An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 1
BARRIERS cover TO
WOMEN’S
MOBILITY
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #MYMOBILITYMATTERS
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 2
CONTENTS
02 04
PREFACE AHRC RESEARCH TEAM
05
WOMEN’S MOBILITY
06 08
STATISTICS RELATED TO CRIME CASES WOMEN
10
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
16 20
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY SHARING DISCUSSION
23
CONCLUSION
www.womenmobility.com An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 3
The research entitled “Barriers to Women’s AHRC Mobility” intended to explore the struggle and barriers of women while travelling and RESEARCH basically addressing two of the UN’s Global Goals for Sustainable Development TEAM
It is a network project for the research team to acquire first-hand knowledge of UNITED KINGDOM COVENTRY UNIVERSITY the problems women experience in PROF DR. ANDREE accessing transport and analyse the existing WOODCOOK solutions and their effectiveness in UNIVERISITY OF ILLINOIS
Pakistan, Malaysia and the UK DR. DEANA CATHERINE MCDONAGH
PAKISTAN (DESIGNPAK)
KOMAL FAIZ PUNNAL FAIZ
MALAYSIA UNIVERSITY MALAYA DR YONG ADILAH SHAMSUL HARUMAIN DR NIKMATUL ADHA DR GOH HONG CHING
DR NOOR SUZAINI
RESEARCH ASSISTANT MIRAWAHIDA
LEE WEI SAN NETWORK RESEARCH SUHANA MUSTAFA
AHMAD AL-RASHID An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 4
However, it is not equally accessible for every individual in benefiting from the advanced WOMEN’S transport system due to differences need. Mobility on public transportation is focused as it MOBILITY has increasingly become a societal concern nowadays. There is growing mobility literature on It has been long recognized the importance of the gender differences in mobility development of transport system, not only in enabling individuals to travel further and faster to In the study on the choice of destinations but also have a greater transportation, mobility is societal and economic impacts globally to create a defined as the movement of more sustainable living world. With the high people across geographical capability in traveling across various locations, it locations (Wachs, 2010). removes all the physical boundaries for individuals to access and connect to many places in this world
TRAVEL PATTERN More complicated than men ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT In less developed country men has high FACTOR AFFECTING TRAVEL PATTERN Access To public transport and has more priorities Marital status when Riding public transportation in the case Household composition Of crowded Situation Level of income
PRIVATE VEHICLE TRANSPORT MODE Men are highly dependent on private cars Women are generally less access to better transport modes due to lower incomes
compare to men ACTIVITY SCALE
Men had a larger activity space and move far PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION from home compared to women in general Women are less likely to access or own even though there were growing numbers of women private vehicle, women are more likely to be working outside of home public transport users compared to men
Many studies suggested that fear of crime had deterred women from accessing public transport and hence, restricted women’s mobility
(Needle & Cobb, 1997; Lynch & Atkins, 1988
While the victimization rate Even though both men and women were having high risk in being the victims of common assault, women were more likely to between women and men are be victims for sexual assault and other sexual violations, criminal not significantly differed, the types of crimes that men and harassment, snatch thefts and threatening phone calls (Mahony, 2011; Smith, 2008). women commonly targeted are differed. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 5
