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The Study of Monsters in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France and England Author(S): Katharine Park and Lorraine J

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The Study of Monsters in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France and England Author(S): Katharine Park and Lorraine J The Past and Present Society Unnatural Conceptions: The Study of Monsters in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century France and England Author(s): Katharine Park and Lorraine J. Daston Source: Past & Present, No. 92 (Aug., 1981), pp. 20-54 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The Past and Present Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/650748 . Accessed: 07/09/2011 11:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Oxford University Press and The Past and Present Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Past & Present. http://www.jstor.org UNNATURAL CONCEPTIONS:THE STUDY OF MONSTERSIN SIXTEENTH- AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCEAND ENGLAND* IN HIS NOVUM ORGANON, BLUEPRINT FOR THE NEW EXPERIMENTAL scienceof the seventeenthcentury, Francis Bacon advised prospec- tive naturalphilosophers that: a compilation, or particular natural history, must be made of all monsters and prodigious births of nature; of every thing, in short, which is new, rare, and unusual in nature. This should be done with a rigorous selection, so as to be worthy of credit. 1 Odd as Bacon'splan for a collectionof monsterssounds to modern ears, it was a projectwhich his contemporariesgreeted with con- fidenceand enthusiasm. Monsters were in greatvogue during Bacon's time. On 4 NovemberI637, for example,Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels, granteda six-monthlicense "to Lazaras,an Italian,to shew his brotherBaptista, that grows out of his navell, and carryes him at his syde".2Lazarus Coloredo and his parasitictwin JohnBap- tistaarrived in Englandat the age of twentyafter appearances on the Continent.Lazarus' exhibitions were a greatsuccess. In I639 he was still in London;he laterappeared at Norwichand, in I642, in Scot- land, on what seems to have been an extendedtour of the provinces. John Spaldingdescribed his stay in Aberdeen: He had his portraiture with the monster drawin, and hung out at his lodging, to the view of the people. The one seruand had ane trumpettour who soundit at suche tyme as the people sould cum and sie this monster, who flocked aboundantlie into his lodging. The uther seruand receaved the moneyis fra ilk persone for his sight, sum less sum mair. And efter there wes so muche collectit as culd be gottin, he with his seruandis, schortlie left the toun, and went southuard agane.3 Lazarusand John Baptistawere furthercelebrated in a broadside balladfrom the sameperiod called "The Two InseparableBrothers", which includeda woodcutportrait (Figure I), and in a pamphleton * We would like to thank Dr. Bert Hansen for his helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. 1 Francis Bacon, Nov^m organon (London, I620, S.T.C. II62), ii. 29, in The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. Basil Montagu, I7 vols. (London, I83I), XiV, p. I38. 2 The information about Lazarus and John Baptista is collected in Hyder E. Rollins introduction to "The Two Inseparable Brothers" (London, I637), in The Pack of Autolys^s, or Strange and Terrible News . as Told in Broadside Ballads of the Years I624-I693, ed. Hyder E. Rollins (Cambridge, Mass., I927; repr. I969), pp. 7-9. 3 John Spalding, Memorialls of the Trubles in Scotland and in England, I624-I645, 2 vols. (Aberdeen, I850-I), ii, pp. I25-6. For the publication history of the Mertzorialls, see ^aza.,.. .. 1,. pp. X-Xll... _ _ - THE STUDY OF MONSTERS IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND 2I FIGURE I LAZARUSAND JOHN BAPTISTACOLOREDO (I637) ._ - I ai f -hS 1 a-;:: - B- - - - "TheTwo InseparableBrothers" (London, I637), repr.in The Pack of AutoZysus,ed. HyderE. Rollins(Cambridge, Mass., I927; repr. I969), p. IO. 22 PAST AND PRESENT NUMBER 92 anotherequally famous monster on display in London: Tannakin Skinker,the "hog-facedwoman" from Holland.4 Monstersfigured in literaturedirected towards more learnedau- diencesin both Franceand England, as well as in popularbroadsides. In fact they appearedin almost every forum of discussionin the sixteenthand seventeenthcenturies. Philosophers like Baconincor- poratedthem into treatmentsof natureand naturalhistory; civil and canon lawyers debated the marriageabilityof hermaphroditesand whetherboth headsof Siamesetwins deservedbaptism; hack writers retailedwoodcuts and balladsabout the latestpretergeneration; and generalaudiences eagerly consumed proliferating accounts of mon- strousbirths, both classicaland modern,exotic and