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The Role of the Media in a Democracy: Unravelling the Politics Between the Media, the State and the ANC in South Africa

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The Role of the Media in a Democracy: Unravelling the Politics Between the Media, the State and the ANC in South Africa The role of the media in a democracy: Unravelling the politics between the media, the state and the ANC in South Africa. Research Question: What is the intersection between the floating signifier, „Democracy‟ and an independent press? Glenda Daniels A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Studies Johannesburg, 10 December 2010 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to all independent journalists in South Africa, as well as to those in the rest of Africa, who often risk imprisonment, and sometimes even their lives, to tell the stories of the continent. ii Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university Glenda Daniels Signature Date iii Acknowledgments I thank my supervisor Professor Sheila Meintjes for her intellectual direction, rigour and for creating and generously hosting for a year, the Politics and Media Discussion Group. This group met once a month, presented papers, and debated issues related to media and democracy in a most robust and stimulating manner in 2009. The group consisted of Anton Harber, Jane Duncan, Nathalie Hyde-Clark, Lesley Cowling, Franz Kruger, Dumisani Moyo, Kate Skinner and Sheila Meintjes. I am indebted to my MA supervisor Peter Hudson for introducing me to the world of political philosophy. This interest began with him and will be sustained beyond this research project. I wish to thank the National Research Foundation and the South Africa/Swiss Joint Research Programme for providing financial assistance, in the form of scholarships and bursaries, over the past three years. For reading and commenting, thank you to Heidi Brooks. And, to my friends Tendayi Sithole and Penny Law, your consistent support has been wonderful. To my husband, Nigel Willis, for believing in me, and for wise counsel, and to my children Alex and Ash, for their patience during those times when I worked on weekends and holidays. iv Key Words: Democracy, Media, Ideological Interpellation, Subjectivisation, Hegemony, Agonistic Pluralism, Legitimate Adversaries, Social Fantasy and Resignifications. Sub-questions 1. To what extent, and how, have the ruling party, the state, and the government attempted to restrict the free space of the media since 1994 in the name of democracy? 2. How does the ANC understand 'freedom of the press' considering that it proposed a Media Appeals Tribunal at the Polokwane Conference in 2007? 3. What are the operational functions of the signifiers „democracy‟ and „race‟ in relation to a free press? 4. How is the interpellation and lawsuit against cartoonist, Zapiro, to be understood within the context of the provisions of the Constitution and the ANC‟s stated adherence to freedom of expression? 5. In the case of the Sunday Times versus the former Health Minister in 2007, was the newspaper acting in the public interest; and how are subsequent ideological interpellations of the newspaper by the ANC to be understood? 6. Is the term „development journalism‟ merely a dressing up of an unprogressive hegemony in the ruling party‟s discourse? v CONTENTS Preface ………………………………………………………………………………………..xi Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………..…………… page 1 1.2 Aim 1.3 Rationale 1.4 Literature Review On Tracing Democracy On Radical Pluralism, Agonism Enemies of the People, the Gaze and Social Fantasy On Political Subjection Passionate Attachments, Reflexive Turns and Resignifications 1.5 Theoretical Framework Radical Democracy Post Modernism Psychoanalysis The Link between Psychoanalysis and Radical Democratic Theory 1.6 Methodology 1.7 Chapter Outline 1.8 Shortcomings Chapter 2: The Relationship between the Media and Democracy……………… page 48 2.1 Media Subjection in South Africa: Then and Now The shifts in ANC media policy Ambivalence 2.2 The Origins of „Democracy‟ and the Debates about Democratic Theory Today 2.3 The Flaws in Deliberative Democracy 2.4 Transformation of the Media in Post-Apartheid South Africa 2.5 Transformation in Ownership 2.6 The Intersection of Media and Democracy in South Africa vi Chapter 3: Subjection of a Different Kind: Legislation and Commercial Imperatives……………………………………………………………………………… page 82 3.1 The South African Media Landscape: an Unprogressive Concentration of Media therefore a Lack of Diversity? 3.2 Is this Concentration of Ownership an Unprogressive Hegemony? 