STATISTICS RELATED TO WOMEN’S MOBILITY
*The score of 1.00 or 100.0% is defined as no gap between men and women in the sub-indexes Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia (2018)
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 6
POPULATION BASED ON GENDER IN MALAYSIA IN The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) was first introduced by YEAR 2018 the World Economic Forum Source: Department of Statistic (WEF) in 2006 as a framework Malaysia (2018) for capturing the magnitude of GENDER GAP
gender-disparities. This index Within East Asia and the
measures the gap across four Pacific, Malaysia stood at thematic dimensions that are 14 rank of total 18 Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational countries. Considering Attainment, Health & Survival MGGI 2017, the ranking and Political Empowerment. for Malaysia improved to Score with the value of 1.0 70 out of the 144 (100%) defined as the equality countries listed in the POPULATION of men and women Global Gender Gap (Department of Statistics 16.72 MIL 15.66 MIL Malaysia, 2018). Malaysia Report, 2017. Simultaneously, Malaysia 51.6 % 15.66 MIL Gender Gap Index (MGGI) produced based on the ranked 8 out of 18 SEX RATIO methodology of the Global countries in East Asia and Gender Gap Index (GGGI) 107 100 the Pacific (Department SEX RATIO AT BIRTH taking into account the latest of Statistics Malaysia, data published by the BOY GIRL Department of Statistics, 2018). Malaysia (DOSM) together 937 1000 with other ministries and agencies in Malaysia. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 7
CRIME CASES PHYSICAL HARRASMENT PICKPOCKET HARASSMENT 14 6 2017 CAN BE IN
ARRESTED ARRESTED MANY 2% 9% 4 16 REPORTED FORM. IT REPORTED
MURDER (379) RAPE (1835) COULD LOOK VERBAL VISUAL HARRASMENT HARRASMENT LIKE
23% 66% 4 3
CAUSING INJURY (379) ROBBERY (14128)
Crime cases reported in year ARRESTED ARRESTED 4 0 2017 by Royal Malaysia Police. REPORTED REPORTED
The highest number of cases CRIME IN PUBLIC reported was the robbery TRANSPORTATION crime followed by causing injury, rape and murder. The BY PRASARANA crimes especially on the rape, 2014 robbery and causing injury may The highest case reported was affect the security of women physical where from the total while in mobile. The fear of 16 cases of pickpocket crime encountered by women reported, 6 cases were is actually the barriers to their arrested. Meanwhile, the mobility. As safety is an highest arrested case was on important concern for riding the physical harassment. Other public transport, crime would cases including snatching, rob be a serious concern for public with weapon, individual rob, transport users. threatening, verbal
harassment and visual
harassment.
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 8
09 07
02 08 10 01
05 03
06
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 BUINOS BOGOTA MEXICO KUALA BANGKOK LIMA PERU NEW DELHI JAKARTA AIRES MOSCOW MANILA COLOMBIA CITY ARGENTINA LUMPUR THAILAND
MOST DANGEROUS PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION FOR WOMENBY MOBILITY THOMSON REUTERS FOUNDATION (2014)
KUALA LUMPUR RANKED NUMBER 7th FOR THE MOST
DANGEROUS TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR WOMEN WOMEN
1 is the worst ranking
Thomson Reuters Foundation survey that looks at harassment on public transportation systems in the world's largest cities. The poll was conducted in 15 of the
world's largest capitals in collaboration with UK polling
company YouGov. In total, 6,555 women and experts
were surveyed.
