Volume 37 2010 Issue
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Review of African Political Economy Vol. 37, No. 123, March 2010, 107–108 BOOK REVIEW Mobile phones: the new talking drums of is still voluminous, yet fragmented (James everyday Africa, edited by Mirjam de 2005). Bruijn, Francis Nyamnjoh and Inge Brink- This compendium of research articles man, Bamenda, Langaa Research and Publish- (one in French and the rest in English), ing Common Initiative Group (RPCIG) and brought together by the African Studies Leiden, African Studies Centre, 2009, 184 Centre in Leiden and Langaa Research and pp., £19.95 (paperback), ISBN 9956558532 Publishing Common Initiative Group (RPCIG) in Cameroon, results from a work- In the year 2000 about one in 50 Africans shop in 2006. These articles focus, often had access to a mobile phone. By 2008 the within an historical context, on anthropolo- figure was one in three. When ROAPE dedi- gical, socio-economic, and cultural aspects cated a whole issue to information and com- of the uses made of mobile phones in munication technologies (ICTs) in Africa in African communities in recent years. The 2004 (Issue 99) this technical revolution was ways in which such phones are used vary just getting underway, and at that stage from society to society, users adapting people were more concerned with the these technologies to their needs and cul- ‘digital divide’, and Africa’s disadvantages tures in a variety of ways. It points the within global developments. The extent way to ICTs needing to be more structured and nature of ICT use in Africa over this to the needs and perspectives of their users. decade has jumped by leaps and bounds, The subjects of the articles range from with research into its impact on societies the impact of mobile phone use on the and economies scrabbling to keep up with nature of anthropological research, to rapidly changing and diverse circumstances. mobile phone callbox development in a A plethora of researchers has started small town in Cameroon, to societal following these developments, and their impacts of mobile phone use in a large city discussions appear in such fora as ICT for (Khartoum). One article reveals the limited Development (ICT4D) and Mobiles for use of mobile phones amongst tomato and Development (www.dgroups.org/groups/ potato traders in Tanzania because of the mDevelopment) with numerous confer- social importance of face-to-face contacts ences and exhibitions. As one of the in trading relations, and over-reaction to authors in this compendium says (p. 137), price signals resulting in flooded markets, however, ‘to date, very few studies have but also reveals the growth of ‘network systematically considered the key factors reception spots’ (where mobile phone- of mobile ICT use in developing countries equipped agents link suppliers and traders using data collected from individual consu- by phone). Another article looks at how mers.’ Less research has been undertaken poorer households access mobile phones on economic actors who use these technol- and the use of text messaging amongst ogies, and who operate outside of projects poor, often semi-literate people in Burkina sponsored by the aid industry. As Jeffrey Faso, while another one looks at the use of James has observed elsewhere, the literature the mobile phone for diagnoses, payments, ISSN 0305-6244 print/ISSN 1740-1720 online DOI: 10.1080/00233601003630252 http://www.informaworld.com 108 Book review medicine deliveries, and check-ups by a tra- Uganda (Commodity Exchange Project); ditional medical practitioner in Cameroon. MAPRONET (Market Access Promotion The last two articles look at the embodied Networks) in Ghana; CROMABU (Crops persona of an individual type of phone as Marketing Bureau) in Tanzania; KACE it changes with its users in Tanzania, and (Kenya Agricultural Commodity Exchange) Internet cafe´ use patterns and user objectives and Drumnet in Kenya – have established in Accra, Ghana, and their impact on travel ICT-based initiatives in relation to this and migratory objectives of Ghanaians. sub-sector in recent years. In a number of Although these articles bring out the these the beneficiaries and users have often many positive effects on social develop- been men, but increasingly (particularly in ment, economic opportunity and personal gender-conscious institutions), women are security afforded by mobile phones, they using such technologies. do not eschew the sometimes negative Limited research has been undertaken to aspects of crime organisation, abrupt social date, however, on how different operators in tension created from swift change, uncer- agricultural marketing systems have used tainty of location of user, trust difficulties, existing and available ICT technologies to fantasy creation, or phone use ‘addiction’, improve particular marketing functions. In and consumerist ‘status’ over productive some cases, previously radio-based price use that may also result from the develop- information systems have been replaced by ment and use of this technology. computer-based systems, and they in turn This compendium provides a rather dis- are being by-passed by individual-user parate, if sometimes interesting, collection mobile phone-based systems. The change of studies of ICT users. Much more still is rapid and use practices diverse. Some- needs to be researched on the changing times resistance is found, as in Magu District trends in ICT usage and their impacts in in Tanzania, where the Sukuma ethnic group both social and economic areas, focusing considered that information was seen as a on particular use needs, and how these are collective good, and that it should not be changing over time. Different approaches disseminated on an individual level: societal are needed for different groups, according norms in conflict with individualistic to their differing needs and their different assumptions of neo-classical economics! ITC access possibilities. A number of ICT projects have failed, because they cast their net too widely (no pun intended!), not focus- Reference ing sufficiently on user needs. James, J., 2005. Technological blending in the A group of us are focusing in this way age of the Internet: a developing country on the interface between ICTs and the func- perspective. Telecommunications Policy, 29, tioning of agricultural marketing systems. 285–296. A number of projects – e.g. Manobi in Senegal and South Africa; MISTOWA Vincent Tickner (Market Information Systems and Traders’ Government and Agricultural Marketing Organizations in West Africa) in West Consultants (GAMCO), UK Africa; IICD (International Institute for Email: [email protected] Communication and Development) in # 2010 Vincent Tickner Review of African Political Economy Vol. 37, No. 123, March 2010, 109–110 BOOK REVIEW The state of the state: institutional trans- The new non-racial government in South formation, capacity and political change Africa after May, 1994 inherited from the in South Africa, by Louis A. Picard, state system an authoritarian local level state administration that is tolerant of Johannesburg, Wits University Press, 2005, corruption and the institutionalised use of 390 pp., £26.50 (paperback), ISBN patronage in the public sector to advance 9781868144198 Afrikaner ethnic claims. This inherited institutionalised state dampened economic ‘Colonialism in Africa included a cultural and social development and weakened the hegemony that fractured pre-colonial insti- evolution of democratic civil society. (p. 5) tutions.’ (p. 15) Thus the institutional state becomes the ‘By 1999, the most pressing problem central theme in Picard’s exploration of facing the Government of National Unity the African National Congress (ANC)-led was its own bloated and corrupt public government’s evolving capacity for state service.’ (p. 278) restructuring and the task of building a The state of the state is a highly innovative developmental state in post-apartheid and superbly written text. The book centres South Africa. on three themes: first, the transformation of Through the prism of the institutional South Africa into a democratic post-apartheid state, the author undertakes in-depth state; second, the nature of the bureaucratic analysis of the legacy of colonialism on structures and political control mechanism the state in Africa. Picard draws on Craw- of the post-apartheid state; and finally, the ford Young’s theory of the African colonial transformation of the transitional bureaucratic state (1994), and the legacies of its insti- policy-making and implementation processes. tutional form for understanding the frailties The book starts its examination of the of its post-colonial successor. He empha- evolution of the modern state in South sises that throughout Africa colonialism rup- Africa by explicating the conceptual fron- tured the evolving state system and in most tiers of the institutional state in the post- cases pre-colonial polities were destroyed. apartheid era. It delves into the unfolding As a consequence, the colonial system transformation of the state via bureaucratic can be seen as having given birth to the processes by reflecting on the political modern post-colonial state (p. 15). Thus, control structures of the past that have sub- central to the institutionalised state argu- sequently resurfaced as defining challenges ment is an analysis of how colonialism in the task of state-building undertaken by resulted in what Mamdani (1996) calls the the non-racial government: the development ‘alien and bifurcated’ nature of the post- of a non-racial public service, a viable colonial state. Picard