and 1995 when the city suffered conditions for mountain biking which quality living conditions in the city under siege. Then the bicycle, along has seen it voted as one of the top by following the example of other with sleds, becomes the basic mean destinations in Europe for adventure European cities with an emphasis on Figure 1. Counting the effort to preserve and improve traffic on the first environmental quality. shared-use bicycle However, in the past decade – pedestrian path, there has been much more effort to built in 2010 in increase the awareness of efficient Sarajevo’s Otoka neighborhood energy use, accompanied by debate (*Performed for and actions on making city trans- two hours in the portation more functional. Urban afternoon during cycling is attempting to become part weekdays in the of the move towards a smarter and spring months of May or June in more efficient transportation sys- excellent weather tem in the city. The number of urban when there are the cyclist commuters has been growing most cyclists) every season over the past few years 39

Sarajevo.indd 39 18/11/2016 16:00 tourism. In the following years, the bicycle-pedestrian paths were built at attractive locations in downtown number of cyclists in the streets of in 2010 and different levels of local that were also proposed by Giro di Sarajevo also increased, and several government started to invest public Sarajevo asociates and financed by bike shops have been opened. This money in studies and design docu- the local government, the Center and development marked the start of the mentation, but still without in-depth Old Town municipalities. Further, the bicycle economy in Sarajevo. At the analysis or conducting polls among organisation expanded its work by same time, citizens started notic- the cyclist population and bike shops giving a design proposal for the first ing the lack of bicycle infrastructure and without quality dialogue with bike shelter that was built in May and the underdevelopment of proper organizations who represent them. 2016 in the front yard of Sarajevo’s bicycle facilities. They demanded The ciivil society sector continued Third Gymnasium. substantial construction in order to gaining momentum. Professionals Soon after, a private inves- provide conditions for organizing this from Giro started proposing design tor, Dukat, a major milk company, type of transport. As a result, Giro di solutions for bicycle facilities. First decided to invest in building bike Sarajevo, Sarajevo’s first civil soci- in 2012 for the very first 3 km long shelters in other cities in Bosnia, in ety for the promotion and advocacy bicycle lane in Wilson’s Promenade a public-private partnership with of urban cycling, was established in which garnered substantial media Giro. With their invesment, improved 2008 by a group of bicycle enthusi- coverage and public attention, but no design by Giro’s engineers and with asts who wanted to make a change support from the city or the local offi- the help of the local community and contribute by putting pressure cials. The following year, on Giro’s and local cycling activists, the bike on local government and proposing proposal, the first professionally shelters were built in Mostar, Banja ideas on enhancing bicycle commut- designed bicycle parking lot with a Luka, Tuzla and Biha´c with strong ing in the city. capacity for 20 bikes was built in front prospects of continuing the project in of the BBI Center, the most impor- the future in other cities. CIVIL SOCIETY ROLE IN tant shopping mall in the city centre. THE BICYCLE FACILITIES The mall owners alotted the land BUILDING BICYCLE DEVELOPMENT and Center Municipality financed the PATHS IN SARAJEVO Later that same year, a mass pro- building of the parking. This was the Meanwhile, starting in 2014 the test cyclist ride was held in which first introduction of the ‘staple’ racks City Council and County of Sarajevo almost 600 cyclists blocked traf- in Sarajevo and was the first cooper- Road Authority started building the fic in the city’s main streets and ation of private, non-governmet sec- first kilometers of bicyle paths on demanded local authorities address tor and local government in bicycle the territory of Novi Grad, Ilidza and the non-existence of bicycle facili- facilities development. Novo Sarajevo municipalities. Paths ties by devoting urgent attention to This admittedly small but impor- were usally built on the the wide it with participation from the public. tant step later led to the setting up boulevards where they were easily In the years that followed the event of several other bicycle parking lots integrated into the walkways or as became a favorite September tradi- a recovery of previous bicycle paths tion of Sarajevo’s cyclist community from the Yugoslav period. In only As the organization acquired two years, 10 km of bike paths were recognition, the local govern- recovered and built. ment started to pay more atten- Likewise in every country without tion to cyclists as a growing trend, experience in designing and building but still without making decisive bicycle infrastructure and without moves to meeting their needs in proper strategy for its development, order to acommodate urban cycling these paths suffered from many and reap its benefits. The next year technical deficiencies such as the Giro organized another event that inability to create a direct and coher- became traditional, Giro Bambino, ent bike path network between dif- where the youngest Sarajevans were ferent municipalities or the omission taught cycling safety on a bicycle rid- of denivelation on bicycle-pedestrian ing range on Wilson’s Promenade, paths where this method of traffic next to the Miljacka River. Soon, with segregation could have been used in the push from the non-government A cyclist traverses Skenderija Bridge order to physically separate cyclists sector, the first short sections of and pedestrians. 40 thinkingcities.com

Sarajevo.indd 40 18/11/2016 16:00 Health in Transport Preservation of physical obsta- as a fully fledged mode of transpor- Environment and cles like city light posts within the tation in the city. bike paths that later had to be relo- One solution to the present situa- cated or the complete conversion of tion and a way for the future can be walkways to bike paths were also the devising of a proper strategy that shotcomings of the newly built bicy- will include a set of actions. First, cle facilities in Sarajevo. In spite of the process of planning, designing these problems, its construction and building of bicycle facilities has represented a big push toward the to be meaningful and professionally development of urban cycling in organized to provide proper capac- Sarajevo and showed the willingness ity in proper areas and locations in of the local government to invest the city. New bicycle facilities must SARAJEVO public money in this mode of trans- not be built randomly and without portation. However, the topic needs considering the needs of Sarajevo’s to be addressed more profession- cyclist. There is a need for thorough Bike shelters installed ally, transparently and closely in the in Bihac this year analysis, surveys and traffic sur- future phases with necessary partic- vey as it was previously practiced. ipation of all relevant stakeholders rented bikes 17,000 times and rode Designers have to respect positive because the length and construc- them more than 40,000 km, with each engineering solutions and success- tion of unconnected sections of bike bike being rented about 2.4 times per ful examples from other countries, paths in not enough to encourage day. According to all relevant indica- not just Bosnian guidelines for bicy- urban cycling in the city. tors of operation, Sarajevo’s public cle facility design. bike-share system is keeping pace In the case of Sarajevo, there are BIKE-SHARE SYSTEM – ANOTHER with previously implemented similar established civil society organizations GIANT STEP FORWARD public bike share schemes in other and pofessionals that have already Final proof that urban cycling has a capitals of the region. gained experience in the planning of bright future in Sarajevo occured in The fact that the most rentals take bicycle facilities, for which they have June 2016 when the biggest break- place during the morning and after- received recognition by the public. It through in the development of the noon peak hours indicates that the is worth nothing that more than 3,000 bicycle commute as a subsystem scheme has established itself as a cyclists joined the Giro di Sarajevo of public transport in Sarajevo hap- sub-system of the city’s public trans- protest ride this year. Additionally, pened - the introduction of a public port network and shows the clear it is important to establish public- bike-share system, Nextbike. Unlike need to expand the network of sta- private partnerships in future devel- other European cities, the system is tions to attractive locations in the city opment of bike-share schemes and financed entirely by private funds. to keep bikes available to as many to develop it in accordance with the A group of young entrepreneurs, citizens as possible. traffic demandof Sarajevo’s citizens. employed in one Sarajevo’s top mar- Finally, coordinated and professional keting agencies, decided to offer a A LOOK TO THE NEAR FUTURE work will result in a mutual goal bike-share service to the citizens. The trend of urban commuters riding of enhancing the bicycle commute Although the basin relief of Sarajevo bikes as transportation of choice will experience and developing it in a fully and the complicated and long proce- surely grow in future years - it will organized and sustainable transpor- dures for acquiring permits for avail- grow even without any further devel- tation sub-system that will improve able public spaces in the city were opment of the cycle path network overall transportation and livability in limiting factors for the rapid devel- in the city. This trend offers many Sarajevo. opment of Nextbike, this public bike- advantages to the city and its people. share system has become a great Even though the number of cyclists success. on the city road network is still not FYI Today it operates at seven stations big enough to cause serious traf- Damir Margeta is infrastructure at attractive locations and has a fleet fic issues, it is reasonable to expect manager of Giro di Sarajevo of 50 bikes. In the first five months of that problems of insufficient bicycle [email protected] operation, the system counted nearly infrastructure with some noticeable 4,000 registered users, of which 1300 technical shortcomings may hinder Girodisarajevo.ba actively use Nextbike service. They the establishment of urban cycling 41

Sarajevo.indd 41 18/11/2016 16:00 WHY ATTEND THEAbout CONFERENCE? the conference

Learn about the innovativeThe 2016 transport Polis Conference projects takes and place policies on 1 and pursued 2 December by cities in and Rotterdam. regions Gain insight into the futureThe Annual direction Polis Conferenceof urban and provides regional an opportunity mobility for cities, metropolitan areas and regions to showcase their transport Discuss European transportachievements policies to a for large urban audience, and and regional for the mobility wider transport Learn about current practicescommunity and to engage future with plans representatives to: of local and regional Reduce the environmentalauthorities on innovative impact transport of road solutions. transport; More effectivelyThe manage conference the offers movement a mix of high-level of people plenary and sessions, goods; with Deliver safer prominentroads and figures a more debating secure topical issuestransport and trends, network; and technical sessions showing innovation in policy and practice across the Manage transporttransport demand spectrum. and Each assess session the will social aim to and offer economic a mix of benefits of transportcontributions measures. on current practice and future plans (in cities and regions), academic research and industry initiatives. Sessions will be Gain understanding ofdelivered the research in different needs formats, for including sustainable workshops, mobility round-tables in andcities and regions short, focused presentation-style sessions. Network with local and regional transport decision-makers from around Europe This year’s conference’s technical sessions will showcase many of the key topics recently explored by Polis within its thematic working groups and projects. These topics, proposed by Polis members, are listed on the next page.

Last year’s Polis conference in Brussels welcomed more than 400 delegates, including members of Polis, i.e. transport practitioners and policy makers from Wish local and regionalto exhibit authorities; transportor sponsor? professionals and decision makers from other public authorities; representatives of the transport industry, transport researchers & consultants; and high-levelSponsorship representatives and and exhibiting experts from offers the an excellent opportunity to T 2016 i CnnEuropean institutions. meet both n officers 1 nd and 2 elected officials of local and regional in d. Event language: Englishgovernments from around Europe. Enhance the visibility of your organisation or initiative through one of the sponsorship and exhibition packages, which are accessible via the T Ann i Cnn idconference n webpage niwww.polisnetwork.eu/2016conference . ii in nd inFor more information contact i Julie Lucca, n inAbout Polis [email protected] din nd , tel +32 id 2 500 56 83. Since 1989, European local and regional authorities have been n niworking togethern within i the Polis ni network to promote sustainable mobility through the deployment of innovative transport solutions. nd in iiPolis fosters n cooperation inni and partner nships across Europein. with the aim of making research and innovation in transport more accessible to cities and regions. 2016PolisConference T nn i i- n in CONTACT: Current president of the network is the city of Rotterdam, hosting this 12December,Rotterdam,theNetherlands i inn year’s conference. din i i nd nd nd Rue duni Trone 98 in inTel +32 innin (0)2 500 56in i70 [email protected] i B-1050 Brussels, Belgium www.polisnetwork.eu/2016conferenceFax +32 (0)2 500 56 80 www.polisnetwork.eu n . @POLISnetwork facebook.com/polisnetwork http://www.polisnetwork.eu/2016conference www.polisnetwork.ehttp://www.polisnetwork.eu/become-memberu/2016conference First announcement and call for speakers

Innovation in Transport for Sustainable Cities and Regions Submission deadline: 22 May 2016 www.polisnetwork.eu/2016conference

Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 17:11

The annual event of the leading European network of cities and regions on transport innovation The section on Mobility, Multimodality and Traffic Efficiency addresses Mobility, Multimodality and issues related to network management, network efficiency and innovative Mobility, services, with a particular focus on Intelligent Transport Systems Traffic Efficiency o Tallinn – Free transport for all is more than a dream Multimodality o Toulouse – A new mobility strategy where everybody wins o Electric Vehicles – How smart cities and Traffic are embracing EV culture Efficiency o Berlin – Who will win the new mobility race?