Results are based on the respondents' answers as well as
surveys of experts in women's rights, gender equality,
urban planning and gender-friendly urban spaces in each of the cities. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 9
A FOCUS GROUP RESEARCH DISCUSSION FOCUS Focus Group Discussion was conducted on 3rd October 2018 There were 25 participants, in 2 hosted by University of Malaya, groups; (1) Policy Makers which led by Dr. Yong Adilah Binti (comprising representatives from Shamsul Harumain. This Focus the Town and Country Planning Group Discussion was conducted Department, Kuala Lumpur City in conjunction with the 13th Hall, Royal Malaysian Police, Malaysian University Transport ThinkCity, National Council of Research Conference (MUTRFC) Women’s Organization Malaysia 2018 which officiated by YB Fahmi (NCWO), All Women Action Fadzil, the Member of Parliament Society (AWAM)), and (2) Users for Lembah Pantai. The (comprising working women from conference also was attended by both public and private agencies, the representatives from female secondary school Malaysian Institute of Road Safety students, teachers, housewives, Research (MIROS). and also postgraduate students from local universities). A list of questions posed to the groups was shared. This research focuses on the physical barriers women face in their everyday mobility, including by means of public transportation, and whether these barriers differ from the
barriers faced by men
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 10
Women were
more likely to be
USERS ARE AWARE targets of sexual INITIATIVE PROVIDED FOR WOMEN’S FACILITES harassment when walking or
LADIES WAITING riding public AREA transport,
especially when
it was poor in
lighting, small- WOMEN’S COACH
sized and lack of
the presence of
other people
(Anand& Tiwari,
2006). WOMEN’S PARKING AREA
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 11
EXISTING POLICIES
‘SAFE CITY’ had been introduced by the government as part of the strategy in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11(STG11) and In planning, especially in produced by the Town and Country Malaysia, there is no specific Planning from 2014.It is focused on enhancing the safety of citizens using
design’s policy or strategy for environmental design
women in regards to mobility
and safety, however the Local Agenda 21 (LA21) where it focuses on the community government starts to highlight engagement in policy making. ‘SAFE
CITY’ is one of the program under the importance of gender-based LA21. It emphasizes on the planning in the city planning e.g. preparation of action plans or programs to solve the existing SMART CITY had been complex local problems especially in urban areas. introduced as a new innovation
to solve the issues and problem Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM) has related to urbanization created a special unit known as
AMANITA in an effort to obtain
information on criminal activities not
reported in the community. It’s to
encourage involvement of housewives as police partner through the programs called "Engage
Housewives in Neighbourhood Safety" in an effort to reduce the crime rate in their neighbourhood areas
VIEW POLICYMAKER An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 12
WHAT CAN BE DONE HOW CAN PHYSICAL IN TERM OF POLICIES ENVIRONMENT BE TO ENHANCE CHANGED FOR A WOMEN’S SAFE PLACE Neighbouring areas have implemented security programme by appointing communities member to patrol their local area. It is not emboldening as it is difficult to get cooperation from various parties Policies which come together with and communities. law enforcement can make a big Built environment plays a major role . change including mobility safety. in bringing the sense of the place where the physical settings portrayed image and the feel of the
place
Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) has Education to address and prevent engaged with the community with violence against women and programs such as `KL Decoration’, women’s right and also facilities th `100 City’,`WUF9’ and `NUA50’ available to women. Stakeholders which aimed to encourage the such as the media industry on board The use of technology such as CCTV, involvement of the public to build especially from media industry on applications on devices such as community problem solving capacity board shall participle on this issue smartphones may help in reducing and commitment. the risk of being the victim of d criminals
Ladies coach in train services, Ladies parking has been initiated to support for women need. Awareness and advertisement The provision of reserved ladies’ promotion on the women’s coach facilities should be extended widely and other women’s facilities in other public transportation
services, not only in KTM Komuter
but also for bus services and other train services
The women right and sex education can be included in the education
syllabus from primary school
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 13
USERS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT MOBILITY IN KUALA LUMPUR
Feel safe in public area
Some areas that t deemed to be the most dangerous area for these
vulnerable group; women and children USERS’ PRECAUTION MEASURES TO
Lift and PREVENT CRIMES basement car
park. Go the crowd area and seek for help when feel
threatened
Scream for
Playground and some of Avoid any fighting situation public parks with the criminals to escape are the least from the worst situations safe area and are Carry the pepper spray all the highly time while travelling Construction exposed to site and the crimes for its Calling the police is not the surrounding first option because there is a location feel unsafe as lack of prompt response by
that area police and lengthy procedure commonly Telling and share hourly selfie
occupied by with parents to update activities
men workers and places
Exposed with the demonstration Feel threatened of self-defences while walking
alone and feel Application for smartphone safer to walk such as WAZE to the find nearest
during daytime police station and RAKAN COB to
report the situation
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 14
USER VIEW USER
Both of the users’ group
WHAT DO THE were asked about their USERS EXPECT TO experiences related to the ENHANCE THEIR MOBILITY? mobility, including the experience of the sexual
harassment, actions taken Panic button in the train station, pedestrian walkway for the incidents and also and inside the train coach in case
of being harassed and to locate the opinion to enhance
the victim with proper S.O.P the safety of women
especially while in mobile
The enclosed bus stop with the crystal clear wall may reduce the risk
of being attack by undesired activity.
