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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses A study of stream bedload its origin, characteristics and movement with particular reference to two catchments in the Northern Pennines Amir, B. E. M. How to cite: Amir, B. E. M. (1970) A study of stream bedload its origin, characteristics and movement with particular reference to two catchments in the Northern Pennines, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10234/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 "A STUDY OP STREAM BEDLOAD - ITS ORIGIN, CHARACTERISTICS AND MOVEMENT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO TWO CATCHMENTS IN THE NORTHERN PENNINES" Thesis for the degree of M.A. by B. E. M. AMIR The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. University of Dufcbam, U.K. January 1970 ABSTRACT This thesis outlines work undertaken on the bed-load and sediment movement in two small catchments in Northern England, the Lanehead Catchment (Weardale) and the Netherhearth Catchment (Teesdale), which are situated in the Alston Block, the part of the Northern Pennines most widely described by research workers. In section one a general description of the physical features of Northern England is given, with particular attention paid.to Weardale and Teesdale within this general context. In this section also, a history of previous research into the problems of sediment movement in Great Britain, Northern America and Western Europe is outlined. Section two contains a description of the methods of field investigation, and the various techniques used in the analysis of the sediments. Attention is focussed on the results obtained from the bed, the bank and the trays. Using stone count analysis and the long axis measurement of material larger than 2 inches, attempt is made to discover the lithologies of the sediment, and the capability of these streams to move the coarse as well as the fine sediment. This section also includes a brief study of some water samples and an assessment of the material in solution passing a certain point at a certain time. Section three is a discussion of the findings of the whole study in a form of conclusion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Professor W.B. Fisher for the privilage of accepting me as a research student in his department and of using the excellent research facilities therein. My deep gratitude to Dr. Peter Beaumont, for his patience, keen interest and supervision throughout this research. My thanks are also due to the many individuals whose patience, interest and comments assisted in the presenting of this thesis. II TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Page Acknowledgements I Table of contents II List of figures III List of Plates IX List of Tables X List of appendices XI Section One;- 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 1. The physical background, of Northern England with particular reference to Weardale and Teesdale. 4 Chapter 2. History of previous research in Britain, North America and Western Europe 39 Chapter 3« The physical environment of the Lanehead catchment. 80 Chapter 4-. The physical environment of the Netherhearth catchment. 110 Section Two;- 122 Chapter 5. Pieldwork methods, and. techniques of laboratory analysis 123 Chapter 6. Particle size analysis 137 Chapter 7. Stone counts analysis 190 Chapter 8. Water samples analysis 211 Chapter 9. Movement of material downstream. 216 Section Three;- 237 Conclusion 238 Bibliography 242 Appendices 256 in LIST OF FIGURES Figs Page 1.1 Structure of the Alston Block illustrated by structure contours on the base of the Great Limestone, heights in hundreds of feet above O.D. 5 /1.2 The geology of Worthern England. 9 1.3 Solid geology of Teesdale. 15 l.UA Vertical section of the Carboniferous Basement Group. 17 l.UB Vertical section of the Carboniferous Lower Limestone Group. 17 l.hC Vertical section of the Carboniferous Middle Limestone Group. 17 l.Z+D Vertical section of the Carboniferous Upper Limestone Group. 17 1.5 The glaciation of the Alston Block and adjacent area. 26 1.6 Soil map of Netherhearth Catchment. 27 1.7 Mean annual precipitation in Weardale 32 1.8 Altitude - precipitation relationships, Weardale 33 1.9 Graphs showing temperature and rainfall characteristics of Moor House 1967. 35 1.10 Distribution of rainfall in Teesdale. 37 1.11 Graphs showing selected aspects of the climatology of Moor House 1967. 38 2.1 Distribution of river gauging stations in Great Britain. 