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National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts

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National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts A Report for the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative December 2005 Principal Author: Greg Kats Contributing Author: Jeff Perlman Contributing Researcher: Sachin Jamadagni A Capital E Report National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts Table of Contents Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................iii About the Authors ...........................................................................................................v 1. Executive Summary.....................................................................................................1 1.1. Context ...................................................................................................................3 2. Methodology and Assumptions ...................................................................................6 2.1. Net Present Value Calculations ...............................................................................6 2.2. Term.......................................................................................................................6 2.3. Inflation..................................................................................................................7 2.4. Discount Rate .........................................................................................................7 2.5. Schools Data...........................................................................................................7 2.6. Green Building Terminology ..................................................................................7 3. The Cost of Building Green Schools ...........................................................................9 4. Energy Cost Savings in Green Schools .....................................................................14 Note on Energy Efficiency in Schools.......................................................................14 4.1. Direct Energy Cost Savings ..................................................................................15 4.1.1. Energy Prices.................................................................................................15 4.1.2. Direct Energy Savings....................................................................................16 4.2. Indirect Energy Cost Savings ................................................................................16 5. Emissions Reduction Benefits of Green Schools ......................................................18 5.1. Estimating Costs of Emissions for Massachusetts Schools ....................................18 5.2. The Value of Avoided Emissions..........................................................................19 5.3. Emissions Conclusion...........................................................................................21 6. Water & Wastewater Impacts of Green Schools......................................................23 6.1. Green Schools Water and Wastewater Reduction Strategies..................................23 6.1.1. Restroom Water Conservation Strategies .......................................................23 6.1.2. Landscaping/Irrigation Water Efficiency........................................................23 6.1.3. Wastewater Reductions ..................................................................................24 6.2. Financial Benefits of Water and Wastewater Efficiency in Massachusetts.............24 6.2.1. Price of Water and Wastewater ......................................................................24 6.2.2. Marginal Costs of Water and Wastewater ......................................................25 6.2.3. Marginal Capacity of Wastewater Systems.....................................................27 6.3. Total Financial Benefits of Water and Wastewater Efficiency...............................28 7. Construction & Demolition Waste Benefits of Green Schools.................................29 7.1. Trends in C&D Waste Diversion in Massachusetts................................................31 8. Health and Learning Benefits of Green Schools.......................................................32 8.1. Impact of Poor School Conditions on Student Health and Learning.......................34 8.2. Health, Learning and Attendance Benefits in Green Schools.................................35 8.2.1. Temperature Control......................................................................................36 8.2.2. High Performance Lighting............................................................................37 8.2.3. Improved Learning and Test Scores ...............................................................38 8.3. Financial Impact of Improved Health and Learning in Green Schools ...................40 8.3.1. Future Earnings.............................................................................................40 8.3.2. Financial Benefits of Reduction of Asthma .....................................................41 8.3.3. Colds and Flu Reduction................................................................................43 A Report for the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative – November 2005 i National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts 8.3.4. Teacher Retention ..........................................................................................43 9. Employment Impacts of Green Schools....................................................................45 9.1. Energy Efficiency .................................................................................................45 9.2. Increased Use of Renewable Energy .....................................................................46 9.3. Waste Diversion....................................................................................................47 9.4. Conclusion on Job Impacts....................................................................................48 10. Additional Non-Quantified Benefits........................................................................49 10.1. Reduced Teacher Sick Days................................................................................49 10.2. Heat Island Reduction Measures .........................................................................50 10.3. Lower Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Costs..............................................50 10.4. Enhancement of Generating System Reliability and Improved Power Quality.....51 10.5. Insurance and Risk Related Benefits ...................................................................51 10.6. Improving Equity, and Addressing Spiritual Values ............................................52 10.7. Educational Enrichment as an Aspect of Greener, Healthier Facilities.................53 11. Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................................55 Appendices.....................................................................................................................58 Appendix A: All 30 Schools Used in the Analysis .......................................................58 Appendix B: Estimating the Value of Avoided Emissions............................................59 Massachusetts Technology Collaborative Methodology for Estimating Avoided Emissions (Version 2 - June, 2004) .........................................................................59 Estimating Mercury Emissions Reductions...............................................................61 Estimating Natural Gas Emissions Reductions.........................................................61 Appendix C: Estimating Water and Wastewater Costs.................................................62 Appendix D: Economic Benefits of Waste Reduction in MA .......................................63 C&D Waste Reduction Strategies.............................................................................63 Costs and Benefits of C&D Waste Diversion............................................................63 Consigli Construction Waste Reduction, MA Pilot ...................................................64 Total Economic Benefits of C&D Diversion .............................................................65 A Report for the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative – November 2005 ii National Review of Green Schools: Costs, Benefits, and Implications for Massachusetts Acknowledgements Advisors Suzanne Condon Associate Commissioner, MA Department of Public Health Sonia Hamel MA Office for Commonwealth Development David O’Connor Commissioner, MA Division of Energy Resources Joan Baratz Snowden Director, Educational Issues Department, American Federation of Teachers Jeff Wulfson Associate Commissioner, MA Department of Education Special Thanks to: John Boecker 7group Kim Cullinane Massachusetts Technology Collaborative Charles Eley Charles Eley and Associates Kevin Hall OWP/P Michael James Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities Vivian Loftness Carnegie Mellon University Christine Lynch MA Department of Education Larry Masland MA Division of Energy Resources Mary Beth Morris Tighe and Bond Pete O’Connor GETF Heinz Rudolph Boora Architects Doug Sacra HMFH Architects Mike Saxenian Sidwell Friends School Marcus Sheffer 7group Mike Sherman MA Division of Energy Resources Bill Sturm Serena Sturm Architects, Ltd. Paula Vaughan Perkins + Will Thanks to: Denise
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