Urban design plays
an important role to support an effective mobility
Men need to play their important roles
in resolving this issue
Changing the culture and respect each
other regardless of their Complemented background with some business activities to offer the live ability to that area. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 15 dsdsad
QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY STUDY RESPONDENT PROFILE
67% 33%
39.1% 26.1% 25.7% 9.1%
USED PUBLIC USED PUBLIC USER USED PUBLIC USER USED PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR TRANSPORTATION FOR WORK HOUSEHOLD SHOPPING ENTERTAINMENT
75.6% 37.1% 48.4% Travelling alone 52%
Household income Total travel time is Single is between less than 1 hour
RM1001- RM2999 Walking time
between 15 -30 UNIVERSITY MALAYA research teams has 40% minutes in one carried out a survey, to understand the trip
travel profile of men and women and their barriers to mobility. The target group was Car/Motorcycle 0.6 public transportation users in the Pantai LRT/MRT/STAR 13.8 Public Bus Dalam and Kerinchi area as well as in 23.8 Walking University of Malaya. Over 500 participants Taxi/Grab 17.7 Cycling were engaged through the questionnaire
survey over 1 month 23 .1
21 An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 16
Sometimes, intimidating or
violent acts against women may not even be
criminalised in legal system or socie ty (Pickup,
2001; Newton, 2004, 2006).
An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 17 dsadadadadadadadada
Reasons to Use Public Transport 100.0
80.0 60.0 40.0 92.4 %
Percentage 20.0 Yes .0 No AGREED ON THE REASON TO USE
PUBLIC TRANSPORT IS BECAUSE OF AFFORDABILITY
Sexual Harasment 100.0 11 % 80.0 60.0 AGREED SEXUAL HARASMENT 40.0 HAPPEN DURING PUBLIC
20.0 TRANSPORTAION RIDE .0 During Walking to Destination During PT Ride
Yes No
Theft of Rob During Journey
150.0 7.3 %
100.0 AGREED THEFT AND ROBBERY
50.0 HAPPEN DURING WALKING TO DESTINATION .0 Walking to Destination Public Transport Ride
Yes No
Perception About Safety Elements
80.0 70.2 % 60.0 40.0 AGREED THAT PERCEPTION ABOUT
20.0 SAFETY ELEMENT IS ON THE .0 EXISTENCE OF CCTV AT WAITING Police Surveilling the CCTV at Waiting Lighting in PT Area Area Area AREA
Yes No An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 18
Perception About Security 78.4 % 100.0 AGREED SECURITY IS NEEDED 50.0 WHILE USING PUBLIC TRANSPORT .0 While Using Public Transport While Walking
Yes No
Perception About Factors that Influence Public Transport Usage 52.3 % 60.0 50.0 40.0 AGREED THE MOST FACTORS THAT 30.0 INFLUENCE PUBLIC TRANSPORT 20.0 10.0 USAGE IS THE EXISTENCE OF .0 DRUNK PEOPLE
No Problem A Little Problem Common Problem Serious Problem
Very Serious Problem
Perception About Elements for Safe Walking and Public Transport Usage 44.3 % 60.0 50.0 AGREED THE MOST THE ELEMENTS 40.0 NEED FOR SAFE WALKING AND 30.0 PUBLIC TRANSPORT USAGE IS 20.0 10.0 WITH THE POLICE AND SECURITY IS .0 CCTV Absence Good Good Police & Women Good IN THE AREA of Lighting View Security Waiting Signage People Areas
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree s