Small Intestine
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Mouth Esophagus Stomach Rectum and Anus Large Intestine Small
1 Liver The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats through a dissolving process known as emulsification. In this process, bile secreted into the small intestine 4 combines with large drops of liquid fat to form Healthy tiny molecular-sized spheres. Within these spheres (micelles), pancreatic enzymes can break down fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids. Pancreas Digestion The pancreas not only regulates blood glucose 2 levels through production of insulin, but it also manufactures enzymes necessary to break complex The digestive system consists of a long tube (alimen- 5 carbohydrates down into simple sugars (sucrases), tary canal) that varies in shape and purpose as it winds proteins into individual amino acids (proteases), and its way through the body from the mouth to the anus fats into free fatty acids (lipase). These enzymes are (see diagram). The size and shape of the digestive tract secreted into the small intestine. varies in each individual (e.g., age, size, gender, and disease state). The upper part of the GI tract includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, and stomach. The lower Gallbladder part includes the small intestine, large intestine, The gallbladder stores bile produced in the liver appendix, and rectum. While not part of the alimentary 6 and releases it into the duodenum in varying canal, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all organs concentrations. that are vital to healthy digestion. 3 Small Intestine Mouth Within the small intestine, millions of tiny finger-like When food enters the mouth, chewing breaks it 4 protrusions called villi, which are covered in hair-like down and mixes it with saliva, thus beginning the first 5 protrusions called microvilli, aid in absorption of of many steps in the digestive process. -
Anatomy of Major Duodenal Papilla Influences ERCP Outcomes
Journal of Clinical Medicine Article Anatomy of Major Duodenal Papilla Influences ERCP Outcomes and Complication Rates: A Single Center Prospective Study Gheorghe G. Balan 1 , Mukul Arya 2, Adrian Catinean 3, Vasile Sandru 4,*, Mihaela Moscalu 1 , Gabriel Constantinescu 5, Anca Trifan 1 , Gabriela Stefanescu 1,* and Catalin Victor Sfarti 1 1 Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; [email protected] (G.G.B.); [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (C.V.S.) 2 New York Presbitarian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, New York, NY 11215, USA; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania 5 Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (V.S.); [email protected] (G.S.) Received: 27 March 2020; Accepted: 25 May 2020; Published: 28 May 2020 Abstract: Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been one of the most intensely studied endoscopic procedures due to its overall high complication rates when compared to other digestive endoscopy procedures. The safety and outcome of such procedures have been linked to multiple procedure- or patient-related risk factors. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether the morphology of the major duodenal papilla influences the ERCP outcomes and complication rates. Methods: A total of 322 patients with a native papilla have been included in the study over an eight month period. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Structure of the Human Body
STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY Vertebral Levels 2011 - 2012 Landmarks and internal structures found at various vertebral levels. Vertebral Landmark Internal Significance Level • Bifurcation of common carotid artery. C3 Hyoid bone Superior border of thyroid C4 cartilage • Larynx ends; trachea begins • Pharynx ends; esophagus begins • Inferior thyroid A crosses posterior to carotid sheath. • Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion C6 Cricoid cartilage behind inf. thyroid a. • Inferior laryngeal nerve enters the larynx. • Vertebral a. enters the transverse. Foramen of C 6. • Thoracic duct reaches its greatest height C7 Vertebra prominens • Isthmus of thyroid gland Sternoclavicular joint (it is a • Highest point of apex of lung. T1 finger's breadth below the bismuth of the thyroid gland T1-2 Superior angle of the scapula T2 Jugular notch T3 Base of spine of scapula • Division between superior and inferior mediastinum • Ascending aorta ends T4 Sternal angle (of Louis) • Arch of aorta begins & ends. • Trachea ends; primary bronchi begin • Heart T5-9 Body of sternum T7 Inferior angle of scapula • Inferior vena cava passes through T8 diaphragm T9 Xiphisternal junction • Costal slips of diaphragm T9-L3 Costal margin • Esophagus through diaphragm T10 • Aorta through diaphragm • Thoracic duct through diaphragm T12 • Azygos V. through diaphragm • Pyloris of stomach immediately above and to the right of the midline. • Duodenojejunal flexure to the left of midline and immediately below it Tran pyloric plane: Found at the • Pancreas on a line with it L1 midpoint between the jugular • Origin of Superior Mesenteric artery notch and the pubic symphysis • Hilum of kidneys: left is above and right is below. • Celiac a. -
