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Trophic Implications of Light Reductions for Amphibolis Griffithii Seagrass Fauna

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Trophic Implications of Light Reductions for Amphibolis Griffithii Seagrass Fauna Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2010 Trophic implications of light reductions for Amphibolis Griffithii seagrass fauna Adam Gartner Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Gartner, A. (2010). Trophic implications of light reductions for Amphibolis Griffithii seagrass fauna. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/134 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/134 Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 2010 Trophic implications of light reductions for Amphibolis Griffithii ase grass fauna Adam Gartner Edith Cowan University Recommended Citation Gartner, A. (2010). Trophic implications of light reductions for Amphibolis Griffithii seagrass fauna. Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ theses/134 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. http://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/134 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. TROPHIC IMPLICATIONS OF LIGHT REDUCTIONS FOR AMPHIBOLIS GRIFFITHII SEAGRASS FAUNA Adam Gartner Bachelor of Science (Hons) This thesis is presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy (Environmental Science/Management) Faculty of Computing, Health and Science Edith Cowan University May 2010 1 USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. ABSTRACT The ongoing threat of seagrass loss from reduced light availability, coupled with our lack of knowledge of associated trophic responses has motivated this characterization of the flow-on effects of light reductions to Amphibolis griffithii seagrass fauna. Recently, field manipulations of varying light reductions, induced disturbances in a A. griffithii seagrass meadow that have been shown to effect potential food resources and the structural complexity of seagrass habitats for macroinvertebrates. This offered the opportunity to assess the flow-on effects to seagrass for fauna, a topic that has seldom been examined. This study investigated the effects of different light reduction intensity (high: ~92% reduction; moderate: ~84% reduction), duration (3, 6 and 9 mo) and timing (post-winter and post-summer) on the density, biomass and community composition of macroinvertebrate epifauna within an A. griffithii seagrass ecosystem (Western Australia). Shade structures, placed within a healthy A. griffithii meadow, were used to create the light reduction treatments. Following shading, there were significant interactions between all three light reduction factors, and generally there was decline in the density and biomass of fauna (between 38% and 89% in density) and the number of families with increasing duration and intensity of light reduction (between 11 and 53% fewer families in light reduction treatments). There was also an effect of time, with taxa abundance and family composition Post-summer differing to Post-winter. However, not all fauna responded consistently, with gastropods appearing to be most sensitive to the shading treatments, while bivalves the least. Ten months after the removal of the light reduction treatments, plots shaded for three months were re-examined to test the resilience of the macroinvertebrate assemblage (in terms of their densities and biomass). No differences were detected among the impacted and control treatments, suggesting where moderate impacts occur in seagrasses, macroinvertebrate fauna have the capacity for recovery. Changes in the epifaunal assemblage were largely associated with declines in algal biomass, leaf variables and stem biomass, indicating food and habitat limitations. To better understand the underlying processes driving these changes, we also tested (using artificial seagrass units) whether the importance of the different structural components of seagrasses for macroinvertebrate fauna was consistent between types of seagrass meadows with naturally different complexity (A. griffithii, Posidonia sinuosa, Cymodocea nodosa ). We concluded from these experiments that the effect of highly 3 complex structural components of the seagrass canopy (for example, that provided by algal epiphytes) is more important than overall seagrass form, however, this effect is likely moderated by available seagrass canopy surface area, which when limited, may result in structural complexity having lower effect than seagrass species with high surface area available. Unfortunately, our ability to predict the effects of the complex interactions of light reductions on higher trophic orders is considerably limited (due to experimental constraints). Qualitative and quantitative modelling techniques, however, offer an effective alternative approach. We used Loop analysis and Ecopath with Ecosim to estimate the flow-on effects of reduced primary productivity of A. griffithii seagrass meadow on macrograzers, omnivores, invertivores and piscivorous fish. The results of modelling predict that there will be a lower overall net biomass in these fish taxa with increasing duration and intensity of disturbance. However, the effect of disturbances on piscivores is likely to lag for approximately 2 years, but once their population biomass declines, they would be unlikely recover. 4 DECLARATION I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: (i) incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education. (ii) contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or (iii) contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission for the Library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Signature: … ……. Date: 21 May 2010 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to give many thanks to my supervisors, who often and with great patience, guided my through the post-graduate journey. Firstly Paul Lavery, who somewhat dubiously turned around my career aspirations from becoming a coral reef ecologist to focus on seagrasses, I now wholly appreciate the opportunity you gave me for the involvement in this unique project. Beyond the wisdom, enthusiasm and guidance Paul imparted, I would also like to acknowledge the extra opportunities that he afforded during my studies, which have advantaged me immensely now that I am looking forward in my career. Kathryn McMahon, who in addition to enormously adding to my understanding of seagrass ecosystems, ruled the Jurien Bay field studies like no other and kept myself and my project on track daily. Her insight, encouragement and patience saw many a field trip over the line often under trying conditions. Anne Brearley, is there a seagrass critter that you do not know of or love? Thank-you for the great conversations in the lab, and all of the advice you shared in identifying seagrass fauna. And finally Hector Lozano-Montes for making my Jurien Seagrass model a reality. I am entirely indebted to all of those people who helped out with the mountain of usually strenuous field work involved in this study. This work could not have been done without you. Among many, I would like to single out Helen Barwick, Andrew Tennyson, Paul Mackey, Peter Quintana and Michael Mulligan. The two-year intensive field program required numerous divers working in challenging field conditions, thank-you to all who assisted. I also wish to make a special acknowledgment to Johan Eckloff, who’s advice and foresight saw me do numerous trips to Jurien Bay, when I only had one planned, but saved certain collapse of my caging experiment. During my studies, I had the pleasure of attending the 43 rd European Marine Biology Symposium, followed up by a short research trip to the Canary Islands. Firstly in that regard I wish to acknowledge the support of my colleague and dear friend Dr Fernando Tuya, as well as the Department of Biology, University of Las Palmas for an amazing trip from which I gained a wealth of insight and had a ball. I also wish to acknowledge Paul Lavery, The School of Natural Sciences at Edith Cowan University 6 and the Holsworth Wildlife Research fund for generously supporting this trip financially. Thank you to the Strategic Research Fund for the Marine Environment for funding support and for providing the opportunity for so many students to undertake relevant
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