Strategies for Coastal Cities to Cope with Flood Disaster and Urban Heat Island Effect in the Context of Climate Change
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Strategies for coastal Cities to Cope with Flood disaster and Urban Heat Island Effect in the Context of climate Change - A Case study of Shanghai, China By: DOU XIAO & CHEN XUE SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND DESIGN - POLITECNICO DI TORINO Master Course TERRITORIAL, URBAN, ENVIRONMENTAL AND LANDSCAPE PLANNING 11/2020 Strategies for coastal Cities to Cope with Flood disaster and Urban Heat Island Effect in the Context of climate Change - A Case study of Shanghai, China With the global warming and the acceleration of urbanization, China's climate has also undergone significant changes. Precipitation increased in many areas, and the frequency of extreme events greatly increased. Therefore, people begin to think more about how to adapt to climate change in urban planning and how to have stronger disaster resistance in urban functional structure and layout space. With the rapid development of economic construction in Shanghai, the temperature difference between urban and rural areas continues to expand, the intensity and area of heat island continue to increase, the phenomenon of high temperature in summer continues to strengthen, high temperature disasters occur frequently, and the urban thermal environment problems are becoming more and more prominent. Urban heat island is formed under the combined action of human factors (mainly urbanization and industrialization) and local weather and meteorological conditions. With the increasing urban hardening rate and excessive development, the original surface runoff is destroyed and the urban heat island effect is gradually aggravated. Therefore, for urban planning, increasing green space area and reducing urban hardening rate through LID measures can reduce the impact of heat island effect. The rainfall in Shanghai is mainly concentrated from June to October every year. It often rains for several consecutive days. The rainfall is concentrated and lasts for a long time, and the instantaneous rainfall is heavy, which easily causes the water level of the river to rise sharply. At this time, the city due to the original municipal pipe network facilities is not perfect and the design is not reasonable, resulting in rainwater drainage is not smooth, resulting in waterlogging. On the other hand, global warming has accelerated the melting of glaciers and caused sea levels to rise, leading to flooding in coastal areas. By introducing the concept of sponge city into urban waterlogging prevention and control, especially by effectively reducing surface runoff and flood peak through low-impact development measures, the adverse effects and damage caused by urban waterlogging can be alleviated. Therefore, the paper takes the construction concept of "sponge city" and low-impact development measures as an important strategy to alleviate the above problems. The author starts from the theoretical research, and then makes a systematic analysis of the weather of Shanghai in the past 60 years, and concludes that the main climate problems of Shanghai are urban waterlogging and urban heat island effect. Then, according to the pilot project of sponge city construction in Shanghai, four representative pilot projects were selected for planning practice. Systemic strategies and low impact development measures are proposed to mitigate urban waterlogging and urban heat island effect. The present situation of Shanghai and the main problems of sponge city construction are analyzed with the four pilot projects as representatives. In terms of empirical exploration, it mainly analyzes how to construct sponge city system from the perspective of LID layout. Finally, make a summary of the foregoing and put forward deficiencies. Key Words: Climate Change, Urban Heat Island, City Waterlogging, Sponge City, Low Impact Development CONTENT 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.1.1 Challenges brought by climate change to urban development in China 1.1.2 The damage to the site caused by urbanization and the damage to the site's ability to adjust, aggravate the urban heat island effect 1.1.3 Development and promotion of low-impact development theory 1.2 Research purpose and significance 1.2.1 Research purpose 1.2.2 Research significance 1.2.2.1 Theoretical significance 1.2.2.2 Practical significance 1.3 Revent tecnical approches in the world 1.3.1. Development and promotion of LID technology in the United States 1.3.2. Development and evolution of SUDS system in the UK 1.3.3. Application practice of WSUD in Australia 1.3.4. Development