Dividers.indd 33 18/11/2016 16:13 Free ride The dream of free public transport in Estonia’s capital, by Daniela Stoycheva

specially commissioned Eurobarometer survey pub- A lished in December 2013 indicated that cheaper public transport is considered by 59 per cent of Europeans as the most important measure that could improve travel within cities (in Denmark that figure was 75 per cent; in Germany and the Netherlands and 67 per cent in Austria). Some citizens, however, such as those in Bucharest, have looked at a political campaign pro- Tallinn has bucked the posal to make public transport in the trend for targeted free city free, albeit with a sceptical eye. ridership and made it available to all of the Many have claimed that such a meas- city’s 440,000 residents ure will make the quality of the fleets and the rides even worse. Targeted free ridership of the sort to offer free public transport and that Across Europe, a number of Hasselt has now is much more com- this right is universal in the city, being smaller sized cities tried to intro- mon around the world. Many cities for all residents of Tallinn and not just duce free public transport in the and college towns in the United States for targeted groups. Since January late 1990s: Templin in Germany; have free ‘circulator’ buses on down- 2013, Estonia’s capital made public Châteauroux and Aubagne in France; town or campus routes. Singapore is transport on buses, trams, trolley- and Hasselt, Belgium, to name a experimenting with free train rides buses and commuter trains in the city few. Ridership in all of those places early in the morning to relieve crowd- free for residents. increased substantially when fares ing during the morning rush hour. Started as a political idea, the ini- were removed. Hasselt, one of the And Chengdu, China, has offered a tiative has been very popular with most closely analysed, made buses mix of all these: free rides for seniors, Tallinners ever since its introduction. free in 1997 and ridership increased free rides on 44 central bus lines and A 2010 survey showed that 49 per cent more than tenfold, but ultimatelyit free rides from 5-7 am on all terres- of respondents expressed dissatis- was not sustainable. Facing budget trial public transport excluding the faction with fares, more than twice problems, Hasselt had to reintroduce underground. the number who complained about fares after 16 years, although young What has made Tallinn the ‘capital crowding and frequency of service. people, seniors and those receiving of free public transport’ is, however, In a recent opinion poll, nine out of 10 public benefits can still ride for free. that it is the largest city in the world people said they were happy with how 44 thinkingcities.com

Tallinn.indd 44 18/11/2016 13:54 Mobility, Multiodality and

for investing in such an undertaking Traffic Efficiency money that was freed up from other places, such as the construction of public water and sewer infrastructure, which was about to end. The merger of two municipal transit companies, one that ran the buses and the other the trams and trolleybuses, brought some savings from administration costs. Tallinn’s mayor, Edgar Savisaar, unveiled the idea of making pub- TALLINN lic transport free in the beginning of 2012, saying that it would relieve traffic jams, reduce the number of accidents and above all provide better access to public transport to families in economically difficult situations. The city administration put the question to a referendum conducted among Tallinn residents, where 76 per cent of those who did vote said ‘yes’ to free public transport. So how does it work in practice? Public transport is free only for Tallinn residents. For €2 they are entitled to a “green card”, which allows them limitless travel within the city. Residents do need however to swipe the card over a validating device when boarding the vehicles. They also must carry an identifica- tion card proving that they are a registered resident of Tallinn. The registered resident part is cru- Tallinn is the largest city in the cial to how Tallinn is paying for its free public transport. Before, there world to offer free public transport were thousands of unregistered resi- and this right is universal in the city, dents of Tallinn, meaning that they lived in the city but were paying taxes being for all residents of the city, not to another town or village where they had previously lived. just for targeted groups Now, free public transport is an incentive for those people to register free public transport has been work- strong or moderate impact to their and get on Tallinn’s tax rolls. Since ing so far. The results of the first year shopping and free time spending pat- the free public transport referen- were the best so far: an increase of terns. In 2014 and 2015 the number of dum in March 2012 the population of municipal public transport rides with trips had stabilised. Tallinn has increased by more than 6,5 per cent and decrease of car traf- 25,000 residents and subsequently fic in the city centre by 15 per cent. THE FINANCIAL EQUATION exceeded 440,000. They contribute Nearly 15 per cent of residents claim At the start of the project, the munici- new annual revenues of about €10 that free public transport has had pality decided that its budget allowed million - almost equal to the €12 45

Tallinn.indd 45 18/11/2016 13:54 Tallinn residents are entitled to a Green Card that officials from Europe and China in a enables them to travel on public transport for free conference organised in August 2013: “We are frequently asked…why we are offering free-of-charge public transport. It is actually more appropriate to ask why most cities in the world still don’t.” However, the economics of free transit may be different in other cities. One reason why it has worked in Tallinn is that the system was highly subsidized to begin with. That is not the case in London, for example, where fares account for 85 per cent of public transport revenues. Free fares there would leave a gaping budget hole. “It is easier to waiver the ticket revenue if there’s already a large subsidy,” Aas said on Tallinn TV. “The subsidised part used to be 70 per cent in Tallinn. Now it’s 94 per cent.” Since the free public transport Different from Hasselt, Tallinn also referendum in March 2012 the has its own public transport operator, thus making the scheme less vulner- population of Tallinn has increased able from outside price hikes. As the Swedish researchers con- by more than 25,000 residents and cluded in their study, the most impor- subsequently exceeded 440,000 tant lesson is financial stability and being able to do that sustainably in the long run. million that the city budget has lost The big question now is whether The city does not only have to from not collecting ticket fares. Tallinn will be able to sustain free replace the income lost to fare col- “If all the registrants were tax- transit in the long run or go the way lection on an annual basis, but also payers,” says Deputy Mayor Taavi of Hasselt. The first three years have to guarantee that the network can Aas, “then the project costs of free shown that the former was possi- be extended and the level of service transportation would be covered.” In ble. The city even bought new hybrid improved. In Estonia, a very large addition, Tallinn has also increased buses and has plans to replace all share of the local budget comes from parking tariffs that keeps cars away buses with modern ones within five municipal taxes. Therefore, the city of from the city centre and provides years. Tramlines are also under ren- Tallinn did their calculations very well additional income to the city budget. ovation and there are currently plans when they introduced the scheme. to purchase 20 brand new trams. DEMOGRAPHIC BENEFITS Indeed, as Andres Harjo, Head of Researchers from the Centre for Tallinn’s Transport Department says, FYI Transport Studies, Royal Institute it is important to remember that price Daniela Stoycheva is of Technology in Sweden have also is not everything. Free rides will not Project Manager at Polis found evidence of social benefits in be effective if public transport vehi- [email protected] the form of improved access to the cles become overcrowded, slow, city. Of all the districts in Tallinn, uncomfortable or unreliable. Quality For more information on transit ridership jumped the most is also an important factor to bring Tallinn’s free public transit in Lasnamäe, a densely populated new passengers to public transport. scheme contact Allan Alaküla, area with high unemployment and Head of Tallinn EU office a large ethnic minority population of LESSONS FOR CITY FOLLOWERS [email protected] Russians. Mayor Savisaar said in front of 46 thinkingcities.com

Tallinn.indd 46 18/11/2016 13:54 You stopped to look because it’s cute

You’ll only keep coming back if it’s got something to say

EUROPE AND REST EUROPEOF THE AND WORLD REST ™ OF THEEDITION WORLD ™ EDITION

thinkinghighways.com The intelligent choice for ITS thinkinghighways.comVolume 11 Number 1 • April 2016 The intelligent choice for ITS Volume 10 Number 3 Sep/Oct 2015 ™ INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND ADVANCED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT EC PROJECTS INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION ITS WORLD CONGRESS Revisiting ICT-Emissions and Kevin Borras talks to Innovate Your ITS systems have to be Focus on Austria, the UK and re-using and sharing FOT-NET UK’s Head of Transport, Roland agile in order to succeed, says Bordeaux itself as the ITS world Data, p22-27 Meister, p34 Jude Paterson, p44 gets a taste of France, p62-68 INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND ADVANCED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT THE VISIONARIES INTEGRATED TheUP evolution CLOSE of the traffic ANDcontrol centre TRANSPORT PERSONAL SYSTEMS Mobility as a Service: What are the consequences of migrating part two of a glimpse towards autonomous mobility? into the future of ITS Print • Digital • Broadcast PEOPLE SKILLS What is a smart city without smart citizens? The intelligent choice for ITS, advanced traffic

EMBRACING CHANGE management and smart urban mobility KevinPROCESS Borras talks to MAKES IRD CEO Terry Bergan Powered by PERFECT H Ten years of Thinkin10g Highways VEHICLEPaul Glover on-TO the- EVERYTHINGMiddle East’s Welcometechnology to exploitationthe connected drive future

PLUS: ENFORCEMENT • WIM • CAPACITY MANAGEMENT • BUDAPEST • CONNECTED CARS • ESTONIA • TEV • ENFORCEMENT • VRUITS • BIG DATA • MODULAR CARS thinkinghighways.com

THE_0116_C.indd 1 19/0/2016 10:909:9

Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 15:51 Toulouse to win Mary Malicet examines Greater Toulouse’s new mobility strategy

MTC-Tisséo, the public trans- more than 1 million inhabitants, with • Two automatic metro lines (A port authority for the Greater Toulouse as the central city repre- and B) with 27 km in total SToulouse area, is currently senting 450,000 inhabitants. • Two tramway lines (T1 and T2) revising its Sustainable Urban The public transport network, with 16 km in total Mobility Plan, called the “Mobilities which registered over 170 million • A bus network of 90 urban lines 2020-2025-2030 Project”. The ter- validations in 2015 in Toulouse’s with 870 km and 595 buses ritory has to face an unprecedented metropolitan area “Tisséo”, offers: • Transport on Demand bus rising demand for travel, while antic- network ipating the mobility of tomorrow. SMTC-Tisséo comprises four inter-municipality associations, defining transport development and investment policy. Currently it is responsible for a large territory covering 115 municipalities and

48 thinkingcities.com

TOULOUSE.indd 48 18/11/2016 13:56 Mobility, Multiodality and

Toulouse’s projected particulate matter limits being regu- Traffic Efficiency network map in 2025 larly exceeded. Thus, this significant demographic dynamic strongly impacts travel demand: by 2025, 500,000 additional daily trips, all modes included, will have to be absorbed by the Tisséo public transport network - that is the equivalent of the current daily fre- quentation of the Tisséo network in 2015, or indeed of the ringroad. TOULOUSE THE “MOBILITIES 2020- 2025-2030” PROJECT As a response, SMTC-Tisséo is com- mitting to an ambitious transport policy with the “Mobilities 2020- 2025-2030” project (equivalent to its SUMP revision) that will answer the growing demand for travel, limit congestion and atmospheric pollution phenomena and maintain economic vitality and the quality of life. One main objective is to welcome and manage half of the 500,000 additional daily trips on the current and future Tisséo network. • Service for People with Reduced and studying. Key figures include: Three major objectives are Mobility • 115,000 students pursued: • Parks and Ride with 7255 slots • + 15,000 new inhabitants every • Reinforce accessibility to the • Bicycle parks year metropolitan area of Toulouse, • Mobility management services • + 7000 new jobs every year • Maintain the attractiveness (Carpooling service, Mobility • + 150,000 new jobs over the last of business and employment Agency, Workplace Mobility 20 years. areas, Plans for companies,) • Organize the mobility conditions • Carsharing (Citiz) and bikeshar- However, some areas are still poorly in the perspective of a sustained ing (VélôToulouse) services. served by public transport facilities, growth. especially the world competitiveness In France, cities with over one million cluster Aerospace Valley (dedicated As well as one cross-cutting inhabitants must adopt a Sustainable to aeronautics, space and embedded challenge: Urban Mobility Plan. In Toulouse, systems) with its 70 000 jobs. • Anticipate the mobility of this framework document aiming at Besides, transport infrastructures tomorrow. planning major transport infrastruc- (ring road, high speed roads, metro • Three levers are being targeted: tures and mobility services is estab- line A) are increasingly saturated • Modal shift, or how to operate lished by SMTC-Tisséo in a collegial (3.8 million trips a day, all modes train, metro, tram, bus, walking, manner with its four members and of transport included, over Greater cycling, car-sharing all together. other associated public entities. Toulouse), with only 8 per cent • Coherence between urban commuting trips being made using planning and mobility, or how HALF A MILLION MORE public transport (the great majority to develop the city and public JOURNEYS BY 2025 being made in private vehicles, dur- transportation simultaneously. Toulouse is one of the most dynamic ing the rush hour, with ever longer • Organization of road networks and attractive metropolitan areas in journey times). Crucially there are and parking, or how best to France in terms of economy, housing significant health risks with fine develop and manage the roads 49

TOULOUSE.indd 49 18/11/2016 13:56 • Shared mobility – carsharing, dynamic carpooling, car rental between individuals, bike sharing, motorcycle sharing, etc; • Multimodal, multi-service and connected interchanges; • Test of self-driving public transport shuttles on experimental sites; • Evolutionary and connected public spaces, smart housing related to mobility.