Subserosal Haematoma of the Ileum
Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.35.183.509 on 1 October 1960. Downloaded from SUBSEROSAL HAEMATOMA OF THE ILEUM BY ANTONIO GENTIL MARTINS From the Department of Surgery, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool (RECEIVED FCR PUBLICATION DECEMBER 21, 1959) Angiomas of the ileum are rare. Their association communicate with the lumen of the small bowel. with a duplication cyst has not so far been described. Opposite, the mucosa had a small erosion'. The unusual mode of presentation, with intestinal Microscopical examination (Figs. 3, 4 and 5) showed and a palpable mass (subserosal that 'considerable haemorrhage had occurred in the obstruction serous, muscular and mucous coats. The mucosa, haematoma) simulating intussusception, have however, was viable and the maximal zone of damage prompted the report of the present case. was towards the serosa. Numerous large capillaries were present in the coats. The lining of the diverticulum Case Report formed by glandular epithelium suggesting ileal mucosa N.C., a white male infant, born June 18, 1958, was was partly destroyed, but it had a well-formed muscular admitted to hospital on May 18, 1959, when 11 months coat': it was considered to be probably a duplication. old, with a five days' history of being irritable and appar- The main diagnosis was that of haemangioma of the ently suffering from severe colicky abdominal pain for ileum. the previous 24 hours. On the day of admission his bowels had not moved and he vomited several times. He looked pale and ill and a mass could be felt in the copyright. -
Anatomy of Small Intestine Doctors Notes Notes/Extra Explanation Please View Our Editing File Before Studying This Lecture to Check for Any Changes
Color Code Important Anatomy of Small Intestine Doctors Notes Notes/Extra explanation Please view our Editing File before studying this lecture to check for any changes. Objectives: At the end of the lecture, students should: List the different parts of small intestine. Describe the anatomy of duodenum, jejunum & ileum regarding: the shape, length, site of beginning & termination, peritoneal covering, arterial supply & lymphatic drainage. Differentiate between each part of duodenum regarding the length, level & relations. Differentiate between the jejunum & ileum regarding the characteristic anatomical features of each of them. Abdomen What is Mesentery? It is a double layer attach the intestine to abdominal wall. If it has mesentery it is freely moveable. L= liver, S=Spleen, SI=Small Intestine, AC=Ascending Colon, TC=Transverse Colon Abdomen The small intestines consist of two parts: 1- fixed part (no mesentery) (retroperitoneal) : duodenum 2- free (movable) part (with mesentery) :jejunum & ileum Only on the boys’ slides RELATION BETWEEN EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGIN & ARTERIAL SUPPLY مهم :Extra Arterial supply depends on the embryological origin : Foregut Coeliac trunk Midgut superior mesenteric Hindgut Inferior mesenteric Duodenum: • Origin: foregut & midgut • Arterial supply: 1. Coeliac trunk (artery of foregut) 2. Superior mesenteric: (artery of midgut) The duodenum has 2 arterial supply because of the double origin The junction of foregut and midgut is at the second part of the duodenum Jejunum & ileum: • Origin: midgut • Arterial -
Distribution of Digestive Enzymes in Cockroaches
Volume 24: Mini Workshops 311 Distribution of Digestive Enzymes in Cockroaches Flora Watson California State University, Stanislaus Department of Biological Sciences 801 W. Monte Vista Avenue Turlock, CA 95382 [email protected] Flora Watson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at California State University, Stanislaus. She teaches lower and upper division Human and Animal Physiology courses at CSU, Stanislaus. Her research interest involves using immunohistochemistry to study the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on brain, lung and liver tissues of mice. Reprinted From: Watson, F. 2003. Distribution of digestive enzymes in cockroaches. Pages 311-316, in Tested studies for laboratory teaching, Volume 24 (M. A. O’Donnell, Editor). Proceedings of the 24th Workshop/Conference of the Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE), 334 pages. - Copyright policy: http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/able/volumes/copyright.htm