An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 1 BARRIERS cover TO WOMEN’S MOBILITY An Overview of Research and Factsheet s #MYMOBILITYMATTERS An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 2 CONTENTS 02 04 PREFACE AHRC RESEARCH TEAM 05 WOMEN’S MOBILITY 06 08 STATISTICS RELATED TO CRIME CASES WOMEN 10 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION 16 20 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY SHARING DISCUSSION 23 CONCLUSION www.womenmobility.com An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 3 The research entitled “Barriers to Women’s AHRC Mobility” intended to explore the struggle and barriers of women while travelling and RESEARCH basically addressing two of the UN’s Global Goals for Sustainable Development TEAM It is a network project for the research team to acquire first-hand knowledge of UNITED KINGDOM COVENTRY UNIVERSITY the problems women experience in PROF DR. ANDREE accessing transport and analyse the existing WOODCOOK solutions and their effectiveness in UNIVERISITY OF ILLINOIS Pakistan, Malaysia and the UK DR. DEANA CATHERINE MCDONAGH PAKISTAN (DESIGNPAK) KOMAL FAIZ PUNNAL FAIZ MALAYSIA UNIVERSITY MALAYA DR YONG ADILAH SHAMSUL HARUMAIN DR NIKMATUL ADHA DR GOH HONG CHING DR NOOR SUZAINI RESEARCH ASSISTANT MIRAWAHIDA LEE WEI SAN NETWORK RESEARCH SUHANA MUSTAFA AHMAD AL-RASHID An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 4 However, it is not equally accessible for every WOMEN’S individual in benefiting from the advanced transport system due to differences need. Mobility on public transportation is focused as it MOBILITY has increasingly become a societal concern nowadays. There is growing mobility literature on It has been long recognized the importance of the gender differences in mobility development of transport system, not only in enabling individuals to travel further and faster to In the study on the choice of destinations but also have a greater transportation, mobility is societal and economic impacts globally to create a defined as the movement of more sustainable living world. With the high people across geographical capability in traveling across various locations, it locations (Wachs, 2010). removes all the physical boundaries for individuals to access and connect to many places in this world TRAVEL PATTERN More complicated than men ACCESS TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT In less developed country men has high FACTOR AFFECTING TRAVEL PATTERN Access To public transport and has more priorities Marital status when Riding public transportation in the case Household composition Of crowded Situation Level of income PRIVATE VEHICLE TRANSPORT MODE Men are highly dependent on private cars Women are generally less access to better transport modes due to lower incomes compare to men ACTIVITY SCALE Men had a larger activity space and move far PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION from home compared to women in general Women are less likely to access or own even though there were growing numbers of women private vehicle, women are more likely to be working outside of home public transport users compared to men Many studies suggested that fear of crime had deterred women from accessing public transport and hence, restricted women’s mobility (Needle & Cobb, 1997; Lynch & Atkins, 1988 While the victimization rate Even though both men and women were having high risk in being the victims of common assault, women were more likely to between women and men are be victims for sexual assault and other sexual violations, criminal not significantly differed, the types of crimes that men and harassment, snatch thefts and threatening phone calls (Mahony, 2011; Smith, 2008). women commonly targeted are differed. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 5 STATISTICS RELATED TO WOMEN’S MOBILITY *The score of 1.00 or 100.0% is defined as no gap between men and women in the sub-indexes Source: Department of Statistic Malaysia (2018) An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 6 POPULATION BASED ON GENDER IN MALAYSIA IN The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) was first introduced by the World Economic Forum YEAR 2018 Source: Department of Statistic (WEF) in 2006 as a framework Malaysia (2018) for capturing the magnitude of GENDER GAP gender-disparities. This index Within East Asia and the measures the gap across four Pacific, Malaysia stood at thematic dimensions that are 14 rank of total 18 Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational countries. Considering Attainment, Health & Survival MGGI 2017, the ranking and Political Empowerment. for Malaysia improved to Score with the value of 1.0 70 out of the 144 (100%) defined as the equality countries listed in the POPULATION of men and women Global Gender Gap (Department of Statistics 16.72 MIL 15.66 MIL Report, 2017. Malaysia, 2018). Malaysia Gender Gap Index (MGGI) Simultaneously, Malaysia 51.6 % 15.66 MIL produced based on the ranked 8 out of 18 SEX RATIO methodology of the Global countries in East Asia and 107 100 Gender Gap Index (GGGI) the Pacific (Department SEX RATIO AT BIRTH taking into account the latest of Statistics Malaysia, data published by the BOY GIRL Department of Statistics, 2018). Malaysia (DOSM) together 937 1000 with other ministries and agencies in Malaysia. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 7 CRIME CASES PHYSICAL HARRASMENT PICKPOCKET HARASSMENT 14 6 2017 CAN BE IN ARRESTED ARRESTED MANY 2% 9% 4 16 REPORTED REPORTED FORM. IT MURDER (379) RAPE (1835) COULD LOOK VERBAL VISUAL HARRASMENT HARRASMENT LIKE 23% 66% 4 3 CAUSING INJURY (379) ROBBERY (14128) ARRESTED ARRESTED Crime cases reported in year 4 0 2017 by Royal Malaysia Police. REPORTED REPORTED The highest number of cases CRIME IN PUBLIC reported was the robbery TRANSPORTATION crime followed by causing injury, rape and murder. The BY PRASARANA crimes especially on the rape, 2014 robbery and causing injury may The highest case reported was affect the security of women physical where from the total while in mobile. The fear of 16 cases of pickpocket crime encountered by women reported, 6 cases were is actually the barriers to their arrested. Meanwhile, the mobility. As safety is an highest arrested case was on important concern for riding the physical harassment. Other public transport, crime would cases including snatching, rob be a serious concern for public with weapon, individual rob, transport users. threatening, verbal harassment and visual harassment. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 8 09 07 02 08 10 01 05 03 06 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 BUINOS BOGOTA MEXICO KUALA BANGKOK LIMA PERU NEW DELHI JAKARTA AIRES MOSCOW MANILA COLOMBIA CITY ARGENTINA LUMPUR THAILAND MOST DANGEROUS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FOR WOMENBY MOBILITY THOMSON REUTERS FOUNDATION (2014) KUALA LUMPUR RANKED NUMBER 7th FOR THE MOST DANGEROUS TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR WOMEN WOMEN 1 is the worst ranking Thomson Reuters Foundation survey that looks at harassment on public transportation systems in the world's largest cities. The poll was conducted in 15 of the world's largest capitals in collaboration with UK polling company YouGov. In total, 6,555 women and experts were surveyed. Results are based on the respondents' answers as well as surveys of experts in women's rights, gender equality, urban planning and gender-friendly urban spaces in each of the cities. An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 9 A FOCUS GROUP RESEARCH DISCUSSION FOCUS Focus Group Discussion was conducted on 3rd October 2018 There were 25 participants, in 2 hosted by University of Malaya, groups; (1) Policy Makers which led by Dr. Yong Adilah Binti (comprising representatives from Shamsul Harumain. This Focus the Town and Country Planning Group Discussion was conducted Department, Kuala Lumpur City th in conjunction with the 13 Hall, Royal Malaysian Police, Malaysian University Transport ThinkCity, National Council of Research Conference (MUTRFC) Women’s Organization Malaysia 2018 which officiated by YB Fahmi (NCWO), All Women Action Fadzil, the Member of Parliament Society (AWAM)), and (2) Users for Lembah Pantai. The (comprising working women from conference also was attended by both public and private agencies, the representatives from female secondary school Malaysian Institute of Road Safety students, teachers, housewives, Research (MIROS). and also postgraduate students from local universities). A list of questions posed to the groups was shared. This research focuses on the physical barriers women face in their everyday mobility, including by means of public transportation, and whether these barriers differ from the barriers faced by men An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 10 Women were more likely to be USERS ARE AWARE targets of sexual INITIATIVE PROVIDED FOR WOMEN’S FACILITES harassment when walking or LADIES WAITING riding public AREA transport, especially when it was poor in lighting, small- WOMEN’S COACH sized and lack of the presence of other people (Anand& Tiwari, 2006). WOMEN’S PARKING AREA An Overview of Research and Factsheets #mymobilitymatters 11 EXISTING POLICIES ‘SAFE CITY’ had been introduced by the government as part of the strategy in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11(STG11) and In planning, especially in produced by the Town and Country Malaysia, there is no specific Planning from 2014.It is focused on enhancing the safety of citizens using design’s policy or strategy for environmental design women in regards to mobility and safety, however the Local Agenda 21 (LA21) where it focuses on the community government starts to highlight engagement in