DOCSLIB.ORG

Middle Digestive Tract

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Middle Digestive Tract Stomach and small intestine 1. Stomach – embryogenesis and histogenesis 2. Small intestine – embryogenesis and histogenesis 3. Structural organization of the stomach and small intestine – macroscopic and microscopic anatomy 4. Roentgen anatomy of the stomach and small intestine 5. Blood supply and innervation of the stomach and small intestine SPLANCHNOLOGY Stomach – gaster , ventriculus ° The most dilated (J-shaped) part of the digestive tube – 1-1.7 l V situated in the upper abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm V storage and break food down, and mixing it with juices secreted by its lining – chemical digestion Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 2 SPLANCHNOLOGY Embryonic development ° Embryogenesis: V develops from the foregut starting at the 4 th week V fusiform dilation of the foregut V rotates 90° clockwise around its longitudinal axis ° Histogenesis: V from the endoderm of the foregut: gastric epithelium o stratified columnar epithelium simple columnar (2nd mo.) gastric glands gastric pits – middle of 2 nd mo. V from the surrounding mesenchyme: connective tissue components o serosa – 2nd mo. (splanchnopleural mesoderm) smooth muscles – 2nd – 4th mo. Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 3 SPLANCHNOLOGY Macroscopic anatomy ° Four distinct anatomical regions: V the cardia, pars cardiaca – gastric orifice, ostium cardiacum V the fundus, fundus gastricus V the body, corpus gastricum V the pylorus, pars pylorica: pyloric antrum pyloric canal pyloric sphincter V greater curvature, curvatura gastrica major V lesser curvature, curvatura gastrica minor Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 4 SPLANCHNOLOGY Topography of the stomach ° The skeletotopy: V in upper part of the abdominal cavity, under the left diaphragmatic vault in the left hypochondriac region partly in the epigastric region V the cardia – to the left of Th 10 -Th 11 vertebrae V the pylorus – to the right of Th 12 -L1 vertebrae Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 5 SPLANCHNOLOGY Topography of the stomach ° The somatotopy – intraperitoneal position: V stomach bed (gastric chamber) V anterior gastric surface – 40 cm2 (beneath the Traube ’s space) operative approach to the stomach V contact surfaces Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 6 SPLANCHNOLOGY Wall of stomach ° Three major layers: V the mucosa, tunica mucosa submucosa, tela submucosa V muscularis, tunica muscularis V the serosa, tunica serosa Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 7 SPLANCHNOLOGY Wall of stomach ° Three major layers: V the mucosa, tunica mucosa submucosa, tela submucosa V muscularis, tunica muscularis V the serosa, tunica serosa Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 8 SPLANCHNOLOGY Histological structure ° Three distinct histological parts: V cardiac region the cardia, pars cardiaca V fundic region the fundus and the body, corpus gastricum V pyloric region the pylorus, pars pylorica Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 9 SPLANCHNOLOGY Gastric mucosa ° mamillated areas, ° gastric folds (rugae), areae gastricae : plicae gastricae : V villous folds, plicae villosae V along the curvatures – V gastric pits longitudinal mucosal folds (foveolae gastricae ) V within lesser curvature – stomach road, “Magenstrasse” for gastric emptying Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 10 SPLANCHNOLOGY Gastric mucosa ° mamillated areas, ° gastric folds (rugae), areae gastricae : plicae gastricae : V villous folds, plicae villosae V along the curvatures – V gastric pits longitudinal mucosal folds (foveolae gastricae ) V within lesser curvature – stomach road, “Magenstrasse” for gastric emptying Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 11 SPLANCHNOLOGY Gastric mucosa V lamina epithelialis – single-layered columnar epithelium: surface mucous cells (cell renewal 4-7 days) and pit cells V lamina propria mucosae – gastric glands V lamina muscularis mucosae – causes changes in the mucosal surface relief Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 12 SPLANCHNOLOGY Gastric glands ° proper gastric (fundic ) glands ~35 million glandulae gastricae propriae V pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid V gastric intrinsic factor ° cardiac glands – glandulae cardiacae ° pyloric glands – glandulae pyloricae, ~3.5 million (total secretory surface of 0.4 m2) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 13 SPLANCHNOLOGY Gastric glands ° proper gastric (fundic) glands – parts: isthmus, neck and base (pars principalis) ° cell types: V undifferentiated (stem) cells – in the upper neck region epitheliocyti nondifferentiati glandulae pyloricae V chief cells, exocrinocyti principales: pepsinogen and lypase V parietal cells, exocrinocyti parietales: HCl, intrinsic factor V mucous neck cells, mucocyti cervicales V enteroendocrine cells, endocrinocyti: gastrin , SOM, VIP, SER, histamine, ghrelin, bombesin Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 14 SPLANCHNOLOGY Histological structure ° Gastric submucosa, tela submucosa: V dense connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels ° Gastric muscularis, tunica muscularis: V inner oblique layer, fibrae obliquae V middle circular layer (m. sphincter pyloricus) – poorly developed in the periesophageal region V outer longitudinal layer (stratum longitudinale) – absent from much of the anterior and ° Gastric serosa, tunica serosa: posterior stomach surfaces V part of peritoneum Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 15 SPLANCHNOLOGY Histological structure ° Gastric submucosa, tela submucosa: V dense connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels ° Gastric muscularis, tunica muscularis: V inner oblique layer, fibrae obliquae V middle circular layer (m. sphincter pyloricus) – poorly developed in the periesophageal region V outer longitudinal layer (stratum longitudinale) – absent from much of the anterior and ° Gastric serosa, tunica serosa: posterior stomach surfaces V part of peritoneum Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 16 SPLANCHNOLOGY Roentgen anatomy ° Saccus digestorius: Vfornix gastricus Vcorpus gastricum Vsinus ventriculi ° Canalis egestorius: Vpars pylorica Vpylorus Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 17 SPLANCHNOLOGY Functional types of stomach ° Four major stomach types: V hypertonic (or short) stomach V orthotonic stomach V hypotonic (or long) stomach V atonic stomach Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 18 SPLANCHNOLOGY Vessels of the stomach ° Blood supply: by arteries from the celiac trunk ° Venous drainage: into the hepatic portal vein Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 19 SPLANCHNOLOGY Lymphatic drainage ° from the medial ⅔ of the gastruc fundus and body to: V lymph nodes along the lesser gastric curvature V pericardial lymph nodes V posterior mediastinal lymph nodes ° from the rest of the fundus and body to: V pancreatic and splenic nodes ° from the lower gastric part to: V lymph nodes along the right gastro-omental artery V lymph nodes in the pyloric region V hepatic lymph nodes V superior mesenteric lymph nodes Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 20 SPLANCHNOLOGY Innervation of the stomach ° gastric plexus, anterior and posterior: V sympathetic – sympathetic trunk: splanchnic nerves coeliac ganglion V parasympathetic – vagus nerve: gastric branches of anterior and posterior vagal trunk V subserosal plexus, myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus and submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 21 SPLANCHNOLOGY Small intestine, intestinum tenue ° Small intestine – convoluted tube: V initial part of the intestinal tract V extends from the pylorus to the ileocaecal valve V the longest component of the digestive tract – 6-8 m length V diameter – 4-3 cm V capacity – 4 l V the principal site for the digestion of food and for absorption of its products – functional peculiarities ° Three anatomic segments: V duodenum – 25-30 cm long V jejunum – 2.5 m long (first 2/5 of the total length of small bowel) V ileum – 3.5 m long (3/5 of the total length) Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 22 SPLANCHNOLOGY The duodenum, duodenum ° Localization and skeletotopy: V adherent to the posterior abdominal wall entirely above the level of the umbilicus V projected into the: epigastric region umbilical region V horseshoe-shaped; enclosing the head of the pancreas V immobile, has no mesentery ° Four anatomical parts: V superior part, pars superior – 5 cm V descending part, pars descendens – 7.5 cm V horizontal part, pars horizontalis – 10 cm V ascending part, pars ascendens – 2.5 cm Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 23 SPLANCHNOLOGY Duodenum in situ ° Duodenal position and relations: V superior part – intraperitoneal position V descending part V horizontal part V ascending part – retroperitoneal position Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 24 SPLANCHNOLOGY Duodenal wall ° Three major layers: V mucosa, tunica mucosa – impressively articulated relief plicae circulares (Kerkring’s folds) V submucous layer, tela submucosa V muscular layer, tunica muscularis V serosa, tunica serosa Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 25 SPLANCHNOLOGY Duodenal mucosa ° Tunica mucosa: V villi V intestinal glands V duodenal glands V lamina epithelialis – simple columnar epithelium V lamina propria – lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules (GALT) V lamina muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle fibers Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 26 SPLANCHNOLOGY Intestinal villi, villi intestinales ° duodenal villi – a total of 4 million villi V 22-40/mm 2 – duodenum and jejunum, 18-31 /mm 2 – ileum V broad, leaf-like – in duodenum V long, slender but short – in mesenteric small intestine V epithelium – simple columnar absorptive (cell renewal 3-6 days) V stroma villi – loose connective tissue (lamina propria) lymphatic capillary, vas lymphaticum centrale blood vessels network of fenestrated capillaries in the periphery smooth muscle cells – villi contact and shorten intermittently Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 27 SPLANCHNOLOGY Intestinal villi, villi intestinales ° Surface epithelium – cell types: enterocytes,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    Organization of the gastrointestinal tract Development of the Foregut, Midgut, and Hindgut Development of the alimentary canal It constitutes during the 4th week from 3 separate embryonic anlages (organs): - The stomodeum (primitive mouth) – develops on the cephalic end of the embryo, is limited by 5 frominences (frontonasal, 2 maxillary, 2 mandibular) ectoderm oropharyngeal membrane. - The primitive gut arises by incorporation of the dorsal part of the yolk sac into embryo during cephalocaudal and lateral folding of the embryo gut is connected to the yolk sac by means of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct endoderm cloacal membrane - The proctodeum (anal pit) - develops on the caudal end of the embryo between future bases of lower limbs - ectoderm - while the ectoderm of the stomodeum and proctodeum as well as the endoderm of the gut differentiate into the epithelium of the alimentary canal, - The muscular and fibrous elements + visceral peritoneum derive from the splanchnic mesenchyma that surrounds the lining of the primitive gut. Development of associated glands: - (salivary glands, liver and pancreas) develop from the endoderm (ectoderm) that gives rise to specific cells (hepatocytes, exo- and endocrine cells of the pancreas (the parenchyma) DERIVATIVES OF THE PRIMITIVE GUT The foregut: . the pharynx and branchiogenic organs . the lower respiratory tract . the esophagus . the stomach . the duodenum proximal to the opening of the bile duct . the liver and pancreas + the biliary apparatus The midgut: . the small intestines, including the part of the duodenum distal to the opening of the bile duct . the caecum and appendix . the ascending colon . the transverse colon The hindgut: . the descending colon . the sigmoid colon .