Moreover, the development of partnerships with public and private stakeholders will be developed One of Toulouse’s forthcoming measures: the Lineo bus network to take full advantage of the local comprising 10 smart new lines ecosystem.

and parking spaces. transport), dedicated lane, PUBLIC CONSULTATION • A total of Euro4 billion are wide and accessible cabins, AND NEXT STEPS scheduled to be invested in high frequency, operating Based on wide consultation ongo- major public transport projects hours equivalent to metro and ing since 2015 (official consulta- under the auspices of HORIZON Linéo; tions and thematic com¬missions as 2025, including: • Doubling the capacity of Metro well as additional partnership • A 3rd Metro line “Toulouse line A – to answer the growing meetings), the “Mobilities 2020- Aerospace Express” - a new demand during rush hours: 2025-2030” project was formalised major diagonal for economy, • Stations and trains extended by SMTC-Tisséo elected officials in innovation and quality of life: to 52 meters (currently 26 October 2016. • 20 stations; meters), higher frequency This step had launched the offi- • A 28 km line; cial debate with associated public • Urban, national and inter- ANTICIPATING THE entities (State, Occitanie Region, national connections (urban MOBILITY OF TOMORROW Haute-Garonne Department, munici- network, rail station, airport); Beyond the major planned infra- palities, user associations, economic • 65 per cent of employments structure projects, anticipating the development councils and so on) to be served by the Tisséo mobility of tomorrow in terms of new in view of the final approval of the network and half of the inhab- mobilities and new usages is key to “Mobilities 2020-2025-2030” project itants to be less than 10 min- better answer users’ future needs. by SMTC-Tisséo early 2018. utes from the network; Based on users’ experience in the • A High Performance Bus net- current and future transport network “Lineo” - 10 efficient, reli- work, lines of innovation are being FYI able and comfortable lines: proposed in the “Mobilities 2020- Mary Malicet is EU Project • higher frequency, more 2025-2030” project - including the Manager, Innovation and regularity, operating hours following areas of reflection: Partnerships, at Tisséo- equivalent to metro and tram, • 4G connection in metro lines; SMTC, the Public Transport better accessibility; • Dematerialized transport tickets Authority for the Greater • An innovative urban Cable Car (smartphone), integrated multi- Toulouse area, France system for the south belt of the modal pricing, remote purchase [email protected]; metropolitan area: of tickets; [email protected] • rapid (10 minutes journey ; • Multimodal mobile application when currently 20 minutes by integrating traffic and parking tinyurl.com/tisseo-smtc car and 45 minutes by public data, accessible paths, etc; 50 thinkingcities.com

TOULOUSE.indd 50 18/11/2016 13:56 2017 19-21 Sep

INTERNATIONAL CYCLING CONFERENCE bridging the gap between research and practice International Cycling Conference 2017 19.–21. September, Germany, Mannheim, Baroque Palace

More Information and Call for Papers: www.uba.de/en/icc2017 Abstract submission: 16. December 2016

161020_Anzeige_ICC.indd 1 20.10.16 16:52 frontierCities2 – An opportunity for cities to access tried and tested smart city solutions

frontierCities (www.fi-frontiercities.eu) is an EC-funded acceleration programme under the EC’s Future Internet (FIWARE) programme (www.fiware.org), supporting SMEs and start-ups to develop, test and commercialise innovative smart city solutions. Described as best practice by an independent EC review the programme currently includes 28 companies www.fi-frontiercities.eu/gallery) trialling or deploying solutions in 45+ cities across Europe (http://www.fi-frontiercities.eu/cities).

One smart mobility solution has helped a UK County Council generate savings of more than EUR 1.5 million annually, and improved local citizens’ satisfaction with the Council’s services. Another car-sharing solution has secured the backing of Mercedes-Benz, and has also announced an innovative partnership with a large national taxi cooperative.

frontierCities2 - An opportunity for Smart Cities!

frontierCities2 will build on the success to-date, expanding the network of trial and deployment cities to a 100+ cities! A new frontierCities Call for Proposals will be launched during December 2016 or January 2017, including Market Acceleration Grants to help bring existing tested solutions to new cities and markets, and FI-Tech Development & Acceleration Grants for developing new FIWARE-enabled solutions.

If you would like to express an interest in finding out more about these solutions, or having an SME test a solution addressing a need in your city, send an email to [email protected]. To find out more, send an email to [email protected] or visit the frontierCities2 stand at the Annual Polis Conference in Rotterdam on 1-2 December 2016.

frontierCities.indd 2 18/11/2016 16:20 A new way of Electric vehicles are playing an increasingly crucial role in the development of smart thinking cities, says Sander Van Der Veen

he term ‘Smart Cities’ or cities, at the very least, are self- FROM RENEWABLES TO ‘Thinking Cities’ are phrases sustainable, generating power from ELECTRIC VEHICLES T that sound very cool but what a mix of centralised and distributed Ideally, smart cities should have a do they actually mean? We come power sources such as solar, wind near-100 per cent renewable energy across these buzzwords more and and hydro. All appliances in a smart generation capacity. However, we more, yet everyone has different city should be completely intercon- need to take into consideration that views on what they mean. It’s not the nected. In an ideal scenario, a full these power sources are by nature intention of this article to lay down yet implementation of the Internet of intermittent: the wind doesn’t blow another definition, but to zoom into Things would mean that all devices - every day and the sun doesn’t shine the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in cars, powerplants, dishwashers etc. at night. smart cities a bit more. are online and constantly transmit- Even during the day there may Most people agree that smart ting and receiving data. be periods of strong wind and clear

The advent of the Internet of Things has opened up a whole new world of opportunities for the electric vehicle and energy generation sectors

52 thinkingcities.com

New Motion EVs.indd 52 18/11/2016 16:10 Mobility, Multiodality and Traffic Efficiency ELECTRIC VEHICLES/INTERNET OF THINGS

skies followed by grey skies without work into solving both of the above Imagine everyone drives an EV and a breeze. problems at once: stationary battery plugs it in when coming home from This can create a situation where storage. The most vivid example is work. This peak load can easily be suddenly we need to generate more the Tesla Powerwall. These batteries addressed by discharging stationary power to meet the demand. Today, we do exactly what you expect; they store storage batteries on the grid. have a large amount of mainly gas- energy when there is an oversupply The interesting thing here is that fired powerplants that can quickly of power and discharge again when EVs themselves are essentially bat- ramp up to fill in the gaps. The oppo- there is a shortage of power. The teries on wheels. That means that site also happens today. For example, additional advantage here is that this everything just described above can in Germany there is so much solar process takes milliseconds rather and will equally be carried out by and wind power that on occasion we than minutes in case of traditional electric vehicles. As such, EVs play an need to put that to work somewhere power plants. essential role in a smart city’s energy (we can’t stop the wind or sunshine at Stationary battery storage helps management. Not many people real- will) which, believe or not, results in to fill the gaps with a renewable ise it, but it is the first time in human Germany paying neighbouring coun- energy generation capacity. But even history that the automotive industry tries to use their electricity. on a more local scale it will help to becomes interlinked with the electric The industry is putting heaps of address peaks in energy demand. industry.

ENERGY TRADING In Germany there is so much solar When all devices are connected to the Internet, it opens a world of and wind power that on occasion we opportunities that we cannot even begin to imagine today. One aspect need to put that to work somewhere that is particularly interesting is trad- that often results in Germany paying ing of energy. When energy pricing becomes real-time for every con- neighbouring countries to use nected device, it becomes entirely thinkable to set trading rules for their electricity devices. This is particularly powerful for local communities that want to 53

New Motion EVs.indd 53 18/11/2016 16:10 This is the first time in human history that the automotive industry has become interlinked with the electricity industry

go largely ‘off grid’. Imagine a street producing solar kWhs at home with the next generation charging mecha- where half the households have solar your solar panels can now be used nisms, wireless charging, are already panels and energy storage and the to charge your electric vehicle at any underway and will be adopted on other half has not. You could think of public charge point. a large scale in smart cities. In the a system where for every kWh that is smart city all parking bays will be fed back into the grid, a household WIRELESS CHARGING equipped with induction plates on gets a virtual energy token, let’s call it Many people today have never the floor. By simply parking your car an ‘electricoin’. Neighbouring houses plugged in a car and are definitely in the bay, your car will be charged might use their ‘electricoins’ to pay not used to seeing cars hooked up to wirelessly via the induction plate. If for the energy that someone else charge points via a cable. However, that sounds far-fetched, think of how in the street has produced, your electric toothbrush without intervention from a charges. To take it a step central third party. Sonnen, a further, all roads in the German-based battery manu- city will consist of induc- facturing company is pioneer- tion plates ensuring your ing with this with their Sonnen car is charging while Community. driving. All EV charging networks Today, most cars are across the country would standing still for 80 per be completely interoper- cent of the time – this is able because they all accept not a very efficient use ‘electricoins’ as a payment of that capital to say the method. Everyone carries his least. In a smart city the ‘electricoins’ in his virtual wal- reverse situation would let. That means that the ‘elec- occur, in which cars are tricoins’ that you earned by in use 80 per cent of the 54 thinkingcities.com

New Motion EVs.indd 54 18/11/2016 16:10 Mobility, Multiodality and

time. Very few people would still rolling out of the factory today has all electric vehicles that can be hailed via Traffic Efficiency own a car privately, except for the the necessary hardware on board to an app. hobbyists among us. Cars become be able to drive fully autonomously. increasingly comparable with public To prepare the system, each and SCARY? transportation. every Tesla car on the road will use Every device connected to the Car manufacturers are no longer the coming two years to learn from Internet? Driverless cars? Energy scrutinised by their shareholders on real life situations and adjust its trading with neighbours? It may how many cars they have sold in a algorithms accordingly. Because sound scary and, to a certain degree, given year, but rather on how many thousands upon thousands of Teslas rightfully so. As we are increasing the miles they have sold. Entire fleets of are sharing these experiences with connectivity in our lives we are los- cars are constantly running through each other, the combined experience ing more of our privacy. Not only that, the city and can be hailed by any- makes the car itself a better driver we are introducing more and more ELECTRIC VEHICLES/INTERNET OF THINGS one who’s in need. These cars are than any person alive. Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI can be equipped with the latest and greatest A great example of this is hailing our friend and help us to improve our technologies and will autonomously of taxi from apps that have become standards of living, but as Elon Musk bring you to your destination, while ingrained into our everyday life very and Prof Stephen Hawking often you are getting some work done in quickly. In a matter of only a few point out, can also threaten our very the car. years the likes of Uber have spread existence. As much as I am an engi- This also not too hard to imag- across the entire globe with their neer and fan of technology, I think ine and, perhaps, not as far away in ride-hailing apps. Tesla will soon they have a valid point. We as the the future as you might think. Tesla introduce their Tesla Network, which human species will need to decide recently announced that every car completes the picture of self-driving collectively to what extent we are willing to give up our privacy as well as our control over the machines we use. The day that AI reaches human- level intelligence may well be the last day as we know it, for we have never experienced life on earth with a being that is smarter than ourselves and we have no way of knowing what that being would do so we better be extremely careful with this. I’d like to end with a positive note here. The development towards smart cities means there will be an enormous amount of jobs created to get there. If we get it right, it results in a quality of life much better than it is today and hopefully with welfare much better spread across the globe. Electric vehicles are just one cog in the machine.

