DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Bradford Ethesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Bradford Ethesis University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF SANICULA EUROPAEA AND TEUCRIUM DAVAEANUM Isolation and identification of some constituents of Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of both plants and cytotoxic activity of some isolated compounds. Agela Hussain Mohammed TALAG Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Life Sciences University of Bradford 2016 Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemistry of two species Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum which are traditionally used in treatment of wounds. Four compounds were isolated from the 80% methanolic extract of S. europaea; bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1), palmitic acid (2), rosmarinic acid (3), saniculoside N (4). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry measurements. Two compounds were isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T.davaeanum; 6 is a phenylethanoid glycoside and 8 is an iridoid glycoside, from the data available these may be new compounds for which the names davaeanuside A and davaeanuside B are proposed respectively." The total polyphenol content of S. europaea L, T. davaeanum leaves-flowers and T. davaeanum stem were found to be 5.0, 1.20 and 0.65 mg per 100 mg dried plant material respectively. A study of the antioxidant activity of the 50 % ethanol extracts of S. europaea and T. davaeanum showed that on a mg/mg basis S. europaea and T. davaeanum have approximately 5%, 8 % antioxidant capacity of Trolox respectively. A study of the cytotoxic activity of davaeanuside A (6), iridoid glycoside (7), davaeanuside B (8) and saponin compound (10) isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T. davaeanum revealed that saponin compound (10) inhibited the growth of Hela cells by 50 % at 50 µg/ml, P< 0.001, but the other compounds did not show activities against the tested cell lines at 100 µg/ml. The results of this work provide some basis for the traditional use of these species in the treatment of wounds. Key words Sanicula, Teucrium, saponin glycosides, phenylpropanoids, phenolic acids, antioxidant, cytotoxicity i To my husband who was supporting me through all the four years of my study, To the spirit of my father, To my family. ii CONTENT Abstract i Dedication ii List of Contents iii List of Figures ix List of Tables xvi Abbreviations and symbols xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 The use of natural products in drug discovery .................................... 1 1.2 The genus Sanicle.............................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Sanicula europaea L. ........................................................................ 9 1.2.2 Distribution of S. europaea in the world ........................................... 11 1.2.3 Traditional uses of S. europaea . .................................................... 11 1.2.3.1 Use of S. europaea for wound healing ....................................... 11 1.2.4 Other uses of S. europaea .............................................................. 13 1.2.5 Albarello drug jar for Sanicle , Italy , 1601 – 1800 ........................... 14 1.2.6 Phytochemistry of S. europaea ....................................................... 14 1.2.6.1 Volatile oil .................................................................................... 15 1.2.6.2 Saponin glycosides ...................................................................... 15 1.2.6.3 Phenolic acids ............................................................................. 20 1.2.7 Pharmacological actions of S. europaea ......................................... 20 1.3 Teucrium davaeanum species ......................................................... 23 1.4 Botanical description of Teucrium davaeanum L. ............................ 23 1.5 Phytochemistry of Teucrium genus .................................................. 24 1.5.1 Volatile oils ...................................................................................... 24 1.5.2 Diterpenoides compounds ............................................................... 25 1.5.3 Iridoid glycosides from Teucrium species ........................................ 30 iii 1.5.4 Flavonoids ....................................................................................... 31 1.5.5 Biological activities of some Teucrium species .............................. 32 1.6 Aim of the study ............................................................................... 33 1.7 Objectives ........................................................................................ 33 2 Materials and Methods.................................................................... 34 2.1 Plant materials ................................................................................. 