    [Show full text]
  • Vestibule Lingual Frenulum Tongue Hyoid Bone Trachea (A) Soft Palate
    Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Tongue Sublingual gland Salivary Submandibular glands gland Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small Jejunum Ascending colon intestine Ileum Large Cecum intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Appendix Anus Anal canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Upper lip Gingivae Hard palate (gums) Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Tongue (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Esophagus Trachea (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Visceral peritoneum Intrinsic nerve plexuses • Myenteric nerve plexus • Submucosal nerve plexus Submucosal glands Mucosa • Surface epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscle layer Submucosa Muscularis externa • Longitudinal muscle layer • Circular muscle layer Serosa (visceral peritoneum) Nerve Gland in Lumen Artery mucosa Mesentery Vein Duct oF gland Lymphoid tissue outside alimentary canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Diaphragm Falciform ligament Lesser Liver omentum Spleen Pancreas Gallbladder Stomach Duodenum Visceral peritoneum Transverse colon Greater omentum Mesenteries Parietal peritoneum Small intestine Peritoneal cavity Uterus Large intestine Cecum Rectum Anus Urinary bladder (a) (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Cardia Fundus Esophagus Muscularis Serosa externa • Longitudinal layer • Circular layer • Oblique layer Body Lesser Rugae curvature of Pylorus mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum Pyloric Pyloric sphincter antrum (a) (valve) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Fundus Body Rugae of mucosa Pyloric Pyloric (b) sphincter antrum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive System Overview of the Digestive System • Organs Are Divided Into Two Groups the Alimentary Canal and Accessory
    C H A P T E R 23 The Digestive System 1 Overview of the Digestive System • Organs are divided into two groups • The alimentary canal • Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus • Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (colon) • Accessory digestive organs • Teeth and tongue • Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas 2 The Alimentary Canal and Accessory Digestive Organs Mouth (oral cavity) Parotid gland Tongue Sublingual gland Salivary glands Submandibular gland Esophagus Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Transverse colon Duodenum Descending colon Small intestine Jejunum Ascending colon Ileum Cecum Large intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus Vermiform appendix Anal canal Figure 23.1 3 1 Digestive Processes • Ingestion • Propulsion • Mechanical digestion • Chemical digestion • Absorption • Defecation 4 Peristalsis • Major means of propulsion • Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract Figure 23.3a 5 Segmentation • Rhythmic local contractions of the intestine • Mixes food with digestive juices Figure 23.3b 6 2 The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Peritoneum – a serous membrane • Visceral peritoneum – surrounds digestive organs • Parietal peritoneum – lines the body wall • Peritoneal cavity – a slit-like potential space Falciform Anterior Visceral ligament peritoneum Liver Peritoneal cavity (with serous fluid) Stomach Parietal peritoneum Kidney (retroperitoneal) Wall of Posterior body trunk Figure 23.5 7 Mesenteries • Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature of stomach Liver Gallbladder Lesser omentum
    [Show full text]
  • Normal Gross and Histologic Features of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    NORMAL GROSS AND HISTOLOGIC 1 FEATURES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT THE NORMAL ESOPHAGUS left gastric, left phrenic, and left hepatic accessory arteries. Veins in the proximal and mid esopha- Anatomy gus drain into the systemic circulation, whereas Gross Anatomy. The adult esophagus is a the short gastric and left gastric veins of the muscular tube measuring approximately 25 cm portal system drain the distal esophagus. Linear and extending from the lower border of the cri- arrays of large caliber veins are unique to the distal coid cartilage to the gastroesophageal junction. esophagus and can be a helpful clue to the site of It lies posterior to the trachea and left atrium a biopsy when extensive cardiac-type mucosa is in the mediastinum but deviates slightly to the present near the gastroesophageal junction (4). left before descending to the diaphragm, where Lymphatic vessels are present in all layers of the it traverses the hiatus and enters the abdomen. esophagus. They drain to paratracheal and deep The subdiaphragmatic esophagus lies against cervical lymph nodes in the cervical esophagus, the posterior surface of the left hepatic lobe (1). bronchial and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes The International Classification of Diseases in the thoracic esophagus, and left gastric lymph and the American Joint Commission on Cancer nodes in the abdominal esophagus. divide the esophagus into upper, middle, and lower thirds, whereas endoscopists measure distance to points in the esophagus relative to the incisors (2). The esophagus begins 15 cm from the incisors and extends 40 cm from the incisors in the average adult (3). The upper and lower esophageal sphincters represent areas of increased resting tone but lack anatomic landmarks; they are located 15 to 18 cm from the incisors and slightly proximal to the gastroesophageal junction, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Digestive System