42 2.2 The Catchment area of Strines Dike Yorkshire. 44 IV 2.3 Sketch maps of the four catchments studied by Conway and Millar. 46 2.2+ Size distribution of bed material North Loup River Nebraska U.S.A. 55 2.5 Scour and fill characteristics of the Arroyo de los Frijoles near Santa Fe, New Mexico. 59 2.6 Figure showing the depth of scour as a function of unit discharge. 60 2.7 Scour and fill characteristics of the Rio Grande q del Ranchos near Taos, New Mexico. 62 2.8 Scour and fill characteristics of the Popo Agie River near Hudson, Wyoming. 63 2.9 Graph showing variation of bed-material size with time. 68 2.10 Graph showing relation of bed-material size to discharge. 69 2.11 Graph showing relation between bed elevation and particle size. 71 2.12 Graph showing average size distribution of bed material. 73 2.13 Graph showing systematic changes in bed material size distribution between May 6 and June 3, 1958 Rio Grande at Otowi Bridge. 74- 3.1 The topography of Lanehead Catchment area. 81 3.2 Solid geology of Lanehead Catchment. 84- 3.3 Longitudinal profile of the east tributary stream, Lanehead. 93 3.1+ The cross-profiles of the eastern tributary, Lanehead. 95 3.5 Longitudinal profile of the west tributary stream, Lanehead. 101 V 3.6 The cross-profiles of the western tributary, Lanehead. 103 i+. 1 Contour map of the Netherhearth Sike Catchment area. Ill h,2 Solid geology of Netherhearth Catchment. 112 4.3 Netherhearth stream longitudinal profile. 116 U.k The cross-profiles of the Netherhearth Stream. 118 6.1A Graphs showing particle size distribution curves of the eastern tributary bed material. 138 6.IB Graphs showing particle size distribution curves of the western tributary bed material. V*3 6.1C Graphs showing particle size distribution curves of the Netherhearth bed material. Ut£ 6. ID Graphs showing particle size distribution curves of the eastern tributary bank material. 158 6.IE Graphs showing particle size distribution curves of the western tributary bank material. 160 6. IP Graphs showing particle size distribution curves of the Netherhearth bank material. !62 6.2 Histograms and graphs showing the distribution of mean particle size, sorting and skewness values along the eastern tributary. !°7 6.3 Correlation and regression analysis of the statistical parameters (eastern tributary) 1-7° 6.k Histograms and graphs showing the distribution of mean particle size, sorting and skewness values along the western tributary. ^72 6.5 Correlation and regression analysis of the statistical parameters (western tributary) 175 6.6 Histograms and graphs showing the mean particle size, sorting and skewness values along the Netherhearth stream. 6.7 Correlation and regression analysis of the statistical parameters (Netherhearth stream) 6.8 Histogram showing the distribution of material coarser than 2 inches measured at the sampling points of the eastern tributary. 182 6.9 Histogram showing the distribution of material coarser than 2 inches measured at the sampling points of the western tributary. 183 6,16 S •; • 6.10 Histogram showing the distribution of material coarser than 2 inches measured at the sampling points of the Netherhearth stream. 18& 6.11 Histograms showing percentages gravel, sand and silt of the eastern tributary bed material. 18® 6.12 Histograms showing percentages gravel, sand and silt of the eastern tributary bank material. 1^9 6.13 Histograms showing percentages gravel, sand and silt of the western tributary bed material. 19 i 6.Ik Histograms showing percentages gravel, sand and s£ silt of the western tributary bank material. 19-? 6.15 Histograms showing percentages gravel, sand and silt of the Netherhearth bed material. 19ft 6.16 Histograms showing percentages gravel, sand and silt of the Netherhearth bank material. 6.17 Histograms showing median values of the bed material in the Netherhearth and Lanehead catchments. 196 6.18 Histograms showing median values of the banks material in the Netherhearth and Lanehead catchments 197 7.1 Bar graphs showing the percentage of the percentage of the main lithological types of the eastern tributary bed material 7.2 Bar graphs showing the percentages of the main lithological types of the eastern tributary bank material. 7.3 Bar graphs showing the percentages of the main litholbglcal types of the western tributary bed material* 7,k Bar graphs showing the percentages of the main lithologlcal types of the western tributary bank material.
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