34 2.2 Solvents ........................................................................................... 34 2.3 Chemicals ........................................................................................ 34 2.4 Extraction procedures ...................................................................... 34 2.4.1 Preparation of non-polar constituents of S. europaea ..................... 34 2.4.1.1 Preparation of hydrocarbons mixture ........................................... 35 2.4.1.2 Extraction of glycosides from S. europaea .................................. 37 2.4.1.3 Aqueous extraction ...................................................................... 39 2.5 Chromatographic Techniques .......................................................... 39 2.5.1 Normal phase silica gel chromatography ........................................ 39 2.5.2 Reverse phase silica gel C-18 chromatography .............................. 39 2.5.3 Preparative thin layer chromatography............................................ 40 2.5.4 Gel filtration chromatography .......................................................... 40 2.5.5 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) ................................................... 40 2.6 Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) ......................... 41 2.7 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ............................ 41 2.7.1 Analytical High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) .......... 41 2.7.2 Preparative high performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC) ...... 42 2.8 Spray reagents ................................................................................. 42 2.8.1 Anisaldehyde reagent ...................................................................... 42 2.8.2 Vanillin sulphuric acid reagent ......................................................... 42 2.8.3 Ferric chloride reagent .................................................................... 42 iv 2.8.4 Dragendorff’s reagent ...................................................................... 42 2.9 Spectroscopic methods .................................................................... 43 2.9.1 Mass spectrometry .......................................................................... 43 2.9.1.1 Electro spray ES+ and ES- mass spectrometry ........................... 43 2.9.1.2 Accurate mass spectrometry ....................................................... 43 2.9.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1-D,2-D NMR) .......... 43 3 Results and discussion, phytochemistry of S. europaea ................. 44 3.1 Identification of the lipid fraction of S. europaea ............................... 44 3.2 Preparation and yields of crude glycosides ...................................... 48 3.3 Fractionation of crude glycosides of S. europaea ............................ 48 3.3.1 Normal phase silica gel ................................................................... 49 3.3.2 Sephadex LH20 .............................................................................. 52 3.3.3 Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (PTLC) ............................ 54 3.3.4 Reverse phase silica gel C-18 ......................................................... 55 3.4 Natural products isolated from S. europaea ..................................... 58 3.4.1 Isolation of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 1 ....................................... 58 3.4.1.1 Further purification of 1 ................................................................ 59 3.4.1.2 Structure elucidation of 1 ............................................................. 61 3.4.2 Occurrence of 1 in nature ................................................................ 69 3.4.2.1 Occurrence of 1 in foods ............................................................. 69 3.4.2.2 Occurrence of 1 in water treatment plants ................................... 69 3.4.2.3 Occurrence of 1 in marine organisms .......................................... 70 3.4.2.4 Occurrence of 1 in bacteria organisms ........................................ 70 3.4.3 Pharmacological actions of 1 .......................................................... 70 3.4.4 Determination the origin of 1 in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PHCOG RES.: Research Article Investigation of the Flavonoidal Constituents and Insecticidal Activity of Teucrium Zanonii