3.3 State Subjection via the Law and Civil Society Reaction The Debate and the Subjectivisation Contained in the „Secrecy‟ Bill 3.4 The Media is caught in a Deep Slumber 3.5 Commercial Imperatives and the Impact of New Media The Closure of The Weekender Newspaper Chapter 4: The Signifier, Race, and ‘The Media’ ………………………………… page 122 4.1 The Failure of the Revival of the Forum for Black Journalists (FBJ) 4.2 Legitimate Adversaries, Passionate Attachments and Resignifications 4.3 Is the Right to Free Speech an Absolute in Democracy? The firing of David Bullard What the Readers said about Bullard‟s Column and his Subsequent Firing: the Emergence of Resignification 4.4 Plurality in Action, Democratic Agonisms and a Lack of Homogeneity Chapter 5: Ambivalence in Freedom of Expression: the Case of Zapiro: a Legitimate Adversary, not an Enemy……………………………………………………………. page 157 5.1 The Lady Justice Cartoon caused Dislocation in the Social 5.2 The ANC and the Public Discourse over the Lady Justice Cartoon 5.3 The Public‟s Gaze on Zapiro 5.4 An Interview with Zapiro: the Divided Subject 5.5 Legitimate Adversaries and Enemies of the People Unity in Society Stunts Democracy vii The Role of the Cartoon in a Democracy and Half Turns 5.6 Some Concluding Reflections: Misrecognition of Hailing; Unity Stunts Democracy; Ideology Hails Concrete Individuals as Subjects and Ambivalence and Loss Chapter 6: The Ideological Social Fantasy: The ANC’S Gaze on the Media …………………………………………………………………………………………… page 190 6.1 The Gaze 6.2 The Gaze on the Media of the Three Presidents of the ANC Post Apartheid Mandela‟s Desire for Unity with the Press Mandela‟s Hegemonic Discourse and Social Fantasy: Black journalists are Puppets of White Bosses: June 1997 Half turns to Mandela‟s Interpellation: the Editors‟ Reactions Mbeki‟s Gaze on the Media (1999-2009) Zuma‟s Discourse on the Media 6.3 Subjection to Come: the Media Appeals Tribunal Do Journalists Feel they are Free to Report Unhindered in the Country? 6.4 Editors‟ Gaze in 2008 on the Possibility of a Media Appeals Tribunal 6.5 The ANC‟s Reason for a Media Appeals Tribunal: 2010 6.6 Concluding Reflections: the Excess and the Surplus: „You media are just hysterical‟ Ideological Social Fantasy and Enemies of the People Chapter 7: Ideology, Excess and Subjectivisation: The Sunday Times versus the Former Minister of Health…………………………………………………………… page 236 7.1 The Sunday Times versus the Minister of Health: the Events 7.2 Thabo Mbeki: HIV/AIDS and Race Lacking in Ubuntu 7.3 Attempted Subjectivisation: Threatened Arrest of the Sunday Times Editor and his Senior Investigative Reporter 7.4 The Media: Enemies of the People who have no Ubuntu viii 7.5 The Plurality of Voices in Civil Society 7.6 The Government‟s Side of the Story Unity in the Social and Ideology at Work 7.7 Universalism versus Particularism: Through the Gaze of Journalists 7.8 Further Subjection: the Attempted Koni Media Buyout 7.9 Failed Subjection, Resignifications and Half Turns Chapter 8: Hegemonising the Social via the Construct of ‘Developmental Journalism’ …………………………………………………………………………………………… page 275 8.1 Hegemony 8.2 What is Developmental Journalism? 8.3 The Point de Capiton and Jouissance or the Knot and Surplus Enjoyment 8.4 An Unprogressive Hegemony: the Voices of Cronin, Sokhuto, Mthunzi 8.5 Openness and Fluidity: the Voices from Civil Society and Journalism Ideologically in Tandem or the More Dissension the Better 8.6 An Interpellation: Journalism is „Shallow‟, „Sensational‟ and „Scandal-Driven‟ Dissensus Rather than Consensus is Good for Democracy 8.7 „Is „Babygate‟ Developmental Journalism? The Personal and the Political Dissensus: From Civil Society, within the ANC Itself and Between Zuma and Cosatu 8.8 Concluding Reflections: the Media‟s Role: Development or Sensationalist? Chapter 9: Concluding Reflections: Optimistic and Pessimistic Moments for Democracy……………………………………………………………………………… page 311 9.1 The Inadequacies of the Political Philosophising of Zizek, Mouffe and Butler 9.2 Inertia and Lack of Agency: the Media Caught in a Deep Slumber 9.3 Optimistic Moments for Democracy An Optimistic Moment: Attempts to Make Race the Master-Signifier in the World of Journalists Failed ix A Further Optimistic Moment: Zapiro‟s Ideological Interpellation Failed The Failed Subjectivisation of the Sunday Times Yet Another Optimistic Moment: the Discourse of Editors: No Turns Towards the Ideologically Interpellating Voice of the Ruling Alliance 9.4 Pessimistic Moments: the Ideological Fantasy of the ANC Floating Signifiers and Master-Signifiers 9.5 The Unpredictable and Undecidable Future Turns for Democracy Epilogue …………………………………………………………………….………… page 341 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………… page 350 Appendices 1. The South African Press Code……………………………………….……… page 391 2. Interview Questionnaire ……………………………………………………… page 397 3. The Media Appeals Tribunal Resolution adopted at the ANC National General Council in Durban: 20-24 September 2010 ………………………………… page 398 x Preface While this work is an academic study, it must be stated up-front that I undertook this work from the position of a practicing journalist. I have also added my own experiences into the thesis from time to time. My multiple, free-floating and indeterminate subjectivities as journalist, woman, black, middle class, former anti-apartheid activist and presently on the Right2Know national working group, might be evident. More unconscious subjectivities may also be prevalent. So while this is an academic project, it is also a work within normative theory. It takes up normative positions. Mine is a multiple subject position, a particular stand point, ab initio.
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