and application of stormwater management practices in Japan 1.4 Research status of Sponge cities in China 1.4.1. Definition of ―Sponge City‖ 1.4.2. The Target 1.4.3 Main considerations 1.4.4. Main Measures 1.4.5. Application of sponge city in China 1.4.6. Overview of China's Current Situation 1.5 Research methods and framework 1.5.1 Research content 1.5.2 innovations 1.5.3 Research methods 2 Analysis of Flooding and Heat Island Effect in Shanghai 2.1 Description of Shanghai 2.1.1 Overall Description 2.1.1.1 Shanghai location overview 2.1.1.2 Data source 2.1.1.3 Shanghai climate description 2.1.2 Analysis of temperature variation characteristics 2.1.2.1 Annual temperature variation characteristics 2.1.2.2 Seasonal temperature variation characteristics 2.1.2.3 Analysis of the variation characteristics of the maximum and minimum temperatures 2.1.3 Analysis of precipitation variation characteristics 2.1.3.1 Annual precipitation variation characteristics 2.1.3.2 Seasonal precipitation variation characteristics 2.1.4 Identification of climatic problems and climatic hazards 2.1.4.1 Extreme precipitation analysis 2.1.4.2 Heat wave analysis 2.1.5. Summary 2.2 The main problems facing Shanghai's sponge city construction 2.2.1 Heat island effect 2.2.2 Urban waterlogging risk 2.3 Cause analysis 2.3.1 Meteorological reasons 2.3.2 Natural environmental reasons 2.3.3 Infrastructure reasons 2.3.4 Reasons for urban construction 2.3.5 Reasons for urban management 2.3.6 Conclusion 3 Design Strategies for Waterlogging Prevention Sites in Shanghai Based on the Concept of "Sponge City" 3.1 Site selection 3.1.1 Sponge city and sponge mechanism 3.1.2 Sponge city construction in Shanghai 3.1.3 Selected sponge city construction pilot 3.2 Waterfront dynamic sponge park in Yangpu area 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Context analysis 3.2.2.1 Land use analysis 3.2.2.2 Transport analysis 3.2.2.3 Water level analysis 3.2.3 History and development 3.2.4 Strategies for coping with climate change 3.2.4.1 Challenges and goals 3.2.4.2 Concept 3.2.4.2.1 Adapt to urban framework 3.2.4.2.2 Organizational principles 3.2.4.2.3 The master plan 3.2.4.3 Sponge system planning 3.2.4.3.1 Pedestrian guidance system 3.2.4.3.2 Permeable roads and rain garden 3.2.4.3.3 Ecological parking lot 3.2.4.3.4 Sustainable green space 3.3.4.3.5 Green building 3.2.5 Conclusion 3.3 Ecological sponge community in Jiuxing area 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Context analysis 3.3.2.1 Land use analysis 3.3.2.2 Transport analysis 3.3.3 History and development 3.3.4 Strategies for coping with climate change 3.3.4.1 Challenges and goals 3.3.4.2 Concept 3.3.4.3 Sponge system planning 3.3.4.3.1 Organic open community 3.3.4.3.2 Permeable roads and squares 3.3.4.3.3 Ecological green space 3.3.4.3.4 Market and commercial area 3.3.4.3.5 Plant landscape planning 3.3.5 Conclusion 3.4 Ecological country park beside the Hongqiao Airport 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Context analysis 3.4.2.1 Land use analysis 3.4.2.2 Transport analysis 3.4.3 History and development 3.4.4 Strategies for coping with climate change 3.4.4.1 Challenges and goals 3.4.4.2 Concept 3.4.4.3 Sponge system planning 3.4.4.3.1 Ecological dry creek 3.4.4.3.2 Ecological filter belt 3.4.4.3.3 Rain garden 3.4.4.3.4 Ecological dry pond 3.4.4.3.5 Planting grass ditch 3.4.4.3.6 Permeable pavement 3.4.5 Conclusion 3.5 Ecological wetland sponge park in Fengxian area 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Context analysis 3.5.2.1 Land use analysis 3.5.2.2 Transport analysis 3.5.2.3 Site project distribution analysis 3.5.3 History and development 3.5.4 Strategies for coping with climate change 3.5.4.1 Challenges and goals 3.5.4.2 Concept 3.5.4.2.1 Design Principles 3.5.4.2.2 The master plan 3.5.4.2.3 Analysis of tour routes and nodes 3.5.4.3 Sponge system planning 3.5.4.3.1 Urban heat island effect 3.5.4.3.2 Wetland Park and Sponge City 3.5.5 Conclusion 4 Conclusion and Outlook 4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Outlook 5 References 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Background 1.1.1 Challenges brought by climate change to urban development in China The fifth assessment report of the First Working Group of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, "Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis", from three different perspectives: observation, attribution analysis, and future prediction, shows that the earth system is experiencing a global warming which is a significant change in the main feature. Since 1950, many of the changes observed in the climate system are unprecedented in the past few decades or even in the millennium.