    Pharmacognosy Research [Phcog Res] Vol 1, Issue 6, Nov-Dec, 2009 Page 410-416 (An Official Publication of Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide) Received: 29 09, 2009 Modified: 12 10, 2009 Accepted: 12 00, 2009 PHCOG RES.: Research Article Investigation of the flavonoidal constituents and insecticidal activity of Teucrium zanonii Abdelshafeek Khaled A.1,2,*, Abdelrahem Fahem2, Elwahsh Mohemmed A.1 and Abdelkhalek Ismail A.3 1 Altahadi University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Sirt, Libya, P.O. 674. 2 National Research Center, phytochemistry Department, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.3 3 National Research Center, pests and plant protection Department, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.3 * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Teucrium zanonii (Family labiateae) is an endemic Libyan plant growing in many regions around Benghazy city. Investigation of the flavonoidal constituents of plant led to isolation of Cirsiliol, Luteolin, Chrysoeriol and Xanthomicrol from ethyl acetate fraction while Apigenin 6,8-di-O-glucoside and Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside were isolated from the butanol fraction. All compounds were identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (UV, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy). The study of insecticidal activity of different extracts of the plant against the adult of Phloeotribus oleae showed the highest effect (86.67% mortality) was observed with the aqueous extract, while the unsaponifiable fraction was the least in this concern which give only 43.33% mortality,. Also, mortalities of 83.33%, 80.00%, 70.00% and 66.67% were obtained by using of alcoholic, butanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts, respectively. Also the filed experiments proved that aqueous, alcoholic and butanol extracts significantly lowered the percentage of infestation to 70.82%, 65.86% and 66.56%, respectively after one week.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pyrenees
    The Pyrenees A Greentours Holiday for the Alpine Garden Society 10th to 23rd June 2011 Led by Paul Cardy Trip Report and Systematic Lists by Paul Cardy Day 1 Friday 10 th June Arrival and Transfer to Formigueres Having driven from the south western Alps and reached Carcassonne the previous evening, I continued to Toulouse to meet the group at the airport. I was unexpectedly delayed by French customs who stopped me at the toll booth entering the city. There followed a lengthy questioning, as I had to unpack the contents of my suspiciously empty Italian mini-bus and show them my two large boxes of books, suitcase full of clothes, picnic supplies, etc., to convince them my purpose was a botanical tour to the Pyrenees. Now a little late I arrived breathlessly at Toulouse airport and rushed to the gate to meet Margaret, and the New Zealand contingent of Chris, Monica, Archie and Lynsie, hurriedly explaining the delay. Anyway we were soon back on the motorway and heading south towards Foix. White Storks in a field on route was a surprise. We made a picnic stop at a functional aire where there were tables, and a selection of weedy plants. Black Kite soared overhead. Once past Foix and Ax-les- Thermes the scenery became ever more interesting as we wound our way up to a misty Col de Puymorens. There a short stop yielded Pulsatilla vernalis in fruit and Trumpet Gentians. Roadside cliffs had Rock Soapwort, Saxifraga paniculata , and Elder-flowered Orchids became numerous. Now in the Parc Naturel Régional des Pyrénées Catalanes, a fascinating route down into the valley took us through Saillagouse and Mont-Louis before heading up a minor road to the village of Formigueres, our base for the first three nights.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogenetic Studies on the Determination of the Apical Meristem In
    Ontogenetic studies on the determination of the apical meristem in racemose inflorescences D i s s e r t a t i o n Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Am Fachbereich Biologie Der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Kester Bull-Hereñu geb. am 19.07.1979 in Santiago Mainz, 2010 CONTENTS SUMMARY OF THE THESIS............................................................................................ 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.................................................................................................. 2 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 3 1.1 Historical treatment of the terminal flower production in inflorescences....... 3 1.2 Structural understanding of the TF................................................................... 4 1.3 Parallel evolution of the character states referring the TF............................... 5 1.4 Matter of the thesis.......................................................................................... 6 2 DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR TERMINAL FLOWER PRODUCTION IN APIOID UMBELLETS...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Materials and Methods..................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Plant material....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Agarita, Agarito Mahonia Trifoliolata S HF Berberidaceae B#2 Birding Trail #2 T Tree Alamo Vine Merremia Dissecta F, V Convolvul