Although the laboratory exercises in ABLE proceedings volumes have been tested and due consideration has been given to safety, individuals performing these exercises must assume all responsibility for risk. The Association for Biology Laboratory Education (ABLE) disclaims any liability with regards to safety in connection with the use of the exercises in its proceedings volumes. © 2003 Flora Watson Abstract The digestive tract of a cockroach is a tube modified into subdivisions, which serve specialized digestive functions: food reception, conduction and storage, internal digestion, absorption, conduction, and formation of feces. The three divisions of the cockroach digestive tract are the foregut, midgut, and the hindgut. The enzyme reaction in the digestive tract can be determined either by determining the amount of substrates (starch and proteins) in an enzyme-reaction mixture, or measuring the presence of product present. -
Short Bowel Syndrome with Intestinal Failure Were Randomized to Teduglutide (0.05 Mg/Kg/Day) Or Placebo for 24 Weeks
Short Bowel (Gut) Syndrome LaTasha Henry February 25th, 2016 Learning Objectives • Define SBS • Normal function of small bowel • Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis • Management • Updates Basic Definition • A malabsorption disorder caused by the surgical removal of the small intestine, or rarely it is due to the complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel. • Most cases are acquired, although some children are born with a congenital short bowel. Intestinal Failure • SBS is the most common cause of intestinal failure, the state in which an individual’s GI function is inadequate to maintain his/her nutrient and hydration status w/o intravenous or enteral supplementation. • In addition to SBS, diseases or congenital defects that cause severe malabsorption, bowel obstruction, and dysmotility (eg, pseudo- obstruction) are causes of intestinal failure. Causes of SBS • surgical resection for Crohn’s disease • Malignancy • Radiation • vascular insufficiency • necrotizing enterocolitis (pediatric) • congenital intestinal anomalies such as atresias or gastroschisis (pediatric) Length as a Determinant of Intestinal Function • The length of the small intestine is an important determinant of intestinal function • Infant normal length is approximately 125 cm at the start of the third trimester of gestation and 250 cm at term • <75 cm are at risk for SBS • Adult normal length is approximately 400 cm • Adults with residual small intestine of less than 180 cm are at risk for developing SBS; those with less than 60 cm of small intestine (but with a -
Esophageal Reconstruction Using a Pedicled Jejunum with Microvascular Augmentation
Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 17: 103–109 Review Esophageal Reconstruction Using a Pedicled Jejunum with Microvascular Augmentation Takushi Yasuda, MD and Hitoshi Shiozaki, MD The pedicled colon segment is widely accepted as a substitute to the gastric tube in esopha- geal reconstruction of cases where the stomach is not available. The usefulness of reconstruc- tion with a pedicled jejunum has also been reported in recent years. In order to make a long jejunal graft, at least the second and third jejunal vessels have to be severed. However, this leads to a decrease of circulation in the pedicled jejunum. This poor circulation was primar- ily responsible for the high rates of gangrene and mortality (22.2% and 46.5%, respectively) in the beginnings of jejunal reconstruction. Advances in microsurgery have now enabled surgeons to overcome these disadvantages, as a result, both the rates of gangrene and mor- tality have decreased to almost zero since the addition of microvascular anastomosis with the jejunal vessels and the internal thoracic vessels. At present, the reconstruction using a pedi- cled jejunum is a safe operation that provides such advantages as a low incidence of intrinsic disease, more active transport of food, and a lower rate of regurgitation by peristalsis, com- pared with the reconstruction using the pedicled colon. The disadvantage of the procedure is the relatively high rate of anastomotic leakage (11.1% to 19.2%). Improvements in the surgi- cal procedures to overcome this disadvantage are, therefore, needed before it can be recom- mended without any reservations. Key words: esophageal reconstruction, jejunum, microvascular anastomosis, complication Introduction stomach is necessary. -
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Findings of Acute Pancreatitis in Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue: Case Report and Review of the Literature