FYI Car manufacturers will no longer Sander Van Der Veen is Country Manager, UK, be scrutinised by their shareholders for The New Motion on how many cars they have sold www.thenewmotion.co.uk s.vanderveen@ in a given year, but rather on how thenewmotion.co.uk many miles they have sold 55

New Motion EVs.indd 55 18/11/2016 16:10 A disruptive shade of green Who will win the new mobility race? Egbert Huenewaldt looks at how current developments are shaking up the mobility market

56 thinkingcities.com

GBD.indd 56 18/11/2016 13:58 Mobility, Multiodality and

he mobility market is shifting Currently, an important task for dynamic market. More than 200 Traffic Efficiency from product-based to service- authorities and public transport experts from eight countries par- Tbased modes of business. With agencies (PTAs) is to grasp the rap- ticipated in this study. Respondents increasing digitalization and emerg- idly evolving market for new mobility included experts from nine business ing disruptive mobility services, a services. Since PTAs are organized sectors: the automotive industry, growing demand for innovative, inte- at a local level, in most cases, their start-ups, public transport agencies, grated, and well-managed mobil- new mobility services maintain a accelerators and incubators, inves- ity solutions is being met by various local individual focus with low rates tors, consultancies, governments start-ups. These are trying to har- of transferability. and public sector, research institutes ness the momentum of new market The Berlin-based consultancy and universities. Mobility services opportunities and profitable growth. Green Business Development (GBD) are regarded as comprehensive With a wide range of new start-ups conducted an independent expert solutions that integrate the users’ BERLIN surfacing offering fast-changing new survey with the aim to bring more mobility ecosystems. In this study mobility solutions, the concept of new transparency into the new mobil- the term ‘new mobility’ includes vari- mobility services has moved beyond ity market. GBD’s European new ous forms of new mobility services: merely being a hot-topic. As a conse- mobility survey 2016 is the first car-sharing, ride-sharing, e-hailing, quence, the European new mobility Europe-wide expert survey on the intermodal mobility services, park- market is becoming transparent. development of this extremely ing services and logistics services.

Fig.1: Opinions regarding liberal mobility legislation / Fig.2: New mobility hotspots in Europe / Fig. 3: Cities vs. rural areas Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3

GBD.indd 57 18/11/2016 13:58 LEGISLATION PLAYS A CRUCIAL support liberal mobility legislation focus on cities first. While currently ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF (figure 1). rural areas appear to be chronically THE MOBILITY MARKET neglected, 77 per cent of experts see Against the backdrop of changing CONTRASTING DEVELOPMENTS an opportunity for mobility service pro- mobility behaviour, innovative con- IN CITIES AND RURAL AREAS viders to explore this attractive niche cepts, resources, as well as organi- Currently, new mobility solutions by adapting their offer structures and zational and technical solutions mainly target large urban areas. developing innovative schemes are necessary. This also includes Concepts such as carsharing and a change in mobility legislation. intermodal mobility services have START-UPS ARE DISRUPTING According to 60 per cent of experts, already arrived in metropolitan areas THE MOBILITY MARKET mobility legislation should become with mature infrastructure and large The mobility market is changing from more liberal. While the agreement populations in place. Higher density a two-pillar model of public transport in most countries ranges from 48-70 makes cities particularly attractive. and the automotive industry to a tri- per cent, amongst Israeli experts the According to experts, the new mobil- angular relationship with start-ups. call for liberal mobility legislation ity hotspots of the next few years are The protagonists who cooperate with to ensure efficient urban mobility expected to be London (35 per cent), start-ups will have a decisive market is the highest (83 per cent). French Berlin (32 per cent) and Amsterdam advantage. 78 per cent of experts experts, however, remain scepti- (25 per cent) 84 per cent of experts agree that the automotive industry cal. Only a few (26 per cent) would agree that start-ups will continue to should extend cooperation and joint ventures with start-ups. While 36 Fig. 4: Appropriate reactions by public transport agencies and the automotive industry per cent agree that the automotive regarding the changing mobility market industry should develop own new mobility services. Similar recommendations are given to PTAs: while only 24 per cent of experts agree that PTAs should develop their own intelligent transportation system (ITS) services, 90 per cent would recommend increased cooperation and joint-ventures with start-ups Figure 2 The most promising new mobility segments appear to be e-hailing and carsharing which, according to experts, are expected to grow by 13 per cent, and intermodal mobility services by 12 per cent within the next five years until 2021. 80 per cent of experts, however, believe that only a few start-ups will survive in the next 5-10 years This is largely believed especially amongst experts from the automotive industry (93 per cent), while respondents from start-ups (67 per cent) and incubators and accelerators (75 per cent) remain more optimistic.

DYNAMIC MOBILITY MARKET SITUATION WITH LOW INTERNATIONAL TRANSPARENCY When asked about the most promising start-ups in the respondents’ 58 thinkingcities.com

GBD.indd 58 18/11/2016 13:58 Mobility, Multiodality and

Fig. 5: Only a few start-ups will survive the new mobility race pooling their IT-resources. Traffic Efficiency • Successful start-ups are allo- cating large investments to marketing to unlock customer access. Their fruitful business models are based on optimizing usability while using the expensive ‘hardware’ (buses, trains, subways, cars) of public authorities and private owners (peer-to-peer). PTAs can help to actively shape this rap- BERLIN Fig.5 idly evolving market using their decisive advantage - the access to their customers. Looking at these developments, PTAs and Additional information about GBD authorities are forced to react, Green Business Development (GBD) GmbH is one of the leading consultancies not to lose market shares in in the area of green business development in Germany. With our expertise, the area of intermodal mobility we help corporations, start-ups, investors and public authorities build services when start-ups will be up innovation and growth at the intersection of the green economy and tapping into the PTAs’ existing the digital economy. New Mobility is one of our core competences. We customer base. offer our clients services that comprise research & strategy, business • While currently, most cities and development, start-up monitoring, and market expansion advisory. regions are adapting individual, local solutions with low rates of transferability, investors and respective country, more than 120 in shaping the market of new start-ups have recognized the different start-ups were named. The mobility services. By enforc- need to generate new mobility undecided position is also reflected ing restrictive legislation, pub- services that follow a common when asked who will dominate lic authorities will be able to international approach: one the European new mobility mar- defend current practices of pub- IT-solution for multiple regions ket. 29 per cent of experts believe lic transport in cities for some and countries. The demand for that European start-ups will have a time, however not in the long- Mobility as a Service (MaaS) decisive market advantage and will run. New mobility concepts offer solutions with an international dominate, while only 14 per cent not only competition but also scope that provide enhanced expect US. Start-ups to successfully improved services and envi- efficiency and maximum usa- set hold in the European market. The ronmentally friendly solutions bility for customers is rising. majority of experts, however, main- for citizens. Recognizing that Initiatives such as Polis’ Traffic tain a neutral position (46 per cent there is a need to adjust current Efficiency and Mobility are -59 per cent) on this issue, mobility legislation will enable therefore key to deepening and authorities and PTAs to actively coordinating ITS-solutions on a CONCLUSION AND shape the development of the European level. RECOMMENDATIONS new mobility market, instead of • PTAs and local authorities will be merely reacting with individual facing a rapidly developing and solutions to disrupting changes. extremely dynamic mobility mar- • Appropriate reactions by PTAs FYI ket. Lots of start-ups with innova- can be twofold: PTAs can either Egbert Huenewaldt is tive mobility solutions and ideas develop mutually beneficial rela- Managing Director of Green are grasping new business oppor- tionships by ways of enhanced Business Development tunities and are pushing them- cooperation and joint ventures [email protected] selves between the ‘hardware’ of with start-ups or develop own greenbusinessdevelopment.de PTAs and their customers. regionally integrated ITS- • Legislation plays a key role solutions with various PTAs 59

GBD.indd 59 18/11/2016 13:58 Untitled-1TH_NA_0216_00_C.indd 1 30/08/201618/11/2016 1:1916:21 This section focuses on mobility for urban economic development and social Challenges of Transport

policy. This includes accessibility of transport for the mobility impaired and Social and Economic accessibility to basic services for everyone; the financing of public transport Social and and transport projects generally; and regulation, planning and governance Economic o Barcelona – Superblocks, and air quality, are on the rise o CIVITAS – Cleaner, better transport for Europe... Challenges of and beyond o Public Transit – A new report into shared Transport mobility examined

Dividers.indd 55 18/11/2016 13:13 Photo: Barcelona City Council Barcelona City Photo:

Barcelona’s Eixample district A breath of fresh air: rise of the superblocks Air quality in Barcelona’s arcelona and the 39 munici- mobility, and the presence of large metropolitan area palities around it account logistics infrastructures, together Bfor only 2.3 per cent of with certain constraints of orogra- regularly fails to meet Catalonia’s total area but for 60 phy, climate and urban structure, per cent of the region’s population, the levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO ) EU standards. Daniela 2 Stoycheva discovers how about 4 million inhabitants. It is one and suspended particulate mat- of the most economically powerful ter (PM10) in the conurbation of the city is attempting to urban areas in the Mediterranean, Barcelona regularly exceed some of give air and space back to producing about 65 per cent of the the thresholds legislated by the EU. Catalan GDP. With its concentration A specific feature of the agglomera- its citizens of population, economic activity and tion of Barcelona, which impacts on

62 thinkingcities.com Impacts of Transport Social and Economic air quality, is its land use model and street and building typologies. The Emissions city of Barcelona and the surround- in the ing towns have a high population and conurbation vehicle density, concentrating pollut- of Barcelona in 2011 by ant emissions in a small area. pollutant and The other factor that complicates by sector the pollution problem in Barcelona and its surroundings is the type of inner-city urban development, with narrow streets and relatively high buildings, making it more difficult BARCELONA for pollutants to be dispersed by the wind and natural air currents. For several years, air pollution in Barcelona has exceeded World Health Organisation (WHO) limits for safety. An estimated 3500 people die prematurely each year in the metropolitan area from air pollution- related illnesses. A study released by the Environmental Epidemiology Agency determined that about 1200 deaths could have been avoided if Barcelona conurbation met the air quality standards recommended by the European Union. the growth in the number of vehicles Logistics Areas, the Industry and The 2008 European Air Quality and the growing proportion of diesel Energy sectors, and the Domestic Directive allowed Member States to vehicles, reaching values as high as and Residential sectors. The Plan have, under strict conditions, time 70 per cent of the circulating vehicles encompasses key areas such as vehi- extensions for meeting the air qual- in Barcelona city. cle traffic, the port and airport, citi- ity standards for PM10, NO2 and ben- zen awareness and taxation, among zene. Since those time extensions TAKING ACTION: others, and establishes responsi- have expired, Barcelona will start THE AIR QUALITY ACTION PLAN, bilities, indicators and implementa- facing serious fines if the city con- HORIZON 2020 tion timelines. Full attainment of its tinues to exceed the limits. Although The Air Quality Action Plan in Special objectives shall take place by 2020. the PM10 have remained below the Atmospheric Environment Protection It also provides guidelines for the limits in recent years thanks to the Areas approved by the Catalan gov- municipalities included in the Plan, implementation of the measures of ernment in September 2014, is the particularly for those with more than the 2007-2014 Air Quality Plan, as new instrument for planning, foster- 100,000 inhabitants. well as the economic crisis, the NO2 ing and regulating actions aimed at An interesting point in the plan is levels continue to exceed them. improving air quality in the special that it creates an economic policy The updated Inventory of pollutant atmospheric environment protection instrument by providing a series of emissions in the Special Atmospheric area consisting of Barcelona and tax measures which will be pooled Environment Protection Area (SPA) the 39 municipalities comprising its into a fund to finance air quality of 2011 provides the necessary infor- agglomeration. improvement actions and, in particu- mation to identify emissions of the The purpose of the plan is to lar, actions to improve public trans- main pollutants disaggregated by improve air quality and to guaran- port. The Atmospheric Environment pollutant and by sector. The Inventory tee compliance with the European Protection Fund that will be put highlights that road transport gen- air quality directives. It is a compre- in operation will also be used to erates almost half of the NOX and hensive legislative document which improve noise quality and to prevent

PM10 emissions (Graph 1). The main stipulates actions for the sectors of atmospheric pollution. causes are the high volume of traffic, Transport and Mobility, the Specific Some of the most essential aspects 63 in the Plan related to the Transport neighbourhood associations, trade and Mobility sector are: The ambition unions, associations and companies operating in the automotive • It proposes integrated mobility and manufacturing industries, was “Streets have to go back to being management, addressing both undertaken before the final plan was guarantors of vitality throughout infrastructures and mobility ser- approved. Of the comments submit- the entire urban fabric, to vices, and promotes a change of ted, 93 per cent have been incorpo- creating opportunities for the model based on public transport rated in the plan. establishment of greenery and and active mobility (walking and to promoting positive community cycling); THE SUPERBLOCK: life among local residents of • It advocates clean fuels and BARCELONA’S ANSWER TO THE all ages and origins. We need electric vehicles in private daily CITY’S AIR QUALITY CHALLENGES to fill the city’s streets with life mobility promoting increase of On a city level, Barcelona City Council again. Establishing Superblocks the charging network and toll has been working actively to address in Barcelona is the strategy we discounts for clean vehicles; the air quality challenges discussed. are employing for achieving this • It urges the Catalan automotive Barcelona’s Urban Mobility Plan goal” - The implementation of industry to lead to the manufac- (UMP) 2013-2018 was drafted as a the Superblocks programme in ture of alternative-drive, low- planning tool defining the lines of Barcelona: Filling our streets emission vehicles; action that will govern urban mobil- with life, Barcelona City Council • It promotes the rail freight ity in the coming years, with the stra- transport and the use of LNG tegic mission of continuing to move (liquefied natural gas) and other towards a more sustainable, effi- alternative fuels in vessels, lor- more than 100,000 inhabitants are cient, equitable, safer and healthier ries and working machinery in required to implement certain man- collective mobility model. The UMP the Port of Barcelona; datory measures, such as the crea- advocates a series of measures • It enables effective measures tion of urban areas with protected aimed at attaching greater impor- to be activated during pollution atmosphere, but above all, they have tance to pedestrians and cyclists, episodes, with restrictions on the opportunity to voluntarily take promoting the use of collective pub- private vehicle traffic to discour- extra steps to improve the quality of lic transport and reducing the use of age their use, while providing life of their citizens. private vehicles. incentives to use public trans- An intense consultation process Traffic, being the main reason for port and non-polluting vehicles. with citizen associations, such as air pollution and health problems Preventive measures should also be implemented so that certain levels of pollution are not attained; • It aligns with the Catalan Public Health Plan (PINSAP), giving priority to prevention over intervention and also with the European Union’s Clean Air for Europe Programme.