    Common Name Scientific Name Type Location Family Location Key Plant Type Key Agarita, Agarito Mahonia trifoliolata S HF Berberidaceae B#2 Birding Trail #2 T Tree Alamo vine Merremia dissecta F, V Convolvulaceae BO Bay Overlook S Shrub American Beautyberry Callicarpa americana S HF, B#2 Verbenaceae BHr Boathouse Rd F Forb/herbaceous American bulrush Schoenoplectus americanus Gr Cyperaceae BT Big Tree Trail Gr Grass American cupscale Sacciolepis striata Gr Poaceae Bw Boardwalk Gc Ground cover American eelgrass, Water celery Vallisneria americana F Hydrocharitaceae DPr Dagger Pt Rd W Water/aquatic American germander Teucrium canadense F TR, Hq Lamiaceae DPt Dagger Point Trail C Cacti American lotus Nelumbo lutea F JL Nelumbonaceae En Entrance V Vine American snoutbean Rhynchosia americana F, V Fabaceae HF Heron Flats SS Subshrub American Sycamore Platanus occidentalis T CCC Platanaceae HL Hog Lake SD sedge Anaqua Ehretia anacua T, SS VC Boraginaceae Hq Headquarters Anglepod melochia Melochia pyramidata F, SS, S Sterculiaceae JL Jones Lake Angleton bluestem Dichanthium aristatum Gr Poaceae MI Matagorda Island Anil de pasto Indigofera suffruticosa F, SS Fabaceae OT Observation Tower Annual seepweed Suaeda linearis F, SS Chenopodiaceae PA Picnic Area Arrowleaf, Flecha de Agua Sagittaria longiloba F TR Alismataceae RT Rail Trail Baby blue-eyes Nemophila phacelioides F HF, BO Hydrophyllaceae TL Tour Loop Bagpod, Bladderpod Glottidium vesicaria F, SS Fabaceae TR Tower Rd Bahia grass Paspalum notatum Gr Poaceae Baldwin's flatsedge Cyperus croceus
    [Show full text]
  • Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi C- Yaşam Bilimleri Ve Biyoteknoloji
    ESKİŞEHİR TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİM VE TEKNOLOJİ DERGİSİ C- YAŞAM BİLİMLERİ VE BİYOTEKNOLOJİ Eskişehir Technical University Journal of Science and Technology C- Life Sciences and Biotechnology 2021, 10(2), pp. 111-118, DOI: 10.18038/aubtdc.726339 RESEARCH ARTICLE A DETAILED STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY, MICROMORPHOLOGY AND FRUIT ANATOMY OF Sanicula europaea (APIACEAE) Mustafa ÇELİK 1,* , Özlem ÇETİN 2 1Advanced Technology Research & Application Center, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 2Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey ABSTRACT In this study, the morphology, palynology, fruit micromorphology and anatomy of Sanicula europaea L. were studied. The morphological description of S. europaea is expanded. Pollen morphology of the species was examined by SEM and LM, and the micromorphological characters of the fruit were also examined by SEM. Cross-sections of mature fruits were examined, and a detailed anatomical description is presented. Keywords: Anatomy, Micromorphology, Sanicula, Umbelliferae, Turkey 1. INTRODUCTION Sanicula L. (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae) is a distinctive genus of perennial woodland herbs with representatives in the north temperate zone of both the Old and New World. Sanicula comprises 47 species and its native range is Europe to SW. Siberia and N. Iran, NW. Africa. Armed with hooked bristles, a rather prominent and persistent calyx, and two persistent styles, the fruits (schizocarps) are the most characteristic feature of Sanicula, readily distinguishing it from other genera in the Apiaceae [1]. Sanicula europaea L. is widely distributed from Europe to Asia and is also found in Africa. It has been used as a medicinal plant for centuries. In traditional medicine, it is used to against diseases such as bronchial inflammation, stomach bleeding, and as a remedy for wounds [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Community Structure and Seasonality of Bees and Flowering Plants in a Riparian Corridor Of
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.04.894600; this version posted January 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Community structure and seasonality of bees and flowering plants in a riparian corridor of 2 the lower Rio Grande River in Webb County, Texas (USA) 3 Amede Rubio ([email protected])1,2 and Scott Longing2, 1Texas A&M International Univ., 4 Laredo, TX, 2Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX 5 Abstract: 6 The Lower Rio Grande River (LRGR) in Texas is the physical boundary between the United 7 States and Mexico and is considered one of the world’s most at-risk rivers due to intensified 8 management of the riparian corridor and human use. Exotic plant invasions have significantly 9 altered the native floral communities because of invasive giant reed, with potential impacts to the 10 native wildlife using resources in the riparian corridor. This study was conducted along a 3.22 11 km stretch of the LRGR in southwestern Webb County, TX to assess bee (Anthophila) 12 communities and their flowering-plant resources among proximal and distal terrestrial upland 13 and river-adjacent sub-corridors. Patterns related to the bee community across the two habitats 14 consisted of low variation and dominance by common taxa, suggesting the riparian corridor 15 could be used as a resource for bee foraging and soil-nesting.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae Based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa
    Systematic Botany (2010), 35(2): pp. 425–441 © Copyright 2010 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa David C. Tank 1,2,3 and Michael J. Donoghue 1 1 Peabody Museum of Natural History & Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 U. S. A. 2 Department of Forest Resources & Stillinger Herbarium, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P. O. Box 441133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 U. S. A. 3 Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Communicating Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega Abstract— Previous attempts to resolve relationships among the primary lineages of Campanulidae (e.g. Apiales, Asterales, Dipsacales) have mostly been unconvincing, and the placement of a number of smaller groups (e.g. Bruniaceae, Columelliaceae, Escalloniaceae) remains uncertain. Here we build on a recent analysis of an incomplete data set that was assembled from the literature for a set of 50 campanulid taxa. To this data set we first added newly generated DNA sequence data for the same set of genes and taxa. Second, we sequenced three additional cpDNA coding regions (ca. 8,000 bp) for the same set of 50 campanulid taxa. Finally, we assembled the most comprehensive sample of cam- panulid diversity to date, including ca. 17,000 bp of cpDNA for 122 campanulid taxa and five outgroups. Simply filling in missing data in the 50-taxon data set (rendering it 94% complete) resulted in a topology that was similar to earlier studies, but with little additional resolution or confidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Disintegration and Redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the Understanding of the Evolution of an Intriguing Breeding Strategy
    TAXON 59 (1) • February 2010: 125–133 Yuan & al. • Phylogeny of Clerodendrum and allied genera Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy Yao-Wu Yuan,1,2 David J. Mabberley,3,4 Dorothy A. Steane5 & Richard G. Olmstead1 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325, U.S.A. 2 Current address: 4504 Miller Plant Sciences Building, Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A. 3 University of Washington Botanic Gardens, College of Forest Resources, Box 354115, Seattle, Washington 98195-4115, U.S.A. 4 Current address: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, U.K. 5 School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Author for correspondence: Yao-Wu Yuan, [email protected] Abstract The genus Clerodendrum s.l. is polyphyletic. Although recent studies have resulted in C. subg. Cyclonema and C. sect. Konocalyx being removed to the resurrected genus Rotheca, and the unispecific genus Huxleya being sunk into Clerodendrum, it has been unclear whether Clerodendrum as currently circumscribed is monophyletic, particularly in relation to the American genera Aegiphila, Amasonia, and Tetraclea. This phylogenetic study employs four relatively fast-evolving chloroplast DNA re- gions, trnT-L, trnL-F, trnD-T, and trnS-fM, to clarify the generic boundaries of Clerodendrum and its relationship to allied genera. The results corroborate previous studies that there are three well-supported clades in the currently recognized Clerodendrum: an Asian clade, an African clade, and a Pantropical Coastal clade.
    [Show full text]
  • Beach Finds, Dunes and Plant Life
    A Wild, Wild Life on the Mid-Texas Coast: Beach Finds, Dunes and Plant Life Presentation by Peggy Romfh, M.S. October 2017 Photos by Pete and Peggy Romfh unless otherwise noted Pete and Peggy Romfh are members of Texas Master Naturalist, Cradle of Texas Chapter Intro to Brazoria County ©2017, P&P Romfh 2 What We Will Cover • Coastal Dunes and Beaches • Trash • Beach Finds • Sargassum • Vegetation – from beaches to salt marsh ©2017, P&P Romfh 3 From Salt Marsh to Beach Vegetation occurs within this area. B F BAY saltmarsh over-wash dune beach open (mud-flat) water ©2017, P&P Romfh 4 Coastal Dunes ©2017, P&P Romfh 5 Tides and Storm Surge Sources: https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/ and Coastal Dunes, 5th Ed., Texas General Land Office ©2017, P&P Romfh 6 Beach Contour Defined by Storms, Debris, Human Tracks and Low, Ragged Dunes Bryan Beach Beach and Dune Contour - 02/19/12 Coordinates: N 28° 52.830’, W 95° 22.540’ 25 Source: Contour Survey, P&P Romfh 20 150 ft 15 50 ft 10 Wrack Line Human tracks Frontal Back Dune Dune Zone Zone 5 HighTide Vertical Height of Sand - Ft - Sand of Height Vertical 0 Low Tide -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -5 Horizontal Distance from Tide Line to Dune - Ft Max height dunes was 8 ft. Depth of beach from high-tide line approx. 150 ft. ©2017, P&P Romfh 7 Coastal Dunes and Beaches Source: Coastal Dunes, 5th Ed., Texas General Land Office Washout from Storm Surge ©2017, P&P Romfh 8 Salt Marsh and Salt Flats Sargent Unit, San Bernard NWR looking towards Gulf of Mexico ©2017, P&P Romfh 9 Coastal Beaches Swash Zone Wet Beach Wrack Line ©2017, P&P Romfh 10 Beach Finds: Trash ©2017, P&P Romfh 11 Beach Finds: Trash ©2017, P&P Romfh 12 Beach Finds: Invertebrates ©2017, P&P Romfh 13 Beach Finds: Vertebrates ©2017, P&P Romfh 14 Beach Finds: Vertebrates You must register marine mammal bones with the National Marine Fisheries Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Plants