domestic. Despite theirubiquity, monsters have received little seriousatten- tion from historiansof the intellectualand culturalclimate of the period,as a phenomenonat the best trivialand at the worsttasteless.5 Yet the subject is of considerableinterest. The study of the six- teenth-and seventeenth-century literature on monsters-aberrations in the naturalorder sheds new light on earlierconceptions of nature,as well as on the Baconianscientific programme and its in- carnationin the work of Frenchand Englishacademies. It also pro- vides a fascinatingcase-study in levels of culture, and in particular on the changingrelationship between popular and learnedculture in this period. Popularand learnedinterest in monstersdid not, of course,orig- inate with the early modernperiod. There was a long traditionof writingon the subject, both in classicaland Christianantiquity and during the middle ages. (As indicatedlater in both text and refer- ences, these earlier treatmentswere often importantsources of sixteenth-and seventeenth-centuryideas.) It is possibleto identify three main componentsof the earliertradition.6 The first was the body of scientificwriting on monsterswhich appears most character- isticallyin the biologicalwork of Aristotleand his classicaland medi- 4 "TheTwo InseparableBrothers", repr. in ThePackof Autolysus,ed. Rollins,pp. I0-II; "A CertaineRelation of the Hog-FacedGentlewoman . ." (London, I640), repr.in EdmundWilliam Ashbee, Occasional Fac-simile Reprints of Rareand Curious Tractsof thez6th and I7thcenturies, 2 vols. (London,I868-72), no. I6. 5 In general,the secondaryliterature on monstersin this periodleaves much to be desired,both in quantityand in quality.The indispensablesources are Jean Ceard, La natureet lesprodiges (Geneva, I977), and RudolfWittkower, "Marvels of the East:A Studyin the Historyof Monsters",Zl. WarburgInst., v (I942), pp. I59-97. Ernest Martin,Histoire des monstres depois l'antiquite jusqu'a nos jours (Paris, I880), andC. J. S. Thompson,The Mystery and Lore of Monsters(London, I930), provideinteresting leads,although neither is notablefor historicalsophistication or comprehensivelisting of sources.Ceard's study is remarkablefor its eruditionand command of the texts,his main interest is in the philosophicalcontent of the literatureof monsters in sixteenth-centuryFrance, rather than in its culturaland socialcontext. 6 On the first two components,see Ceard,op. cit., chs. I-2. On the third, see Wittkower,op. cit., pp. I59-82. Martin,op. cit., also dealsbriefly with a subsidiary theme, that of the legalstatus of monstersand infanticide in antiquity;see pp. I-9. THE STUDY OF MONSTERS IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND 23 eval followers,notably Albertus Magnus.7 The seconddealt specifi- cally with monstrousbirths as portents or divine signs; the most influentialpagan contributorto this traditionwas Cicero,although laterChristian writers relied overwhelminglyon the interpretations of Augustineand those he influenced,like Isidoreof Seville.8The third strainof classicaland medievalthought on monsters,finally, was cosmographicaland anthropological,and concernedthe mon- strousraces of menwidely believed to inhabitparts of Asiaand Africa; this strainwas transmittedby classicalauthorities like Solinusto a wide varietyof medievalwriters, as well as artistsand sculptors.All three traditionsappear in the discussionof monstersafter I500, al- though, as we will argue,the subjectwas investedwith new content andnew urgencyas a resultof contemporaryreligious and intellectual developments. The treatmentof monstersand attitudestowards them evolveno- ticeablyduring the sixteenthand seventeenthcenturies. Character- istically,monsters appear most frequentlyin the contextof a whole group of relatednatural phenomena: earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions,celestial apparitions, and rainsof blood, stonesand other miscellanea.The interpretationof this canon of phenomenaunder- went a series of metamorphosesin the yearsafter I500. In the most popularliterature such events were originallytreated as divine pro- digies, and popularinterest in them was sparkedand fuelledby the religiousconflicts of the Reformation.As the periodprogressed, they appearedmore and more as naturalwonders signs of nature's fertilityrather than God'swrath. Bacon, stronglyinfluenced by this attitude,adopted the study of monstersas one of threecoequal parts in his refurbishedscheme for naturalhistory a schemewhich in- spiredthe earlyefforts of the RoyalSociety. By the end of the seven- teenth century, monsters had lost their autonomyas a subject of scientificstudy, dissolvingtheir links with earthquakesand the like, and had been integratedinto the medicaldisciplines of comparative anatomyand embryology. Of course the varioustypes
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