    The Digestive System Anatomy of the Digestive System We need food for cellular utilization: organs of digestive system form essentially a long !nutrients as building blocks for synthesis continuous tube open at both ends !sugars, etc to break down for energy ! alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) most food that we eat cannot be directly used by the mouth!pharynx!esophagus!stomach! body small intestine!large intestine !too large and complex to be absorbed attached to this tube are assorted accessory organs and structures that aid in the digestive processes !chemical composition must be modified to be useable by cells salivary glands teeth digestive system functions to altered the chemical and liver physical composition of food so that it can be gall bladder absorbed and used by the body; ie pancreas mesenteries Functions of Digestive System: The GI tract (digestive system) is located mainly in 1. physical and chemical digestion abdominopelvic cavity 2. absorption surrounded by serous membrane = visceral peritoneum 3. collect & eliminate nonuseable components of food this serous membrane is continuous with parietal peritoneum and extends between digestive organs as mesenteries ! hold organs in place, prevent tangling Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4 1 Human Anatomy & Physiology: Digestive System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.4 2 is suspended from rear of soft palate The wall of the alimentary canal consists of 4 layers: blocks nasal passages when swallowing outer serosa: tongue visceral peritoneum,
    [Show full text]
  • Gastric Mixing and Emptying Physiology > Digestive > Digestive
    Gastric Mixing and Emptying Physiology > Digestive > Digestive GASTRIC MIXING AND EMPTYING: FINAL STAGES OF DIGESTION SUMMARY Key Functions of the Stomach (Review) • Temporary storage to slow food transit to the small intestine and maximize nutrient absorption. • Physical Breakdown (like in the mouth) • Chemical Breakdown of proteins into their amino acids (at the same time that salivary amylase from the mouth continues to breakdown carbohydrates in the stomach). Three Gastric Phases (Review) 1. Filling, in which food enters the stomach through the gastroesophageal sphincter. 2. Mixing, in which peristaltic contractions churn the food while the gastric lining secretes juices to produce chyme. 3. Emptying, in which peristaltic contractions propel chyme into the small intestine. Mixing Phase – In Depth • Peristalsis – contractions of circular smooth muscle, move from fundus to antrum – Pushes the stomach's contents towards the pyloric sphincter. – Facilitates physical breakdown of food • Pyloric sphincter almost closed – Forces the chyme to spill backwards into the antrum (stomach's body) and continues mixing. Exocrine Cells of Stomach • Located in tubular gastric glands that comprise gastric pits – Epithelial cells at entrance of gastric pits: secrete thick mucus – Mucous layer – Submucosa layer • Secrete products into stomach lumen • Secretions convert food to chyme Exocrine Cell Types • Mucous cells (mucous neck cells): secrete alkaline, bicarbonate mucus, which protects our stomach wall from erosion 1 / 7 in an acidic luminal environment. • Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme that, once activated, breaks down proteins. • Pepsinogen is a zymogen – An inactive enzyme that, once activated, breaks down proteins. – A substance must convert to its active form, pepsin • Pepsin – Breaks down peptide bonds to promote chemical breakdown.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Histology and Histochemistry of the Gastric Glands of Cats and Dogs
    Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 67 (4): 249-256, October 1990 Comparative Histology and Histochemistry of the Gastric Glands of Cats and Dogs By Taizo SHIBATA, Masatake IMAI, Keiichi MORIGUCHI and Yoshihiko TAKADA Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920-02 Japan -Received for Publication, March 23, 1990- Key words: Gastric glands, Comparative studies, Cat, Dog Summary: We performed histological and histochemical investigations on the gastric glands of cats and dogs. So-called cardiac glands in the cat and dog have a small number of the parietal cells and the PAS-positive glandular cells in the base of these glands contain fine pepsinogen granules. Consequently, we consider them as undifferentiated gastric glands, and can find no differences between these glands in both animals. The immature chief cells in the cat gastric glands are distributed not only in the glandular body but also in the base of the glands and contain sialomucin, and weak and strong acid mucopolysaccharides. The mature chief cells in cat and dog gastric glands contain weak and strong acid mucopolysaccharides. The gastric gland region of the dog is divided into clear and dark zones, and structural differences between the two zones are recognizable. Namely, the chief cells in the glandular base in the clear zone are somewhat undifferentiated, while the chief cells in the middle and lower parts of the glandular body and those in the glandular base in the dark zone are perfectly differentiated. The structure of the gastric glands in the fundic and greater and lesser curvature regions in the cat is very similar.
