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Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Esophagus, Stomach and Small Intestines of Vara- Nus Niloticus

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Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Esophagus, Stomach and Small Intestines of Vara- Nus Niloticus Varanus niloticus Ahmed et al. Histological and Histochemical Studies on the Esophagus, Stomach and Small Intestines of Vara- nus niloticus Ahmed YA1, El-Hafez AAE2, Zayed AE2 1 Faculty of Veterinary Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt. 2 21 22 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt. Email: [email protected] _______________________________________________________________ With 4 figures Received June 2009; accepted for publication October 2009 Abstract The folded esophageal mucosa had ciliated columnar epithelium with muc- Information on the digestive system of ous secreting goblet cells, which the reptiles is based on relatively few stained positive with PAS and AB. studies on some of the now present 7500 reptilian species. Yet, the gap The esophageal mucosa was folded between our understanding of the major and the lining epithelium was ciliated columnar epithelium with mucous se- 23 24 similarities and / or differences between creting goblet cells, which stained posi- the mammalian and reptilian digestive system does not seem satisfiable. The tive with PAS and AB. Fig (21): A photomicrograph of dog liver showing intensive positive reaction to acid aim of the current study was to investi- The stomach was divided into fundic phosphatase in A- group (II) and B- group (III). Stain: Gomori's lead method. gate the morphological structure of one and pyloric regions. The mucosa was of the most common reptilian species in thrown into gastric pits, into which the Fig (22): A photomicrograph of dog liver showing intensive positive reaction to alkaline Egypt, Varanus niloticus or Nile moni- gastric glands opened. The surface phosphatase in A- group (II) and B- group (III). Stain: Calcium cobalt method. tor. Specimens for histological exami- epithelium was mucous secreting co- nation were collected from the esopha- Fig (23): A photomicrograph of dog liver showing intensive positive reaction to ATPase lumnar cells and stained positive with geus, stomach and small intestine of in A- group (II) and B- group (III). Stain: Modified method. PAS but negative with AB. The fundic the Nile monitor and pro-cessed for pa- gland was made by oxynticopeptic cells raffin embedding. Sections were Fig (24): A photomicrograph of dog liver showing intensive positive reaction to in A- and few mucous cells, while the entire stained with haemat-oxylin and eosin group (II) and B- group (III). Stain: Nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT) method. pyloric gland was made by mucous for general morpho-logy. Periodic Acid cells stained positive for both PAS and Schiff's (PAS) and Alcian Blue (AB) AB. The small intestine showed many staining methods were applied to detect villi but occasional poorly developed the different types of the mucous con- intestinal crypts were. The intestinal tents of the gastro-intestinal tract. mucosa was lined with absorptive co- Some paraffin sections were stained lumnar epithelium with goblet cells, with Grimelius silver impregnation tech- which stained positive with PAS and nique for localization of the enteroendo- AB. Enteroendocrine cells were of dif- crine cells. ferent shapes; rounded, spindle, oval or J. Vet. Anat. 35 Vol 2 No1, (2009) 35 - 48 Varanus niloticus Ahmed et al. pyramidal and were localized in the sur- like head, sharp claws, and a long and formed of folds lined by ciliated colum- The reptilian small intestine may be face epithelium of the esophagus and strong tail, which is used to defend itself nar epithelium with goblet cells. Some highly convoluted as in turtles or rela- small intestine, and among the cells of when threatened (Alden et al., 2005). snakes have mucous glands along their tively straight as in snakes (Parsons the gastric glands. This species of reptiles used to eat any submucosa (Elliott, 2007). The muscu- and Cameron, 1977). The intestinal thing it can overpower or find as a car- laris mucosa of the esophagus is ab- surface is varies among different This is the first report about the histolo- rion such as arthropods, frogs, fish, sent in many species of reptiles but may groups; it may be thrown into longit- gy of the alimentary tract of the Varanus birds, small mammals and other smaller be found in some species of turtles udinal and transverse folds, have a zig- niloticus. Further studies are required reptiles as well as the eggs of the Nile (Elliott, 2007). zag pattern or netlike or honeycomb for investigation the possibility of using crocodiles (Capula, 1990; Smith et al., appearance, or consists of fine stria- this animal as a model for studying the 2008 ). Depending upon its powerful In reptiles the stomach varies in shape tions (Parsons and Cameron, 1977). regulation of the digestive