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Intensive Cultivation of a Calanoid Copepod for Live Food in Fish Culture

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Intensive Cultivation of a Calanoid Copepod for Live Food in Fish Culture Intensive cultivation of a calanoid copepod for live food in fish culture Dr R. J. Rippingale Dr M. F. Payne -- - --- -- -- --............. f:ISHERIES RtUARC:1-1 .& CURtln OEVHOPMENT CORPORATION University of Technology WesternAustralia Project No. 1996/398 Intensive cultivation of a calanoid copepod for live food in fish culture Dr R. J. Rippingale Dr M. F. Payne Curtin University of Technology Department of Environmental Biology GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 2001 This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication other than Appendix 6 may be produced by anyprocess, electronic or otherwise, without the specificwritten permission of the FRDC. Neither may informationbe stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. ISBN 1 74067069 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................. 2 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ............................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................... ................................................... 6 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 7 NEED ............................................................................................................................ 9 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 10 METHODS ................................................................................................................. 11 Development of copepod cultures .......................................................................... 11 Effect of culture conditions on G. imparipes .......................................................... 11 Gladioferens imparipes as food forfish .................. ................................................ 14 Biochemical profile of foodand copepods .............................................................. 16 DETAILED RESULTS/ DISCUSSION ..................................................................... 18 Development of copepod cultures .......................................................................... 18 Flow-through 1000 L culture ................................................................................... 23 Effect of culture conditions on G. imparipes .......................................................... 24 Gladioferensimparipes as foodfor fish .................................................................. 32 Biochemical profile of foodand copepods .............................................................. 40 Cost - benefitanalysis of using cultivated copepods in fishlarvi culture ................ 42 BENEFITS .................................................................................................................. 45 Culture of other copepod species ............................................................................ 45 Aquaculture of marine table fish................................... .......................................... 45 Aquaculture of other fish ........................................................................................ 45 FURTHER DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................... 46 PLANNED OUTCOMES .......................................................................................... 46 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 46 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 48 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 50 Appendix 1: Intellectual property ........................................................................... 50 Appendix 2: Staff .................................................................................................... 51 Appendix 3. Procedure for fatty acid analysis of live food..................................... 52 Appendix 4. PLC ladder logic for 500 L automated copepod culture system. ....... 54 Appendix 5. Cost and suppliers of electrical components for PLC copepod culture system . .................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix 6. Intensive cultivation of a calanoid copepod Gladioferens imparipes A guide to procedures............................................. ................................................. 62 2 1996/398 Intensive cultivation of a calanoid copepod for live food in fish culture PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr R. J. Rippingale ADDRESS: School of Resource Science and Technology Curtin University of Technology GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Telephone: (08) 9266 7922 Fax: (08) 9266 2594 OBJECTIVES: 1. Determine themost effectiveprocedures forincreasing the scale of intensive production of Gladioferens imparipes to enable reliable supply of animals with minimum labour and maximum automation. 2. Assess the relative nutritional value of G. imparipes and other live food animals as foodfor various species of marine fishlarvae through survival and growth trials of fishon differentdiets. This is to involve fishwhich are currently cultivated and other species forwhich eggs or larvae canbe obtained. 3. Determine thediet of copepods which will provide a biochemical profilein the copepods which best serves the nutritional requirements of larvalfish. 4. Undertake a cost/benefit analysis of cultivated copepods in fishaquaculture. 5. Produce a detailed manualof procedures forintensive cultivation of G. imparipes for distribution by sale to commercial hatcheries within Australia. NON-TECHNICALSUMMARY OUTCOMES ACIDEVED Intensive copepod culture techniques developed during this project will furtherefforts by Australian hatcheries towardscommercial-scale cultureof difficult marinefish species, particularly WA dhufish. Successfulculture of these species will benefitboth commercial culture facilitiesand the broader Australian economy. The importance of this project has been recognised by the Aquaculture Development Unit (Fremantle, WesternAustralia), who has established intensive copepod cultures foruse in further research into culturing new species. The manual of procedures forcopepod culture has been requested by numerous commercial facilitiesand private persons, including Ocean West (Exmouth, WA) and WA Ocean Park (Shark Bay, WA) Provision of suitable food forthe early larvae of fishis one of the difficulties which currently restricts the development of marine fishculture. In many estuaries and coastal marineenvironments, where fishbreed, the fooditem that is most likely to be encountered by a firstfeeding fishis a nauplius larvae of a planktonic copepod. Copepod nauplii are recognised as food by many fish, they elicit a feedingresponse, they are the appropriate size and they may provide nutritional benefitsif they have been feedingon phytoplankton. In the natural environment the chances of survival for individual fish larvae are extremely small. High attrition occurs as fishlarvae fail to 3 encounter suitable foodwhen their yolk reserves are depleted or they are eaten if they are encountered by a larger predator. In aquaculture it should be possible to provide conditions whereby juvenile fishhave greater prospects of surviving the firstfew critical days than occurs in nature. Timely provision ofsuitable food and relieffrom predators should allow high rates ofsurvival. Current aquaculture practises provide adequately for the critical needs of some fish species with well developed technology for the production of rotifersand brine shrimp as live food. For some other species offish these are not suitable as foodand research laboratories in various parts of the world have worked towardsthe effective cultivation of marine copepods for use as an alternativefood in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to develop a system forthe cultivation of a calanoid copepod which occurs in estuaries in the southwest of WesternAustralia. This copepod, Gladioferens imparipes, seemed suitable for use in marine fishaquaculture; it can tolerate a wide salinity range, including sea water, has planktonic nauplius larvae and is sufficiently robust to grow well in cultivation. The objectives ofthe study were to develop a scale of culture which would be realistic for use in aquaculture, develop a system to automate routine procedures in the copepod culture to minimise labour and to investigate the effectivenessof using copepod nauplii fromintensive cultures to enhance the survival, health and growth offishlarvae. A finalobjective was to provide a manual of operations to assist people to develop, maintain and use cultures of G. imparipes foruse in aquaculture. This manual is available as a separate appendix to this report. Development of copepod cultures involved increasing the scale of cultures fromunits of 60 L, which had previously been effective,to units of 500 L and 1,000 L. A culture unit of500 L, with recirculating water and automatic control of the daily operations forcollecting nauplii and replenishing water quality continued producing~ 450,000 nauplii per day for409 days. This exceeds the production statistics published for other calanoid copepods. However, this rate of nauplius production is less than predicted fromthe
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