County Durham and Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation
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County Durham & Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation English Heritage Project 3288 Main Final Report 2013 Hannah Wiggins Heritage, Landscape & Design Regeneration & Economic Development Durham County Council i County Durham & Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation Final Report 2013 Front Cover Durham Cathedral overlooking the River Wear ©Hannah Wiggins Page ii County Durham & Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation Final Report 2013 Acknowledgements This study has been funded by English Heritage and Durham County Council, as part of English Heritage‟s national programme of Historic Landscape Characterisation. It began with the Project Design in 2005, and the methodology was designed and carried out between 2006 and 2012 by Hannah Wiggins, HLC Project Officer. Dr David Mason, Principal Archaeologist, has acted as Project Manager for the duration of this project. We are also grateful to Graham Fairclough of English Heritage who commissioned the project. All mapping in this report is based upon Ordnance Survey mapping © Crown Copyright and database rights 2013. Ordnance Survey LA 100049055 All Geological data reproduced with the permission of the British Geological Survey ©NERC. All rights reserved © Durham County Council and English Heritage February 2013 Archaeology Team Heritage, Landscape and Design Regeneration & Economic Development Durham County Council County Hall Durham DH1 5UQ Switchboard: 03000 026 0000 Email: [email protected] Website: www.durham.gov.uk/hlc Page iii County Durham & Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation Final Report 2013 Executive Summary The County Durham and Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation (CD&D HLC) is part of a wider programme of Characterisation undertaken throughout England over the past 20 years. It consists of this report alongside a geodatabase of information recording the character of the landscape of CD&D over thousands of years. Using techniques and methods refined through two decades of HLC creation in England, the CD&D HLC attempts to tease apart the palimpsest landscape into its component parts, recording these changes in order to document how the landscape has changed. The results are then used to judge trajectory of change and guide decision-making in the future, in order to manage and retain the character of an area. The HLC is available as a resource for all researches, both private and commercial, and can be used as a framework and springboard for other research projects. It consists of this main report, a secondary report considering all landscape classification types, and a vast ESRI geodatabase of all data. It is available for export as an ESRI files and associated pdf documents, and will be available online with embedded interactive mapping application. Page iv County Durham & Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation Final Report 2013 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ iii Executive Summary ............................................................................................... iv List of Tables ....................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ...................................................................................................... viii List of Plates ........................................................................................................... x Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... x 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. The European Landscape Convention ........................................................ 1 1.1.1. An international context – an all-encompassing remit ........................... 1 1.2. Historic Landscape Characterisation ........................................................... 1 1.2.1. A regional context – historic areas ....................................................... 1 1.3. HLC Evolution ............................................................................................. 2 1.4. County Durham and Darlington HLC ........................................................... 2 1.5. HLC Aims .................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Scope of the CD&D HLC Final Report ......................................................... 7 2. Overview of Project Area .................................................................................... 8 2.1. Cultural Heritage ......................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. The first settlers - Palaeolithic (500 000 – 10 000 BC) .......................... 9 2.1.2. Mesolithic (10 000 – 4 000 BC) ............................................................ 9 2.1.3. Neolithic (4 000 – 2 200 BC) ................................................................ 9 2.1.4. Bronze Age (2 500 – 700 BC) ............................................................ 11 2.1.5. Iron Age (800 BC – AD 43) ................................................................ 11 2.1.6. The Roman Conquest (AD 43 - 410) .................................................. 12 2.1.7. Early Medieval (AD 410 – 1066) ......................................................... 14 2.1.8. Medieval (AD 1066 - 1540) ................................................................ 17 2.1.9. Post Medieval (AD 1540 - 1901) ........................................................ 21 2.2. Geodiversity .............................................................................................. 25 2.2.1. Topography ........................................................................................ 25 2.2.2. Geological Timescales ....................................................................... 26 2.2.3. Ordovician period ............................................................................... 27 2.2.4. Carboniferous period .......................................................................... 28 2.2.5. Permian period ................................................................................... 30 2.2.6. Quaternary period – Superficial geology (drift) ................................... 31 2.3. National Character Areas .......................................................................... 32 Page v County Durham & Darlington Historic Landscape Characterisation Final Report 2013 2.3.1. A national context - bio-geographic and geodiverse zones ................. 32 2.4. Landscape Character Assessment ............................................................ 33 2.4.1. A regional context – bio-geographic and geodiverse areas. ............... 33 3. Methodology .................................................................................................... 35 3.1. Timescales ................................................................................................ 35 3.2. Stage 1 ..................................................................................................... 38 3.3. Stage 2 ..................................................................................................... 42 3.4. Stage 3 ..................................................................................................... 48 3.5. Stage 4 ..................................................................................................... 49 4. Typologies ........................................................................................................ 50 4.1. Broadclasses ............................................................................................ 50 4.2. Categories................................................................................................. 52 4.3. Classifications ........................................................................................... 54 4.3.1. Modified classifications ...................................................................... 54 4.3.2. New classifications: ............................................................................ 56 4.3.3. Deleted classifications: ....................................................................... 57 4.3.4. Unused classifications ........................................................................ 58 4.4. 100 Coastal ............................................................................................... 60 4.5. 200 Enclosed Land ................................................................................... 63 4.6. 300 Industrial ............................................................................................ 66 4.7. 400 Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 71 4.8. 500 Inland Water ....................................................................................... 74 4.9. 600 Military................................................................................................ 77 4.10. 700 Recreational & Ornamental ............................................................. 80 4.11. 800 Settlement ...................................................................................... 84 4.12. 900 Unenclosed Land ............................................................................ 88 4.13. 1000 Woodland ....................................................................................