“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2013 Brasov, 23-25 May 2013

CREATIVITY AND CREATION IN THE SOCIO-MILITARY MEDIUM

Daniel BĂNICĂ

Lt. col. ing. dipl. Drd. Daniel BĂNICĂ ([email protected])

"He who thinks himself and rummages light He gave a new life and a man of iron, the machine Being conceived, thinking and dreaming, Beats unimaginable arm and back …………………………………………. Time, old servant, and the role of the wicked, You, man and your brother be your master”.

Tudor Arghezi – “He who thinks himself”

3. „Overall subjective and objective factors that lead to the achievement by I. Definitions of creativity individuals or groups an original product and 1. „The ability to produce new things, value.” the use behaviors, to find solutions to 4. „Activity whose defining feature is problem.” new.” 2. „Mental capacity to generate new 5. „Ability of a system (either human human individuals, to reveal aspects, unknown person or wider social group or society) to reality, and ways to develop original solutions find its problems, new solutions. original.” to solve problems and to express themselves in personal forms unpublished.”1 II. Creation eternity Creative work, in whatever form it 1 http://www.google.ro/#hl=en&sclient=psy- may be, scientific, technical, artistic, literary ab&q=Capacitatea+psihic%C4%83+a+indivizilor+uma ni+de+a+genera+noul%2C+de+a+releva+aspecte+deos ebite%2C+necunoscute+ale+realit%C4%83%C5%A3ii %83%C5%A3ii%2C+de+a+elabora+c%C4%83i+%C5 %2C+de+a+elabora+c%C4%83i+%C5%9Fi+solu%C5 %9Fi+solu%C5%A3ii+originale+de+rezolvare+a+prob %A3ii+originale+de+rezolvare+a+problemelor+%C5% lemelor+%C5%9Fi+a+se+exprima+%C3%AEn+forme 9Fi+a+se+exprima+%C3%AEn+forme+personale+ined +personale+inedite.%E2%80%9D&gs_l=serp.12...2515 ite.%E2%80%9D&oq=Capacitatea+psihic%C4%83+a+ .2515.0.3672.1.1.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0.les%3B..0.1...1c.1j2.w indivizilor+umani+de+a+genera+noul%2C+de+a+relev hqCIwdsAek&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp a+aspecte+deosebite%2C+necunoscute+ale+realit%C4 =af7e13e630b545bc&biw=917&bih=576 and so on, is human specific. However Archimedes, Pythagoras, Galileu, Newton, improved honeycomb built by bees as he is Einstein are just a few of the thousands of not a work of creative. mortals who have forged the great work of the The first human being was discovered world. by geologists then called "homo sapiens". Without denying wisdom as a characteristic of III. Creation and creativity human beings is the ability to create - A key feature of the age we live in is creativity - and that name was "gay craters". looking "new" for a full adaptation to reality Moreover, I appreciate that very meaning of as concrete and immediate, evolving, growing life on earth is the creation of our appliances requirements of mankind. in any field would be. Indeed, the desire for In recent years emerged as essential to the immortality dwells man who, according creation of a new research extension in all Bibiliei, he was made the first humans, Adam areas of human concern, leading naturally to and Eve, by God, instead bestowing love. the adoption of a theory (and practice) wider Man can satisfy the desire for in a multi sciences: Creative. 2 immortality in many ways : Romanian is a new vocation: the wheel Vlach a) about religion, embracing one (exposed to the Polytechnic Museum in religion that postulates the immortality of the Munich) was to consonantistă psychology soul and believing in this postulated; who founded cybernetics, Romanian examples b) by children who, in some way, we are numerous, linked to the introduction of the prolong life. Why, most of the time, we like new bold in the new job, among them more grandchildren than children, although reminding him Victor Babes pioneered the the line of lineage, they are ahead of us? discovery of antibiotics (1885), Traian Vuia Because through them we see prolonged and who managed 18 March 1906, the first in the longer life. In the novel "Les Miserables" by world, the separation of land an aircraft Victor Hugo, Marius was anxious because he heavier than air with their own on board. did not know how he will get his grandfather, So we display with pride that our Victor Hugo opportunity to comment: "Poor country has given mankind many creative Marius, he did not know if there are parents people in the different branches, of which we who do not love their children, there is no mention only some, focusing on the particular grandfather who does not love their contribution to introduce a "new" the sacred grandchildren!” world: c) through creation. Horace, the great  in artistic creation: Eminescu, Latin poet, wrote in "Ode to the 30 th" in book Blaga, Enescu, Brancusi, Grigorescu, Luchian three, verse b: "Non omnias moriar" (I will not Ţuculescu and others die for all) thinking that thousands and  Scientific Crete, we can thousands of years, his work will be read and, enumerate the doctors: Babes, Paulescu, thus, he will continue to live through his Gheorghe Marinescu, Levada, Danielopol, literary creation. Parhon, Odobleja etc. Similarly, in our literature, the poet Alexander  naturalists: Cobalcescu, Philippide, in one of his poems write: Mrazec, Murgoci, Sabba, Stefanescu etc. „I hang you, poetry,  mathematicians: crude oil, As a lap child mummy, Pompei, David Emmanuel, Mălăncioiu etc. Do you pass the bridge world”.  chemists: Petru Poni, C. Istrate, The idea is the same: passing into N. Teclu etc. eternity by his literary activity. In this respect  engineers: Vuia Vlaicu Coanda there are other examples: Aristotle, Plato, Saligny Gogu Constantinescu, etc. Hermman Oberth.