The plan demands a higher level of commitment from all areas of government and stipulates co- responsibility of all stakeholders in its implementation (Government of Catalonia, local authorities, companies and private citizens). The local authorities play a leading role in the development of some of the Plan’s basic measures. Municipalities with

64 thinkingcities.com Impacts of Transport Social and Economic is also considered responsible for increasing the sustainable mobility. elevated noise levels. Over 60 per What is a Superblock? The plan is modelled on the origi- cent of Barcelona’s residents live nal idea of the Eixample area from with noise levels higher than those the 19th century. It is designed in The Superblocks model is a way deemed healthy by legislation. The a simple grid that means that the of organising the city based on city council also cites road accidents, neighbourhood can easily be sec- reversing the distribution of public sedentary lifestyles (one in five chil- tioned off: nine blocks will become space among vehicles and people, dren in Barcelona are overweight or one pedestrianised superblock, with giving priority to the citizen, to at risk of reaching that state), and 160 intersections inside converted improve environmental conditions the lack of green spaces as reasons to city squares. Superblocks will and people’s quality of life2. driving the plan. Improving the qual- be smaller than neighbourhoods, ity of the city in general, road safety but bigger than actual blocks. Car, BARCELONA and the efficiency of the entire mobil- scooter, lorry and bus traffic will ity system result are other principal designed under criteria that give pri- then be restricted to just the roads in objectives of the Plan, other than air ority to private traffic, seeking maxi- the superblock perimeters, and they quality. mum motorised-traffic fluidity and will only be allowed in the streets The Superblocks (superilles) have capacity and providing the shortest in between if they are residents or been identified as the main measure and straightest route for cars, by tak- providing local businesses, and at in the UMP and solution to the chal- ing up the central part of streets and a greatly reduced speed. This will lenges that the city of Barcelona has ensuring continuity at junctions. The turn the secondary streets into the been facing. new proposal, in contrast, prioritises so-called ‘citizen spaces’ for culture, The objectives are high: by imple- the use of roads by people in most leisure and the community. menting the superilles, the city wants cases, by relegating cars to their role to reduce car and moped use by 21 as a means of individual transport, STRATEGIC GOALS AND per cent by the end of the imple- behind public transport. IMPLEMENTATION MEASURES mentation and increase mobility by The strategic goals that charac- foot, bike and public transport. At the BACK TO THE ROOTS terise “The implementation of same time, it aims to keep the level Barcelona’s revolutionary design, the Superblocks programme in of traffic network saturation simi- engineered by the Catalan urban Barcelona: Filling our streets with lar to the present. The plan wants planner Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer in life” can be summarised in the fol- to return 60 per cent of the street the late 19th century, had at its core lowing four points: space currently used by cars back to the idea that the city should breathe • Improving the habitability of the citizens for pedestrian use. The and – for both ideological and pub- public spaces; amount of usable public space would lic health reasons – planned for the • Moving towards more sustain- thus increase by whole 268 per cent. population to be spread out equally, able mobility; The goal is that this transformation as well as providing green spaces • Increasing and improving urban humanise public space, increasing within each block. greenery and biodiversity; Barcelona residents’ access to the The flexibility of the grid system • Promoting public participation city, with new areas for recreation designed by Cerdà has enabled the and joint responsibility. and social interaction along the his- city to absorb a growing population toric city streets. and subsequent rise in traffic levels, Technical criteria are to be estab- “As a Mediterranean city, its as well as the various user require- lished that will shape the action residents spend a long time on the ments that have been changing over lines behind those strategic goals, streets – those streets need to be time. Compact cities have numerous ie related to habitability, greenery second homes, or extensions of indisputable social and environment and biodiversity and mobility. The one’s residence, at all times”, says advantages. However, Barcelona has Superblock Programme provides Janet Sanz, city councillor for ecol- one of the highest population densi- for three types of actions accord- ogy, urbanism and mobility and dep- ties in Europe, having grown continuing to the level of intervention in uty mayor of the city1. ously in the last century. Barcelona the public space: basic, tactical and This Superblocks model turns on government’s new plan has essen- structuring initiatives. its head the way most cities have been tially aimed at the same vision that The basic initiatives refer to meas- organised since the second half of the Cerdà had - reclaiming most of ures focused mainly on traffic prior- 20th century: there, streets have been the streets for the community, and itisation, such as changes in traffic 65 Example of a allowing people to use the streets for tactical initiative in games, sport and cultural activities, Plaça de les Glòries such as outdoor cinema. It is estimated that when the Superblocks model is implemented to the full, pedestrians will enjoy 94 per cent of the space on the inner streets of the Superblocks, pollution will be reduced dramatically, ensuring that 94 per cent of the population will not be exposed to dangerous levels of particulate matter, and 73.5 per cent will not experience noise levels over 65 dB. The ideal walkable area will be a mix of residential and commercial areas. Another Spanish city, Vitoria-Gasteis, has implemented its Photo: Barcelona City Council Barcelona City Photo: own Superblocks since 2008 and has direction, traffic bans depending with budgets that are small and, in seen a positive impact on pedestrian on type of vehicle, and streamlined some cases, reversible. That way city space, noise and air quality, as well parking. residents can quickly reclaim streets as an increase in business activities. The tactical initiatives are low and see for themselves whether or not The new designs will be installed budget, temporary and reversible the model is working. in nine different places across which are used for demonstrating When implemented to the full, Barcelona (starting with the most the model’s application. They can be Superblocks will be complemented polluted and at the same time cen- considered as trial-and-error meas- by the introduction of 300km of tral Eixample neighbourhood) with ures where the effect sought is to new cycling lanes (there are cur- an estimated total project cost of change the uses that people make rently around 100km), as well as about €11 million. The city has, how- of streets – one of the most signifi- an orthogonal bus network that has ever, identified 120 intersections cant challenges for the Superblock already been put in place, whereby where the concept could be applied, project. The tactical initiatives con- buses only navigate a series of stating that car-free spaces are a sist of actions with great potential main thoroughfares. The goal of the right for everybody no matter what for transforming the use of public orthogonal network of bus routes is part of town. space without the need for carrying reducing the number of routes, but out large-scale work. To be more keeping the same number of buses FIRST IMPLEMENTATION – specific, these could be measures and increasing the frequency to cut FACING REALITY for management, urban furniture waiting times and traffic. The first “Superilla” pilot project and painting. That way the public The new system, when completed, implementation in Cerdà city expan- can experience and appreciate the will reduce the number of routes sion grid, started operation in mid- effects of the change and express from 94 to 28, waiting time to less September 2016 in Poble Nou. The their opinions. than five minutes (the current aver- lack of through-traffic and the sin- Finally, structuring initiatives are age being 14), and trip time – with one gle lane for motor vehicles moving such that enjoy large consensus and connection – to less than 35 minutes within the block leaves most of the which are stable over time, able to across the city. This system should area free for cyclists and pedestrians involve more substantial budgets ensure that anyone is less than 300 to enjoy. and apply corroborated models. metres from a bus stop at any time Despite that the residents living The current initiatives are intended and that one could go from any point in the area were generally in favour to be carried out under two major A to point B with just one transfer in of the Superblocks programme and lines: citizen participation and tacti- 95 per cent of the cases. In the very they have been well informed about it cal urban planning. No major physi- final stage, curbside parking within by means of various citizen participa- cal changes are planned at the start. the Superblocks should disappear tory processes. However, confront- The first initiatives will involve com- (by building off-street garages), and ing the reality of the Superblock was mitment to flexible physical changes the maximum speed be 10 km/h, not accepted by everyone with the

66 thinkingcities.com Photo: Barcelona City Council Impacts of Transport Social and Economic same enthusiasm, as a Cities of the The citizen Future article3 reports. participation process in the It faced some fierce opposition from Superblocks model unhappy residents and local businesses complaining about loss of curbside parking and changes of bus stops and street direction. Some long- term residents reacted angrily about the change of location of bus stops and routes, arguing that now they had to walk one or two blocks further to the nearest stop, which before had BARCELONA been right on their block. Of course, others discovered a brand new bus The majority of the 570,000 cars outer streets, face roads full of traf- stop virtually on their doorstep, when registered in Barcelona, however, fic, noise, and pollution. The first they were used to walking further. are parked in public or private off- Superblock in Barcelona was also One of the main challenges in street garages. That means that criticised from the opposition par- installing the Superblocks is the eliminating some of the curbside ties within the city council. The abundance of curbside parking in residential parking in the city would strong reactions to this first expe- Barcelona. Residents and com- affect less than 10 per cent of the rience with Superblocks has shown muters alike tend to believe that vehicles. But having a parking spot that they will face greater opposition on-street parking is a car owner’s on your doorstep is non-negotiable than anticipated. Salvador Rueda, basic right and that no administra- for some residents, who consider it the director of the Urban Ecology tion should be allowed to limit or a de facto right. Thus, the hardest Agency, the agency that designed take it away. Barcelona has more in the Superblocks’ implementation the Superblock model, said however than 140,000 on-street parking will indeed be challenging people’s that a lesson learned from earlier spaces, more than half of which are long-standing habits and making a Superblocks was that initial opposi- not regulated. Many residents leave cultural shift in the way people view tion gave way to acceptance, in part their cars parked outside their apart- and use the streets. because of a growing consensus ment block for months without using Some have also argued that it is about the benefits. them. Every time the city starts to not fair that some residents should At the same time, the Superblocks regulate parking in an unregulated enjoy the pedestrian areas in the are not only being deployed in area, it faces protests. Superblocks while others, in the Barcelona. Vitoria (Basque country), Ferrol and La Coruña (Galicia) and Quito (Ecuador) have also started REFERENCE 1 The Guardian. Superblocks to the rescue: Barcelona’s plan to give streets back to residents; considering the implementation of 2 Barcelona City Council: The implementation of the Superblocks programme in Barcelona: that concept. We can only hope that Filling our streets with life more cities will follow suit, if not to 3 Cities of the Future. Barcelona’s first Superblock, Fighting the Power of Habit and Wavering Political Will use the Superblock concept, at least to create space for the people.