University of Massachusetts Medical School eScholarship@UMMS Radiology Publications and Presentations Radiology 2014-07-28 Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI findings of acute pancreatitis in ectopic pancreatic tissue: case report and review of the literature Senthur Thangasamy University of Massachusetts Medical School Et al. Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/radiology_pubs Part of the Digestive System Diseases Commons, and the Radiology Commons Repository Citation Thangasamy S, Zheng L, Mcintosh LJ, Lee P, Roychowdhury A. (2014). Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI findings of acute pancreatitis in ectopic pancreatic tissue: case report and review of the literature. Radiology Publications and Presentations. https://doi.org/10.6092/1590-8577/2390. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/radiology_pubs/259 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This material is brought to you by eScholarship@UMMS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Radiology Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of eScholarship@UMMS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2014 July 28; 15(4):407-410 CASE REPORT Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Findings of Acute Pancreatitis in Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue: Case Report and Review of the Literature Senthur J Thangasamy1, Larry Zheng1, Lacey McIntosh1, Paul Lee2, Abhijit Roychowdhury1 1Department of Radiology and 2Pathology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA ABSTRACT Context Acute pancreatitisCase report in ectopic pancreatic tissue is an uncommon cause of acute abdominal pain and can be difficult to diagnose on imaging. -
Small & Large Intestine
Small & Large Intestine Gastrointestinal block-Anatomy-Lecture 6,7 Editing file Objectives Color guide : Only in boys slides in Green Only in girls slides in Purple important in Red At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Notes in Grey ● List the different parts of small intestine. ● Describe the anatomy of duodenum, jejunum & ileum regarding: (the shape, length, site of beginning & termination, peritoneal covering, arterial supply & lymphatic drainage) ● Differentiate between each part of duodenum regarding the length, level & relations. ● Differentiate between the jejunum & ileum regarding the characteristic anatomical features of each of them. ● List the different parts of large intestine. ● List the characteristic features of colon. ● Describe the anatomy of different parts of large intestine regarding: (the surface anatomy, peritoneal covering, relations, arterial & nerve supply) Small intestine The small intestine divided into : Fixed Part (No Mesentery): Free (Movable) Part (With Parts Duodenum* Mesentery): Jejunum & Ileum Shape C-shaped loop coiled tube Length 10 inches 6 meters (20 feet) Transverse Colon separates the Beginning At pyloro-duodenal junction at duodeno-jejunal flexure stomach/liver from the jejunum/ileum Termination At duodeno-jejunal flexure at ileo-ceacal flexure Peritoneal Covering Retroperitoneal mesentery of small intestine Divisions 4 parts --------- Foregut (above bile duct opening in 2nd part )& Midgut Embryological origin Midgut (below bile duct opening in 2nd part) So 2nd part has double -
Digestive System
Naziha Sultan Ahmed, BVMS, MSc Scientific degree (Assis. Prof.), Department of Anatomy College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-8277 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naziha_Ahmed Anatomy | Part 18| 2nd year 2019 Digestive System Fixation of the liver (Ligaments of the liver): 1-Lesser omentum: consist of two parts: a/Hepatogastric ligament: connect between hepatic porta and lesser curvature of the stomach . b/Hepatoduodenal ligament: connect between hepatic porta and the cranial part of the duodenum. 2-Coronary ligament: connect between the parietal (diaphragmatic ) surface of liver, with the diaphragm and the caudal vena cava. 3-Falciform ligament: connect between the notch of round ligament in the liver and the sternal part of the diaphragm. 4-Round ligament: the residue (remnants) of the umbilical vein of the fetus. 5-Hepatorenal ligament: connect between the right lobe of liver and the right kidney. 6-Right & left triangular ligaments: connect between the dorsal border of right and left lobes of the liver and the diaphragm . Both ligaments continue medially with the coronary ligament. CouAnatomy | Digestive system | Assis. Prof. Naziha Sultan Ahmed Page | 1 The pancreas: Pancreas has V-shape. It consists of base and two limbs (right & left limbs). *In horse: large pancreas body perforated by portal vein and long left limb, with short right limb (because of large size of cecum in horse ). The horse pancreas has two ducts: 1-Chief pancreatic duct: opens with bile duct at the major duodenal papilla. 2-Accessory pancreatic duct: opens at the minor duodenal papilla. *In dog: pancreas notched by the portal vein.