    [Show full text]
  • Stomach, Small Intestine (Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum), and Large Intestine (Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal, and Appendix)
    Alimentary Canal: Is subdivided into: esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), and large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal, and appendix). General Architecture Of the alimentary canal 1- Mucosa: Mucosa a- Epithelium b-Lamina propria (contains lymph follicles) c-Muscularis mucosa some times called muscularis interna. 2- Submucosa: it contains submucosal plexus also called Meissner's plexus 3- Muscularis externa. a- inner circular. b-outer longitudinal. Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus in between the 2 layers Muscularis externa 4- Adventitia (C.T ) or serosa ; C.T covered by Peritoneum ( a double layers of simple squamous epithelium or simply mesothelium ) ESOPHAGUS 1 - mucosa: 5 - epithelium of the mucosa. 6 - lamina propria of the mucosa. 8 - glands in the lamina propria. 7 - muscularis mucosae. 2 - submucosa 3 - muscularis Externa 4 - adventitia Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa or Externa adventitia Epithelial Lining: 1-Connective tissue Usually 2 smooth muscle Serosa is C.T. covered by Non-Keratinized containing blood vessels, layers: mesothelium (simple Stratified Squamous nerves, glands. Inner circular layer. squamous epithelium) in the Epithelium. Outer longitudinal layer. abdominal part of the Auerbach’s(myenteric) esophagus. or adventitia if Lamina propria: C.T. 2-Meissner’s plexus of plexus in between the 2 there is no mesothelium. nerve fibers and nerve layers. Q: the esophagus mainly Muscularis mucosae: cells. covered by which layer? Few layers of smooth Adventitia. muscle fibers. STOMACH It has 4 regions: cardia, fundus, body and pylorus. Mucosa has folds, known as rugae that disappear in the distended cardiac stomach. Fundus of Stomach the body of the stomach has the same histological structures of the fundus Mucosa The surface of the stomach is lined by a simple columnar epithelium(mucus-secreting cells) whose cells are called 1- surface mucous cells.
    [Show full text]
  • The Digestive System
    The Digestive System We need food for cellular utilization: nutrients as building blocks for synthesis sugars, etc to break down for energy most food that we eat cannot be directly used by the body too large and complex to be absorbed chemical composition must be modified to be useable by cells Functions of Digestive System: 1. physical and chemical digestion 2. absorption 3. collect & eliminate nonuseable components Anatomy of Digestive System organs of digestive system form essentially: a long continuous tube open at both ends alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract) mouthpharynxesophagusstomachsmall intestinelarge intestine attached to this tube are assorted accessory organs and structures that aid in the digestive processes salivary glands teeth liver gall bladder pancreas mesenteries The GI tract (digestive system) is located mainly in abdominopelvic cavity surrounded by serous membrane = visceral peritoneum this serous membrane is continuous with parietal peritoneum and extends between digestive organs as mesenteries hold organs in place, prevent tangling Intro to A & P: Digestive Anatomy; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2005 1 The wall of the alimentary canal consists of 4 layers: outer serosa: visceral peritoneum, mainly fibrous and areolar CT muscularis several layers of smooth muscle submucosa blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, connective tissue inner mucosa: mucous membrane lining these layers are modified within various organs some have muscle layers well developed some with mucous lining modified for secretion of digestive
    [Show full text]
  • Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy
    Pocket Atlas of Human Anatomy Founded by Heinz Feneis Bearbeitet von Wolfgang Dauber Neuausgabe 2006. Taschenbuch. 568 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 13 511205 3 Format (B x L): 12,5 x 19 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Vorklinische Medizin: Grundlagenfächer > Anatomie Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 148 Alimentary System Stomach and Small Intestine 149 1 Serosa; Serous coat. Peritoneal covering con- 21 Circular layer; Short pitch helicoidal layer. sisting of simple squamous epithelium. B Inner circular muscle layer. Its cells are coiled 2 Subserosa; Subserous layer. Connective tissue tightly in a helicoidal form. F underlying the serosa. B 22 Circular folds. (Kerckring’s valves). Up to 8 mm 12 3 Muscular layer; Muscular coat. Muscular coat high permanent folds containing submucosa 13 of stomach composed of muscle fibers running that extend transversely to the intestinal axis, 3 encircling around two-thirds of the intestinal in three directions. A B 7 14 lumen. E F 4 Longitudinal layer. External layer of longitu- 23 Submucosa. Sliding layer between the muscu- dinal muscle fibers mainly at the lesser and 9 greater curvatures of stomach. A B laris mucosae and the muscular coat consisting mainly of collagenous connective tissue and 5 15 5 Circular layer. Middle layer consisting of containing vessels and nerves.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Gastric Pits Pyloric Sphincter Ga S Tric P It Surface Epithelium Mucous
    Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum (i) Digestive System Breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Gastric pits Surface epithelium Pyloric sphincter pit Gastric Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric Gastric gland Gastric glands Chief cells (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Pepsinogen Pepsin HCl Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine (d) cell © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Smooth muscle cell Atoms 1 Chemical level Molecules Atoms combine to 2 Cellular level form molecules. Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Blood Tissues consist of vessels similar types of cells. Heart Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio– Connective vascular tissue system 4 Organ level Organs are made up of 5 Organ system level different types of tissues. 6 Organismal level Organ systems consist of Human organisms are different organs that work made up of many organ together closely. systems. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Hair Skin Fingernails (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of sensory receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Cartilages Joint Bones (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.
    [Show full text]
  • Lips* Cheeks* Hard / Soft Palate Uvula
    DIGESTIVE ANATOMY REVIEW GUIDE GROSS ANATOMY Oral Cavity* (Figure / Cadaver* ) Teeth (Figure) Lips* Incisors / Canines / Premolars / Molars Cheeks* Crown Hard / Soft palate Enamel Uvula Gingiva Tongue Root Palatoglossal arches Cementum Palatopharyngeal arches Periodontal ligaments Lingual frenulum Dentin Pulp cavity Esophagus (Model) Root canal Cardiac sphincter Salivary Glands* (Figure / Cadaver*) Stomach* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Parotid glands* Greater / Lesser curvatures* Parotid duct Greater / Lesser omentum Submandibular glands* Cardia* / Fundus* / Body* / Pylorus* Submandibular duct Rugae Sublingual glands Pyloric sphincter* Liver* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Small Intestine* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Right / Left / Caudate / Quadrate lobes* Duodenum* / Jejunum / Ileum* Falciform ligament* Mesentery* Common hepatic duct Ileocecal valve* Common bile duct* Circular folds Hepatopancreatic ampulla Large Intestine* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Duodenal papilla Cecum* Gallbladder* (Model / Figure / Cadaver*) Appendix Cystic duct* Ascending / Transverse colon* Descending / Sigmoid colon* Pancreas* (Figure / Model / Cadaver*) Teniae coli* Pancreatic duct Haustra* Mesocolon Rectum External / Internal anal sphincter BI 335 – Advanced Human Anatomy and Physiology Western Oregon University DIGESTIVE ANATOMY REVIEW GUIDE HISTOLOGY Alimentary Canal (Histological image / slide) Small Intestine (Histological image / slide) Mucosa Mucosa Epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Lamina propria
    [Show full text]