SOURCES • Barcelona City Council. The implementation of the Superblocks programme in Barcelona: FYI Filling our streets with life (available for download in Catalan: http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ Daniela Stoycheva is Project superilles/ca/presentacio) • Government of Catalonia. Air Quality Action Plan, horizon 2020: Working for cleaner air in the Manager at Polis Network agglomeration of Barcelona [email protected] http://tiny.cc/airfinalweb • The Guardian. Superblocks to the rescue: Barcelona’s plan to give streets back to residents. This article was written 17.05.2016 with the kind cooperation http://tiny.cc/guardian-blocks • Cities of the Future. Barcelona’s first Superblock, Fighting the Power of Habit and Wavering of Generalitat de Catalunya Political Will. 27.09.2016 (Government of Catalonia) http://www.citiesofthefuture.eu/barcelonas-first-superblock-fighting-power-habit-wavering- and Ajuntament de Barcelona political-will/ • Barcelona Ecologia. Superblocks (Barcelona City Council) http://www.bcnecologia.net/en/conceptual-model/superblocks 67 The lab that keeps on living

ince it was launched in 2002, the CIVITAS Initiative has Stested and implemented over 700 measures and urban transport solutions in more than 69 Living Lab cities Europe-wide. The CIVITAS Initiative is a programme run by the European Commission, funded under Horizon2020 that helps cit- Figure 1: the five phases of CIVITAS and (below) Figure 2: CIVITAS’ 10 thematic areas ies to achieve a more sustainable, clean and energy efficient urban ever-growing number of cities in transport system by implementing the CIVITAS Initiative, not as project and evaluating an ambitious, inte- partners, but as stakeholders sub- grated set of technology- and pol- scribing to a new mobility culture. icy-based measures. Within the scope of the Living Lab It also runs a number of research and Research projects, CIVITAS projects that focus on establishing explores 10 thematic areas as new knowledge or exploring the shown in figure 2, left. feasibility of a new/improved technology, product, process, service or LIVING LAB PROJECTS solution related to transport. The new phase of CIVITAS sees the To date, there have been five addition of three new Living Lab CIVITAS phases, with a total of projects covering port, island and €200m of EU funding allocated suburban cities and regions. to implement measures in 80 cities with €500m of investment (see CIVITAS ECCENTRIC figure 1). This project focuses on sustain- CIVITAS2020 aims to involve an able mobility in suburban districts 68 thinkingcities.com

CIVITAS.indd 68 18/11/2016 13:59 Impacts of Transport Social and Economic

CIVITAS - CIty-VITAlity- Sustainability - is a network of cities dedicated to cleaner, better transport in Europe and beyond. In supporting and evaluating an integrated approach towards CIVITAS transport planning, CIVITAS aims to create more sustainable, accessible and liveable urban environments for citizens, as Helen Franzen explains

CIVITAS Eccentric (left) and CIVITAS Portis (right)

mobility solutions in six cities in which tourism plays a dominant role for the local economy. Each partner-city is testing new ways to help residents, tourists and freight flow more effectively and more sustainably through their cities. The and silent and CO2-free city logis- project aims to show how sustaina- can increase functional and social tics, two important areas that have ble mobility boost economic growth cohesion between city centres and previously received less attention in and job creation in European cities ports, while pushing the economy urban mobility policies. In five living with strong tourist economies while forward and boosting the allure of labs, the project demonstrates the providing healthy and sustainable modern urban environments. potential and replicability of inte- environments for visitors and resi- grated and inclusive urban planning dents alike. CIVITAS RESEARCH & approaches, innovative policies and INNOVATION PROJECTS emerging technologies. Clean vehi- CIVITAS PORTIS The research and innovation pro- cles and fuels are being tested, new This project is testing innova- jects, run under CIVITAS, focus regulations and services formu- tive and sustainable urban mobil- on establishing new knowledge lated and consolidation solutions ity solutions in five European port or exploring the feasibility of new developed in close partnerships cities. The five living labs are technologies, products, processes, with the private sector. implementing mobility measures, services or solutions related to supporting their multifunctional transport. CIVITAS DESTINATIONS role of cities, ports and gateways For this purpose they may This project shows the effective- to inland areas. The project aims include basic and applied research, ness of innovative sustainable to show that sustainable mobility technology development and 69

CIVITAS.indd 69 18/11/2016 13:59 integration, testing and validation in small-scale demonstrations or The project so far pilot activities aiming to show technical feasibility of cleaner, better transport options for cities. Training and study visits in cities across Europe CIVITAS offers a peer-to-peer exchange programme for practitioners A CONNECTED APPROACH and city representatives who are interested in learning from and sharing with their peers from other European cities. CIVITAS emphasises the need for an Tailor-made work placements are offered, as well as study visits, to see integrated approach towards sus- innovative transport solutions being developed and deployed first-hand. tainable and energy efficient urban transport strategies in European

cities. Award for pioneering work in sustainable transport On this basis, CIVITAS 2020 seeks The CIVITAS presents an award each year to members of the to interconnect knowledge, expe- CIVITAS Forum Network whose transport policies or activities rience and people working in the to achieve clean urban transport are outstanding. sector, by offering practitioners Winners are awarded based entirely on the merit of their applications and city representatives a range of and the awards presented at the annual CIVITAS Forum conference. opportunities (see box, left). By building a strong network of cities, sharing knowledge and expe- Annual CIVITAS Forum riences, nurturing political commit- Held in a different country each year, the CIVITAS Forum ment and testing new marketable brings together representatives from member cities to solutions, CIVITAS2020 offers cities exchange ideas and influence the urban agenda. the opportunity to shape the debate The three-day conference offers collaborative workshops, state- on better, cleaner transport and of-the-art presentations and interesting site visits. make sure this remains a top priority in Europe and beyond. CIVINETS: join a group of like-minded cities in your country CIVITAS2020 will also be partici- pating in the Polis annual confer- CIVITAS national groups known as CIVINETs gather stakeholders, from the ence on “Transport innovation for same country, who are working in the field of urban sustainable mobility. sustainable cities and regions”, tak- Members exchange information in their own language working together ing place on 1 and 2 December 2016 to engage with the European Union and national governments, about in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. transport policy issues, legislation, regulations, and funding.

CIVITAS Thematic Groups FYI Specialised Thematic Groups working across the ten areas described above, Helen Franzen is Coordinator, bring together experts from across the field of sustainable urban mobility. Communications and Member Members will pool their expertise on analysing current transport-related Relations at ICLEI – Local policy, and have the opportunity to take part in study tours, webinars, Governments for Sustainability training workshops, peer review exercises and annual meetings. [email protected] [email protected] CIVITAS Europe-wide city network www.civitas.eu Ambitious towns and cities can, by making a commitment to M@CIVITAS_EU introducing an ambitious, sustainable urban transport policy, To find out more about the apply to become members of the CIVITAS Forum. 10+ research and innovation Members joining this trans-European network benefit from projects, visit: assistance with policy formation, learning and sharing of www.civitas.eu/about-civitas/ information, and provision of funding information. projects/research

70 thinkingcities.com

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Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 16:22 Switchh-Point at Berliner Tor rail station in Hamburg Public share issue

Dr Andreas Kossak dissects APTA’s report on Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit

n March 2016 the American comprises all mobility chains includ- Public Transit Association (APTA) ing public transit in the sense of Ipublished intermediate results horizontal mobility sharing: walking, of its extensive research activi- biking or driving to and from public ties on shared mobility. The report transit stops/stations and potentially was titled Shared Mobility and the changing within the transit systems. Transformation of Public Transit1 The first step of a systematic connec- and was submitted by the Shared tion of transit and automobile trans- Use Mobility Center (SUMC), based in port has been the introduction of Chicago, Illinois. The research work organized Park + Ride (P+R) at urban/ was carried out within the frame- metropolitan rail stations, beginning work of the Transit Cooperative in Chicago (1955) and London (1958), Research Program (TCRP) of the followed by Hamburg, Germany in Transportation Research Board the early 1960s2. The P+R was in that (TRB) and US National Academies of context was later supplemented by Sciences. so-called Kiss+Ride (K+R) zones for Basically, public transit itself dropping or picking up transit pas- (short and long distance) is the germ sengers near to the entrances of the cell of shared mobility and still the rail stations. by far the most important shared The next important step of improv- mobility mode. The connection and ing shared mobility has been the cooperation respectively of other organization and implementation of shared mobility modes with public metropolitan transport associations transit is not new either. It principally aimed at optimizing/coordinating 72 thinkingcities.com

APTA-Kossak.indd 72 18/11/2016 14:01 Impacts of Transport Social and Economic or specifically connected to public transit, partly resulting in a canni- balization and/or neglect of the conventional P+R and B+R facilities2. The Bike+Ride at a station in Hamburg traditional taxis and car-hiring services have recently come up against some very aggressive competition from highly professional organized ad-hoc ride-sourcing services such as Uber and Lyft. This has led, in particular in Germany, to a lot of trouble regarding the regulative conditions PUBLIC TRANSIT, SHARED MOBILITY (laws regulating the prepositions for the transport of strange people on an economical basis). The outcome is still open. Meanwhile the advocates of maxi- mal car-sharing (irrespective of, or in context with, the vision of a bright future of autonomous cars) proclaim that within only a couple of years it will no longer be necessary to own a car or have a driving license in order to serve any mobility demand at any time, anywhere, far better than is possible today3. In most of the respective scenarios public transit is not to be found. According to a study published by the OECD in 2016, only about 10 per cent (or even substan- Appraising the future of car tially less) of the number of today’s sharing realistically, one will automobiles are necessary to let the respective scenar-io come true4. come to the conclusion that it will Apart from the fact that the results of the OECD-study and of similar indeed substantially increase” studies are based on more or less questionable methodical procedures the supply/operation, ticketing and have been practiced for decades are (follow the money)5, it does for exam- the information of all transit opera- taxis, car-hiring and co-riding ser- ple not comply with the still growing tors/entities in the respective region. vices, hitchhiking and car-pooling - number of cars and the level of car- The worldwide first association of some of them complementing public ownership (at least in Germany) as this kind was established in 1965 in transit or even directly cooperating well as the fact that the highlights of the metropolitan region of Hamburg, with it; some competing with it. All the major in-ternational automobile the Hamburger Verkehrs-verbund of these modes can be attributed to shows are the ever bigger, faster, (HVV). The Park + Ride facilities were a first phase of a Transformation of more individual, and more expensive subsequently supplemented by Bike Public Transit in connection with a models. + Ride facilities (B+R) which have growing diversity of Mobility Sharing. Appraising the future of car shar- been gradually improved by pro- Recently the traditional shared ing realistically, one will come to the viding guarded spaces and/or bike mobility modes have been substan- conclusion that it will indeed sub- boxes fitted with a lock and key; at tially supplemented by dynami- stantially increase - however, not to main stations they have even been cally growing car-sharing (car2go, such an extent that the use of pri- combined with repair services. DriveNow, etc) and bike-sharing ser- vate cars and of public transit will be Other proven shared modes that vices – provided either in general substituted to a reasonable amount. 73

APTA-Kossak.indd 73 18/11/2016 14:01 A certain part will indeed substitute cities. This report examines the rela- demand. Together, these elements the traffic comprising private cars tionship of public transportation to provide a snapshot of a rapidly wid- and public transit, but the major part shared modes, including bike-shar- ening mobility ecosystem at an early will primarily complement it4. ing, car-sharing, and ride-sourcing moment in its evolution. The progress of digitalization in services provided by companies recent years has provided mani- such as Uber and Lyft. The research KEY FINDINGS fold possibilities for enriching the included participation by seven cit- 1. The more people use shared potential of shared mobility; that will ies: Austin, Boston, Chicago, Los modes, the more likely they are to continue dynamically in the future. Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle and use public transit, own fewer cars, The public transit could and should Washington, DC. and spend less on transportation play a leading role in this context Some have predicted that by cre- overall. Super-sharers, people who for various reasons: environment, ating a robust network of mobility routinely use several shared modes, resources and security to name but options, these new modes will help such as bike-sharing, car-sharing three. Several public transit opera- reduce car ownership and increase (eg, car2go or Zipcar), and ride- tors and associations in Germany use of public transit, which will con- sourcing, save the most money and have striven for years to expanding tinue to function as the backbone of own half as many household cars as their activities in the field of compre- an integrated, multimodal transpor- people who use public transit alone hensive mobility management but tation system. The objective of this (figure 3). they are still mostly some distance research analysis, which is distilled A survey of more than 4,500 shared away yet from exploiting the full from a larger forthcoming study on mobility users in the seven study cit- potential - not least because they are the same topic, is to examine these ies showed that rail and bus tran- losing efficiency through competing issues and explore opportunities and sit were the most commonly used with entities in other regions or even challenges for public transportation shared modes (about 65 per cent), within the same supply area. as they relate to technology-enabled followed by bike-sharing (12 per In Germany, the Hamburg tran- mobility services, including suggest- cent), car-sharing (11 per cent) and sit authority (Hamburger Hochbahn ing ways that public transit can learn ride-sourcing (10 per cent). Nearly AG, HHA) and the Hamburg transit from, build upon, and interface with 10 per cent of all respondents can be association (the aformentioned HVV) these new modes. classified as Super-sharer; Super- are claiming to be a leading player in To accomplish this task, the study sharer normally use various forms this regard – in particular since they draws from several sources, includ- of shared modes for all travel pur- started a project called ‘switchh’, ing in-depth interviews with trans- poses (business, shopping, recrea- partnering with car-sharing and portation officials, a survey of shared tion, social, errands); however, even car-hiring suppliers6. Taking into mobility users, and analysis of tran- 57 per cent of the super-sharer said account the profile of the project, it sit and ride-sourcing capacity and public bus or train was the single is questionable at best (and far away from the typical hanseatic under- Figure 3: Household vehicle ownership, by shared mode experience (based on [1]) statement) to claim that it’s a globally unique mobility offering. Below, some of the main passages of chapters two and three of the report are cited directly or general- ized and/or commented upon. Finally the headlines of the concluding Recommendations for the Transit Community (chapter four) are cited.