    YUMA PROVING GROUND FLORA LISTS Family Scientific name Common name ANNUALS Agavaceae Hesperocallis undulata Desert lily Sesuvium verrucosum Verrucose seapurslane Aizoaceae Trianthema portulacastrum Desert horsepurslane Amaranthus fimbriatus Fringed amaranth Amaranthus palmeri Carelessweed Amaranthaceae Tidestromia lanuginosa Wooly tidestromia Tidestromia oblongifolia Arizona honeysweet Bowlesia incana Hoary bowlesia Apiaceae Daucus pusillus American wild carrot Acourtia wrightii Brownfoot Ambrosia psilostachya Cuman ragweed Atrichoseris platyphylla Parachute plant Baccharis emoryi Emory's baccharis Baileya multiradiata Desert marigold Baileya pleniradiata Woolly desert marigold Calycoseris wrightii White tackstem Chaenactis carphoclinia Pebble pincushion Chaenactis stevioides Esteve's pincushion Dicoria canescens Desert twinbugs Erigeron divergens Spreading fleabane Evax verna Spring pygmy‐cudweed Geraea canescens Hairy desert sunflower Asteraceae Helianthus annuus Common sunflower Heterotheca subaxillaris Camphorweed Laennecia coulteri Coulter's horseweed Logfia arizonica Arizona cottonrose Malacothrix glabrata Smooth desert dandelion Monoptilon bellioides Mojave desert star Palafoxia linearis Desert spanish needles Pectis papposa Many‐bristle chinchweed Perityle emoryi Emory's rocklily Prenanthella exigua Brightwhite Psathyrotes ramosissima Velvet turtleback Rafinesquia neomexicana New Mexico plumeseed Senecio mohavensis Mojave ragwort Stephanomeria exigua White plume wire lettuce Family Scientific name Common name Trichoptilium incisum
    [Show full text]
  • Final El Centro 1 Supplemental Environmental Stewardship Plan
    APPENDIX A Biological Survey Report This page intentionally left blank BIOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT EL CENTRO FENCE REPLACEMENT PROJECT Task Order 27 (Biological Portion) FME Contract: GS10F0070W March 2020 Prepared For: Paul Enriquez Acquisition, Real Estate, and Environmental Director Infrastructure Program Program Management Office Directorate U.S. Customs and Border Protection [email protected] This Page Left Intentionally Blank Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Project Description ............................................................................................................................................. 1 3. Survey Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 1 3.1. Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 4. Site Assessments............................................................................................................................................... 2 5. Environmental Setting ........................................................................................................................................ 3 6. Biological Resources.........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE National Plant Monitoring Scheme SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
    National Plant Monitoring Scheme SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE National Plant Monitoring Scheme SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE Contents White / Cream ................................ 2 Grasses ...................................... 130 Yellow ..........................................33 Rushes ....................................... 138 Red .............................................63 Sedges ....................................... 140 Pink ............................................66 Shrubs / Trees .............................. 148 Blue / Purple .................................83 Wood-rushes ................................ 154 Green / Brown ............................. 106 Indexes Aquatics ..................................... 118 Common name ............................. 155 Clubmosses ................................. 124 Scientific name ............................. 160 Ferns / Horsetails .......................... 125 Appendix .................................... 165 Key Traffic light system WF symbol R A G Species with the symbol G are For those recording at the generally easier to identify; Wildflower Level only. species with the symbol A may be harder to identify and additional information is provided, particularly on illustrations, to support you. Those with the symbol R may be confused with other species. In this instance distinguishing features are provided. Introduction This guide has been produced to help you identify the plants we would like you to record for the National Plant Monitoring Scheme. There is an index at
    [Show full text]