processes as tail, the Nile monitor is an excellent (Elliott, 2007). The stomach of turtles The mucosa is organized into villi with well as to understand the theory of de- swimmer and it can stay under the wa- has greater and lesser curvatures, cro- poorly developed intestinal crypts in velopment. ter for up to one hour (Capula, 1990), codiles have a saccular stomach, li- most species or crypts maybe absent how-ever, it is not only an aquatic ani- zards have an ovoid one, while the (Luppa, 1 977). The lining epithelium of Key words: mal, but also walks and sometimes stomach of snakes is elongated in the small intestine is formed of absorp- climbs trees to feed, bask or sleep (Al- shape (Madrid et al., 1989). The muco- tive columnar cells and goblet cells. Reptiles, Varanus niloticus , Alimentary den et al., 2005). Mating of the Nile sa of the stomach is folded and the ex- Enteroendocrine cells can be identified Tract, Morphology monitors occurs after rainy seasons, tend of folding varies among different using Grimelius silver stain (Burrell et groups of reptiles. Two parts of the rep- Introduction and the female give about 60 eggs that al., 1992). Beyond the duodenum, it is are incubated for a period of 6-9 months tilian stomach are usually distinguisha- difficult to distinguish between different ble, the fundus and the pylorus (Luppa, It has been suggested that reptiles before hatching, and the offspring reach parts of the small intestine. 1977). The mucosa of the fundic region could serve as a model” Reptiles have their maturity after about 4 years (Ca- consists of rows of branched tubular been suggested to be a future useful pula, 1990). Materials and Methods glands. Each gland consists of a gas- model for studying the physiological The digestive system of the reptiles tric pit and glandular body. Mucous Sample Collection and Paraffin Em- regulation of the digestive process as contains all the structures present in neck cells similar to that of mammals bedding they have well responses to feeding other higher vertebrates, from the oral may be present in some species such An adult female Nile monitor, 1.5 me- even more than other commonly used cavity to the cloaca. The oral cavity is as snakes or absent in others such as ters long was collected from a lake in experimental mammals such as mice, lined by mucous membrane made by turtles (Elliott, 2007). The glandular Qena close to the Nile River. The ani- rats, rabbit and pigs (Secor and Di- non-keratinized stratified squamous portion contains either one type or two mal was killed and the alimentary tract amond, 1998). Reptiles include as epithetlium with salivary glands distrib- types of cells; dark serous (oxyntico- was removed, opened, cleaned and many as 7500 different species, most uted in the submucosa (Putterill and peptic) and clear mucous cells. The samples were taken from the esopha- known are; alligators, turtles, tortoises, Soley, 2003). ratio of the two cells also may be differ- gus, stomach (fundic and pyloric re- lizards and snakes (Elliott, 2007). ent from species to another (Suganuma gions) and different parts of the small The alimentary tract of reptiles is similar One of these reptiles is the Varanus et al., 1981). The dark cells functions intestine. Samples were thoroughly to higher vertebrates with some excep- niloticus or the Nile monitor, which is as both parietal and chief cells of washed in phosphate buffered saline tions. The esophagus shows adaptive the biggest African lizard and one of the mammals. Additional cells, enteroen- and rapidly immersed in either 10% pa- modifications from group to group. In most voracious predators (Capula, docrine cells are scat-tered throughout raformaldehyde for at least 3 days or turtles, the esophagus has heavily kera- 1990). It lives along the Nile; it has the digestive tract. These cells contain Bouin’s fixative for 30 minutes. The tinized papillae that protect the mucosa been found mainly in swamps and lakes mem-braned vesicles of peptide hor- samples were dehydrated in an ascen- from abrasive diet such as speculated (Smith et al., 2008). Nile monitor has a mones and amines (D'Este et al., ding graded ethanol series (70, 90, 95 sponges and jellyfish, and also may act powerful body with an elongated snake- 1995), and function similar to that of and 100%) for 1 hour each, and then as filtering devices. In lizards, it is mammals (Krause et al., 1985). cleared in 3 changes of, xylene for 24 J. Vet. Anat. 36 Vol 2 No1, (2009) 35 - 48 Varanus niloticus Ahmed et al. pyramidal and were localized in the sur- like head, sharp claws, and a long and formed of folds lined by ciliated colum- The reptilian small intestine may be face epithelium of the esophagus and strong tail, which is used to defend itself nar epithelium with goblet cells. Some highly convoluted as in turtles or rela- small intestine, and among the cells of when threatened (Alden et al., 2005). snakes have mucous glands along their tively straight as in snakes (Parsons the gastric glands.
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