INTRODUCTION OF THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Technology is transforming transportation. The ability to conveniently request, track, and pay for trips via mobile devices is changing the way people get around and interact with 74 thinkingcities.com

APTA-Kossak.indd 74 18/11/2016 14:01 Impacts of Transport Social and Economic integrated fare payment methods, and improved information. However, such a system is only possible if public sector entities make a concerted effort to ensure that collaboration with private mobility provider results in services that work for people of all ages, all incomes and all mobility needs. In the context of this complex the following aspects are addressed in particular: • The permanently growing PUBLIC TRANSIT, SHARED MOBILITY potential for partnerships and collaboration • Keeping the tech-enabled innovations fair and accessible • Paying attention of the equity implications of fare and service Figure 4: Lifestyle changes since starting to use shared modes, all respondents (based on [1]) integration • Public transit is the mode of shared modes they use most often, engage with them to ensure that ben- choice for every income level followed by bike-sharing (22 per efits are widely and equitably shared. • Lower income households have cent). Public transit agencies should seize much to gain from wider avail- The frequent use of shared modes opportunities to improve urban ability of shared use modes is effecting a significant lifestyle mobility for all users through collab- change (figure 4). oration and public-private partner- In this context the transport sector ships, including greater integration and market-overlapping paying-, 2. Shared modes complement pub- of service, information and payment information- and management-sys- lic transit, enhancing urban mobility. methods. tems play a key role – in particular Ride-sourcing services are most fre- It is explicitly emphasized that eve- based on electronic ticketing7. To quently used for social trips between ryone can benefit from a transport date full advantage of the potential of 10pm and 4am, times when public system that provides more mobility e-ticketing has not been taken. This is transit runs infrequently or is not options through seamless transfers, in particular true for the transit sector available. Shared modes substitute more for automobile trips than pub- Figure 5: Household and financial changes since starting to use shared modes, all lic transit trips. respondents (based on [1]) The research conducted for the study suggests that, instead of competing for the same riders, public transit and Ride-sourcing complement one another by serving different trip types. Ride-sourcing is mainly used for trip purposes like recreation and social and during time periods where only few or even no public transit is available. Only relatively few people use ride-sourcing for commuting. And those doing that do it only occasionally.

3. Shared modes will continue to grow in significance, and public entities should identify opportunities to 75

APTA-Kossak.indd 75 18/11/2016 14:01 Technology and business models from the shared mobility industry can help drive down costs and increase service availability”

in Germany. With the government Lift Paratransit in Portland, Oregon developed for new shared mobility supported model-project Fahrsmart services can be folded into existing in the early 1990s Germany was paratransit operations as part of the on a worldwide competitive track ongoing technical evolution of the in this regard8. However, most of sector. Some applicable methods the following ambitious e-ticketing and technologies include: projects have not been as success- • Interactive reservation, confir- ful as initially expected/hoped. The mation, schedule adjustment status of e-ticketing in the Berlin- and cancellation systems; Brandenburg transit association for • Dynamic dispatch and routing of example is today far beyond that vehicles; having been planned to be reached • Route combination for rid- in 20029. ers with similar origins/ destinations; 4. The public sector and private • App-based payment integrated operators are eager to collaborate into reservation systems; to improve paratransit service using community transit services, which • Ability to track vehicle arrival emerging approaches and technol- are mostly highly subsidized door- and share trip details, location, ogy. While a number of regulatory to-door services with special vehi- and estimated arrival time with and institutional hurdles complicate cles or taxis. A typical example is the caregivers or other third-par- partnerships in this area, technol- Lift Paratransit Service in Portland, ties; and ogy and business models from the Oregon11. Such services play a grow- • Real-time customer feedback. shared mobility industry can help ing important role in serving the drive down costs, increase ser- mobility needs of elderly people and The second, and perhaps more revo- vice availability and improve rider or those, who are not able to use the lutionary, application would be the experience. regular public transit, because of direct provision of transportation The term Paratransit was intro- their handicaps. These services are services to persons with disabili- duced in the US in the early 1970s. in general strongly regulated and ties by new ride-sourcing or micro- According to the dictionary of public very expensive. As a consequence of transit providers. While this might transport it is defined as follows10: the demographic change the demand seem like an extension of traditional Forms of public transport services for such services are rapidly growing taxi subsidies or dial-a-ride forms using normal streets and roads since years. This is true as well for of demand response transporta- which are more flexible and person- the effects of continuing urbanization, fundamental differences in the alized than conventional fixed-route, tion on low dense populated (rural) underlying business models make fixed schedule service, but do not areas, where only vary few or even this more complicated - while offer- include such services as charter Bus no regular public transit is available. ing the possibility for greater positive and exclusive-ride taxi; paratransit It is stated, that the technologies change if certain questions can be vehicles are usually available to the and business models of the new resolved. public on demand, by subscription, shared-use modes will likely find Regarding paratransit, compa- or on a shared ride basis. applicability to paratransit in two rably detailed comments are made Today in the United States par- main ways: in the report. That is justified on atransit is often connected to First, individual technologies one hand by referring to the broad 76 thinkingcities.com

APTA-Kossak.indd 76 18/11/2016 14:01 Impacts of Transport Social and Economic variety of applications and complex- providers. It also suggests regula- the potential and the conditions of ity of boundary conditions and on the tory enhancements, institutional shared mobility in connection with other hand refers to the fact that the realignments, and forms of public- public transit refers to an issue of classical public transit can take in private engagement that would high actuality for the public trans- manifold regards advantage of the allow innovation to flourish while it community in Europe. That is innovations in terms of operation, still providing mobility as safely, true in particular with regard to business models and applied tech- broadly, and equitably as possible.” the yet latent - and even more for nology. Of particular note are flex- The following complexities are the expected - changes in mobility ible reservation services (including addressed: behaviour and the mobility needs of ad-hoc request) and complemen- • Make mobility the goal and the population. The positioning and tary ‘concierge services’. The latter change performance metrics; the activities of the transit industry in means a personalized complement • Lay the groundwork for strong this context will be decisive, whether PUBLIC TRANSIT, SHARED MOBILITY of technology-based services, in public-private-partnerships it will take profit of it or will be can- particular for customers who want and targeted investments in the nibalized by it. to access these service but either mobility system, including public While in the past it was argued, for don’t have a smartphone or can’t transit and shared modes; many good reasons, that public tran- use the default interface. This type • Maintain accessibility and equity sit practices in the United States are of service has been tested in numer- as central mandates for urban only to a very limited degree trans- ous pilot projects. and regional mobility especially ferable to Europe or Germany in par- with and evolving mix of public ticular, because of the different role, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR and private entities; history, and boundary conditions, the PUBLIC TRANSIT AGENCIES… • Extent fare integration and opposite is true for shared mobil- The full title of the chapter is mobile payment to goals beyond ity. Because of that it is deemed to ‘Recommendations for public tran- smoothing fare-box interac- be highly recommendable to study sit agencies for building on innovations, such as subsidy admin- and check the content and the rec- tions and cooperating with shared istration, mode-shift goals, and ommendations documented in the modes’ and it is introduced by the gathering rider-ship data; respective report in detail regard- following paragraph: “This report • Keep information open and ing its relevance for the own busi- concludes by presenting recom- widely available for the broadest ness. This is particularly worthwhile mended actions that public entities benefit; regarding the comprehensive, inte- - public transit agencies, trans- • Transform public transportation grated approach. portation departments, and other agencies into mobility agencies. Similar, extensive research work local and regional agencies - can on the respective issues should be take to promote useful cooperation CONCLUSION carried out, resulting in a White between public and private mobility The APTA Report on the meaning, Paper referring to the specific conditions and needs in Europe, taking into account the yet limited progress REFERENCE in taking full advantage of the read- 1 APTA (editor): Shared Mobility and the Transformation of Public Transit; Re-search Analysis, ily availa-ble and still dynamically March 2016 growing technological potential of 2 Kossak, A.: Ausgewählte Meilensteine Hamburger Verkehrspolitik; DER NAH-VERKEHR 11/ 2012 services such as e-ticketing and 3 Kossak, A.: Autonome Autos und der ÖPNV; DER NAHVERKEHR, 3/ 2015 automation. 4 Kossak, A.: Autonome Autos – Wie realistisch ist das vollautomatisierte Fahren? Presentation on Fachtagung Bundesverband Parken e.V., June 15, 2016 in Lübeck 5 Hunziker, C.: Vom Parkhaus zum Mobilitäts-Hub; Die Welt, June 4, 2016 6 Hamburger Verkehrsverbund HVV: Pilotprojekt switchh verbindet Carsharing und ÖPNV; press release, Hamburg April 17, 2015 7 Kossak, A. and Pällmann, W.: Die vier Phasen der ÖPNV- Modernisierung - Die Innovationen FYI des Nahverkehrs in Deutschland seit 1945; DER NAHVERKEHR 10/2006 Dr.-Ing Andreas Kossak is 8 Kossak, A.: Quo Vadis elektronisches Ticketing? DER NAHVERKEHR 7-8/2005 9 Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe BVG: Elektronisches Ticketing Berlin und Branden-burg; Ticker the founder of Dr Kossak aktuell, 2. Edition, Berlin 2000 Consulting, based in 10 N.D. Lea Transportation Research Corporation + SNV Studiengesellschaft Nah-verkehr Hamburg, Germany mbH: Dictionary of public transport; Alba Fachverlag, Düsseldorf 1981 11 Kossak, A.: Stadtbahn Portland, Oregon - Profil und Finanzierung; DER NAH-VERKEHR [email protected] 7-8/2015

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Untitled-1 1 18/11/2016 17:16 This section addresses road safety and the security of transport systems. It covers road safety policies, addressing all categories of road users Safety and Security and supporting the development of innovative solutions. It also covers Safety and technological innovations contributing to the improvement of road safety in Transport o SLoCaT – How women will benefit from the Security in outcomes of the New Urban Agenda o Smart City Workstations – From a source of Transport frustration to the pinnacle of efficiency

Dividers.indd 85 18/11/2016 12:58 Bringing Venus closer to Mars

How will a new urban t’s fair to say that 2016 has been a interest. The only thing that appears year of surprises – none less than to be sure is that we simply have no agenda increase, among Ithe vote by Britain to leave the idea how either of these two game- other things, how safe European Union and most recently changing events will actually work women feel using public the election of Donald Trump as out. In addition to national politics, President of the United States. Both the international political scene has transit? Heather Allen were “who would have thought it?” also seen a lot of change in the past investigates moments when even those who are 12 months. not interested in politics have no September 2015 saw a new set of choice but to take something of an sustainable development goals being 80 thinkingcities.com

SLOCAT.indd 80 18/11/2016 14:36 Horrifying assaults on female Safety and Security rail passengers in India have been widely reported in Transport A NEW URBAN AGENDA

put in place, after one of the more GENDER-SPECIFIC MOBILITY stressful situations, in particular comprehensive stakeholder engage- So why is this either necessary or with unemployment or displace- ment processes ever undertaken by important you may ask? It is often dif- ment. The increasingly precari- the United Nations (UN). Just a year ficult to understand the relevance of ous nature of many families living later the Paris Climate Agreement such high level international agree- near the poverty line in urban areas was agreed by some 197 countries ments and how they influence any- means that it is on the rise. In addi- and came into force on 4 November thing that might be put in place at tion there are a growing number of 2016, far quicker than anyone thought local or city level. All three of them single heads of household and the possible. In October, a new non-bind- have recognized the need not only to family structures and stability are ing New Urban Agenda was agreed as be more inclusive but that as 50 per being increasingly eroded. Bringing Venus a framework for urban development. cent or more of the population are It is clear that if women are to be All three are now highly relevant for women we should look at how we able to contribute to the household cities as local action is required to can make sure both men and women income they need equal access to deliver them. They all have goals on are playing an equal role in achiev- education and jobs, and here trans- equity and inclusiveness, but more ing them. Men and women may share port comes into the picture. The closer to Mars specifically on gender and women’s common values but the way we react transport patterns and mobility habits empowerment. and our pathways to get there are of men and women are quite different Gender was recognized in 2009 often quite different – as highlighted and there are numerous studies that within the UNFCCC climate change in the book Women Are From Venus, have looked into this. Men tend to process – and this has now been Men Are From Mars. take longer, more regular trips, while expanded to an annual Gender and Certainly urban women have women will make more frequent and Climate Change day within the UN become more empowered over the complex trips, often associated with Climate Change Conference; this year years, but unfortunately in both the fitting in the needs of others such as it is one of the four priorities for the developed and the developing world children or close family members as Moroccan Presidency. New language statistics on violence against women well as shopping or errands. They is being put forward to be included and girls show that this is grow- also use and rely on public trans- in the Action Agenda for the Paris ing rather than decreasing. Studies port more than men – and usually Agreement to include it more formally. have shown that this increases with have less access to the family car, if 81

SLOCAT.indd 81 18/11/2016 14:36 The FIA Foundation’s “Safe and Sound” report and fact sheet It is important that women continue to use public transport as we know we need to increase our usage and recognize that many women are already doing this more then men are

there is one. Yet despite women being using it. It also found that as much as recently been launched to investigate higher users of public transport there 90% of incidents are not reported. this further and help throw more light is little extra attention given to their The harassment of women and girls onto the subject. Three cities in Latin particular needs in planning or oper- includes verbal (particularly linked to America – Quito, Ecuador; Buenos ating it. In addition women and men race, faith or culture), visual or sex- Aires; Argentina and Santiago, Chile have rather different views on safety ual and occurs at all points along the will use a common methodology to and security – a ‘Mars and Venus’ journey, on the way to public transport show what may be due to the local difference! and while actually travelling on buses context and what is similar in each or trains. Part of the problem is that city. The study will look into the A GLOBAL CONCERN women often think that it is in some impacts of poor and overcrowded Affordable and accessible public way their fault and so work needs to public transport services, as well as transport is very important to women be done with them to help draw the how the trip to and from the public and their empowerment in terms line as to what is acceptable and what transport stop or station may also of access to health, education and goes beyond this. A new study has put them at risk. The study will bring jobs as well as in their daily lives and family duties. However, using public transport is not always an enjoyable experience for them. Recent work looking into the situation of the harassment of women while using public transport shows that it is a daily occurrence for many. The whole journey can be risky in many cities especially when women may be travelling at certain times of the day. Surprisingly the FIA Foundation report Safe and Sound found it occurs extensively in London, Paris and New York. In the UK, one in eight women Women-only railway carriages on stated that they felt so unsafe using in the Middle East, among other public transport that they avoided places, are quite commonplace 82 thinkingcities.com

SLOCAT.indd 82 18/11/2016 14:36 Safety and Security together transport professionals (as by car. Looking at the statistics com-

well as transport operators and plan- paring public transport and cars – this in Transport ners) with sociologists and women’s is certainly not the case! groups to exchange information and However, this should not be seen as work on a tool kit for cities and other a feminist issue but rather as a socio- authorities. Suggestions on how to economic one. Women (and men) address women’s only transport and need to have safe and affordable the use of technology will be investi- access to all types of public transport gated. This can provide useful guid- and this will also positively impact ance for both the developed and the local and national economic develop- developing world. ment. The contrary is also true – and from this research it seems more A NEW URBAN AGENDA GENDER NEUTRAL true for men. Women will just reduce Making public transport safe is not their transport horizons if they per- just an issue for women as it should ceive that transport is not safe. As be safe for everyone. Men suf- we live more in urban and peri-urban fer from violent attacks more than areas we need to reassure women women, although rape of course that taking public transport is the does happen. The daily insidious right thing to do. harassment of visual or verbal is Having gender in the text of these different to this. CCTV cameras are international agreements helps to part of a technical solution that can make it easier for governments to help to provide an increased level of Women must be convinced that increase their efforts towards ensur- security but most of all we need to public transport is safe for them to ing that women are able to take part work on public awareness and a zero travel on and much more effort needs more actively in all aspects of life. But tolerance approach combined with to be put here. It is important that more importantly if we are to achieve clear indications of what to do if you women continue to use public trans- the ambitions of these international find yourself in such a situation. Safe port, as we know we need to increase agreements – whether they are and Sound found that programmes our usage and recognize that many connected with sustainable devel- that helped to quickly identify the women are already doing this more opment, climate change or a new perpetrators were very effective and then men are. Yet here is the rub. If you inclusive urban agenda – we need to part of this is encouraging women have ever travelled with small chil- understand better what women need to know when something is beyond dren on public transport you will know and want especially in a city context. being acceptable and know how to how difficult this is. So cars become We need to bring Venus a little closer say so. Clearly advertised panic but- more desirable at different life stages. to Mars – or make the unimaginable tons and help lines help to inform As women become more empowered a reality. women (or anyone for that matter) of they also buy cars, often thinking that what they can and should do. they and their families are safer going FYI Heather Allen is an independent consultant Having gender in the text of these on sustainable transport, gender and climate change international agreements helps to working with FIA Foundation and Sustainable Low Carbon make it easier for governments to Transport Partnership (SLoCaT) increase their efforts towards [email protected] ensuring that women are able to www.slocat.net www.fiafoundation.org/ take part more actively in all connect/publications/ aspects of life safe-and-sound 83

SLOCAT.indd 83 18/11/2016 14:36 ontrol room technology has changed tremendously over the Cpast 25 years. The amount of available data has grown through the roof, cameras have greatly improved, and additional information can now be integrated in the control room as well. But operators still work in the same way. Their tools have changed, the resolution of their monitors has improved, and they have an Internet connection, but the way they work has stayed pretty much unaltered. So, to bring the operator workspace into the 21st century, something verging on revolutionary was required. The amount of data generated in the world is huge. ‘Big data’ is an enormous understatement € the amount is in fact so overwhelming that, according to research firm IDC, only about 0.5 per cent is currently used and analyzed. That’s quite astonishing. In control rooms in general, and in traffic management centres in particular, there are still heaps of useful information that remains untouched. That’s why ever-more powerful computers and software are being used Station to process and analyze the data. But, however powerful the machines and software become, there’s just one thing people want to keep as is: the final decisions must be taken by a approach human. The operator is still the centre of the control room, and that’s where he or she belongs. The deci- The smart city operator workspace: sion to lock down a highway or close Johan Bekaert charts the course from a all routes into out of a city cannot be source of frustration to the pinnacle of efficiency taen b a machine € and, most liel, it will stay that way for at least the next 10 years. keyboard and mouse combination solution for this situation? Well, many forcing the operator to constantly have € and all have failed for one rea- THE SECURITY DILEMMA move around to consult a particular son or another. First, there were the However, even though operators are piece of information. A very ineffec- KVM switches, allowing the operator extremely important, their job is not tive way of working indeed, but nec- to work on multiple computers with easy or efficient. Things can get really essary to get a complete overview of just one keyboard, mouse, and moni- complex € especiall when dealing the situation. tor. Although this sounds like a pretty with systems at different security lev- decent solution, it has a number of els. These systems need to be sepa- SEARCHING FOR THE HOLY flaws. First of all, it’s impossible to rate at all times, which means that GRAIL OF OPERATOR EFFICIENCY view multiple sources simultane- the operator has multiple computers So, is it the case that no manufac- ously. This can be really trouble- to operate € each with its individual turer has ever tried to come up with a some in emergency situations, when 84 thinkingcities.com

OpSpace.indd 84 18/11/2016 14:02 Safety and Security on virtualized platforms, there are

still a lot that don’t. Furthermore, in Transport many control rooms still work with legacy applications that are not fit for virtualization. Desktop sharing is another technology with a lot of potential in the control room, but still limited use. This is a great way to help operators collaborate, but it’s mainly used for static applications and not for the important dynamic information. OPERATOR WORKSPACES

DESIGNING BOTTOM-UP To address this situation and meet this most pressing of needs Barco caption xxxxxxxx has introduced OpSpace, a dramatically different operator workspace solution. In fact, OpSpace combines IP-based KVM switching, virtualization and desktop sharing software, and puts them in a robust and simple user environment. “When designing a

Smart city operations workstations have to be ergonomically on-point

all relevant information is needed Another approach is the use of vir- new product, engineers tend to start in the blink of an eye. A workaround tualization software, which allows with an idea, create a prototype, and for this is to keep the monitors con- all applications to run on the same then go to alpha customers to get nected to the computers, and just server. his sounds great € but man feedback,” Dirk Hendrickx, GM Barco use the switch for the keyboard and vendors of operations control soft- Operational Collaboration Systems, mouse. But this greatly expands the ware still prefer to run their most explains. “For OpSpace, we started operator workspace and still keeps demanding applications on dedicated by talking to operators to learn how the operator moving around – in machines – for robustness and reli- they want to work, what their uto- this case, while carrying a keyboard ability reasons – while reserving pian workspace would look like. This and mouse... Secondly, it is quite a virtualization for things like dash- opened up a lot of new insights for us, nuisance to constantly be using the board applications or administrative making us take drastic design deci- switch, which – typically in stressful software. Although more and more sions we would never have thought of situations – can lead to mistakes. vendors enable their software to run ourselves.” 85

OpSpace.indd 85 18/11/2016 14:02 OpSpace provides opera- and eases maintenance by stor- tors with a single, person- ing all the hardware in a separate alized, concurrent view on location. But we really needed applications, remote desktops to eliminate latenc € a dragon and video streams – all freely that has devoured so many vir- combined onto a single, high- tual systems before. Operators resolution unified display surface should have the feeling that the spanning multiple displays on computer is still located under their desk. Operators get a com- their desk. We kept this crite- plete overview of the situation and rion constantl in mind € and m can control all applications with a happy to say we really nailed it!” single keyboard and mouse. “The Furthermore, OpSpace uses Keeping operations staff focused and objective was to create a workspace comfortable is undeniably vital standard networking technology, that feels very comfortable to opera- server and desktop virtualization tors,” Hendrickx says. “It doesn’t then be shared with colleagues in the infrastructure. It also allows integra- really make sense for operators to same control room, in a remote crisis tion of legacy systems on the opera- have to think about which security room, and even in the field. tor’s desk by using high-performance system a certain piece of informa- “A very specific thing we learned hardware encoding technologies, tion is located on. OpSpace provides from our talks with operators was allowing secure consolidation of all necessary applications and data to employ the ‘Work Area’ concept,” information across multiple isolated in the same environment. All of the Dirk Hendrickx says. “This allows the networks. Plus, the system is fully information the operator needs is operator to copy any application to scalable, so customers can adapt the instantly accessible, and can be con- the work area in front of him or her. solution to their changing needs, thus sulted and manipulated with a single The operator can then interact with safeguarding their investment. keyboard and mouse. This saves time this application, while maintaining an in crisis situations, and leads to better overview of the other signals still pre- A NATURAL WAY OF WORKING decision-making.” sent in her peripheral vision, without When you watch OpSpace in action, moving around. In this way, the over- it actually feels like the only natural ENSURING A COMPLETE all layout of the operator workspace way of working. It’s as if an operator SITUATIONAL OVERVIEW remains constant – so the operator workspace is supposed to work like Operators usually have a large num- is never confused about the wherea- this – and to think that years of R&D ber of windows to monitor, typically bouts of a particular piece of informa- efforts were needed to create such a more than one per display. OpSpace tion – while the work he needs to focus natural system! The user can select offers a large pixel space across mul- on is always right of front of him.” the number and size of the screens. tiple monitors and allows the opera- This means that you can build a sys- tor to display multiple sources per SLAYING THE LATENCY DRAGON tem with three or four monitors lined phsical monitor € enough to eep With OpSpace, Barco has also found up on the desk; or you can have more all vital windows open at all times. In the perfect balance between secu- – and larger – displays stacked on top the blink of an eye, the operator has rity and fluid workflow. The system of each other. The first configuration a complete overview of the situation. provides secure access to systems is handy when there is a large video The concept of a unified pixel space across multiple security domains via wall in the control room; the second allows the operator to move any win- ‘uni-directional’ hardware encoders, is most often used in smaller rooms dow to any location on the screens and integrating only at the presentation without a video wall. to shape the window layout according layer. As an extra security measure, to the needs of the situation at hand. OpSpace separates operators physi- Whenever required, the operator cally from the back-end systems that can create a ‘perspective’ of differ- host the actual operational content. FYI ent sources by combining multiple “Creating a virtual work environment Johan Bekaert is applications or sources into one logi- was a challenge we really wanted to Communications cal view, and correlating information tackle,” Hendrickx continues. “It gives Executive at Barco from different sources into a single us the opportunity to integrate all sys- [email protected] view to handle a specific situation. tems in a logical way, and it removes Moreover, these perspectives can all computers from the control room 86 thinkingcities.com

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