2 Florence LITTAUERPersonality Plus - How to  great historians: N. Iorga, understand others understanding yourself, edition 2009, Parvan, etc Xenopol. Publisher Business Tech, pp. 39-41

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2013 Brasov, 23-25 May 2013

 great army commanders: kind, imposed a "method". Existence of Marshal Averescu Prezan Marshal, Marshal creative methods, which are capable of Antonescu etc. discriminating be applied scientific and It is generally admitted today technical creation, be artistic and make a that there are essential differences between major contribution to the development of artistic and scientific3, but both have a society; methodology is an effective weapon common goal - the man and his work. against obscurantism, backwardness in all In some studies it highlights the priority of spheres of activity which occurs human mind. features common to all creators, such as Mankind faces the obligation to find new attitude to work, imagination, ability to solutions in order to ensure survival, understand, capacity choice, adaptability, population explosion, shortage of essential experience. raw materials and energy crisis often require "NEW" (fundamental requirement of creation finding new ways to solve old cases. of any kind) is always the "old", it comes from "Technical thinking, that wonderful and subtle the scrutiny of the surrounding reality, the bridge that engineering mind holds between inevitable result of creative leap due to the imagination and reality, the secret passage, accumulation of individual and collective from a theoretical idea, the abstract, a practical labor. reality" (Gh oil), calls for highly intellectual One of the conclusions of researchers processes complex processes after N. Wiener November 1 is the dissociation creativity skills can be classified into two "models": Black box to create - important but not decisive! - And (BB) (black box or opaque) and White box especially the performance of "intelligence". (WB) (white box or transparent). N. Cox was among the first who stressed the BB model is predominant thinking in importance of motivation, hard work and the right cerebral hemisphere, which strength of character Priority creative work. geberează spatial perception, capacity of Since the eighteenth century, Boileau said in synthesis and perception aesthetic values, poetic art "Vingt fois sur le metier, remettez called dyonisiace. How right hemisphere votre ouvrage" (meştereşte twenty times and controls the left hand, thinking "model opaque take it all the way). box" thinking is called left hand. It means that an invention claimed Edison 1% Thinking WB model is predominant in the left inspiration and 99% perspiration and great cerebral hemisphere, the hemisphere that writer Hemingway said: "creation has no includes analytical ability called apollinică. secrets, just a superhuman work." Since the left hemisphere controls the right S. Sutherland (Nature 1981) in a book review hand "transparent box model" is called of DN Perkins - The Mind, and Best Work "thinking right hand”. (spiritual masterpiece) exclaim, "Eureka! Collaboration between the two ways of Nothing mystical creative thinking.” thinking is essential; creation of any kind is As a consequence of the unanimous always "bivalent" a work of art, a genuine recognition of the role of directed activities scientific theory or a new technique and strenuous labor in the creation of any achievement without input both ways of thinking, would be unthinkable. The two "models WB-BB" inspired many metaphors 3 Dialogue with Mircea Flonta, February 4, 1986, Creation is a scientific fact and a moral art seeking to emphasize their unity dialectical antinomy and also revealing a strong link "Going increases efficiency" (Academician between Jung typology and models "cyber”: Caius Iacob).  Creation insight4 - is a creation Artistic work is a finite harmonic of new meanings to items older own music, creation, artistic creation differs from poetry, visual arts, architecture; philosophical or mathematical.  Creation extraspectivă - nine Understanding these views (ideas) can communication is a creation that ste own sketch a comparison test between the artistic biology, geography, economics and law. and technical-scientific.  architect Le Corbusier - In conclusion, I can say that. considers creation - of any kind "initiate Artistic creation is closed, individual, change in things made by humans for unique. humans”. Scientific and technical creation is One of the fundamental open, collective, partial. requirements for the success of such a change CREATION - is a fact once is imagination or fantasy. determined was achieved, a consequence of This topic so interesting, vast and almost permanent state. complex CREATIVITY created, generated a CREATIVITY - is a state continuously number of ideas that I consider important and evolving investigation and useful like "state valuable. geometry" that speak great mathematicians. "ART - means Development of reality Every word induce in our minds a through language deeply ... Artwork is in the picture not only certain that we can consider hands of all, but is born from one parent than that sense, but along with that word, pass by in the creator is a loner5. " our minds, half clear many associations, "CREATION - is superior to all states. secondary meanings. A new language means a It always expands the horizons of a future that new model of thinking, requires a new we announce and expect it. It is therefore only language. factor unlimited progress ". o Under these conditions reach detection IV. Faces of Creativity "coordinates" creative phenomenon - „Genius is patience "- said Newton, answering the three questions most basic and naturalist Huxley said that" Genius is the necessity and logic: ability to work unlimited ". . WHAT create? Is renowned brain scientists, the artists . How do I? and writers more than ordinary people? Yes . CREATE WHAT? and no! The average weight of the human Inevitable responses are: brain is 1370-1380 g 1250-1270 g in men and I create a material preferably all created by women. me; Turgenev's brains, Cuvier, Byron, Mendeleev, I create building6; Lavoisier was much higher - between 1700- a "Creating a well defined purpose in both the 2000 g - but those of Kant, Anatole France real and the ideal”7. were relatively small. Lack of continuity in the work of Then there are animals whose brains creation is the greatest evil. The rapid are three times higher than human - elephant, evolution of ideas forces you to devote whale - not that they are still smarter! yourself all the time. Loss of contact with the More business information gives us the library is a great tragedy. ratio of brain weight and body weight. Dubois has even algebraic formula by which it may be inferred weight and some anatomical and 4 Dumitru Tiutiuca, Literary theory, European Institute physiological constant. But no relative weight Publishing House, Iaşi, 2002 5 Sabin Bălaşa of the brain does not solve the problem. 6 Sabin Balasa 7 Dimitrei Cuclin

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2013 Brasov, 23-25 May 2013

The great creators, imagination8 is often before finding the theme, apparently so simple confused with creation: Flaubert, writing in the end Sonata opus 53. Seeking a poisoning scene Emmey Bovary fell ill incandescent material, Edison made 6,000 himself "poisoned" the imagination, Dickens, experiences, and for alkaline battery nearly after describing the death of the child in 50,000. That is why he claimed that "genius is "Dombey and Son" was so disturbed that she 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration". wandered all night crying red eyes, to Tolstoy, A potential "recipe" of genius should therefore Turgenev and other writers, strength and not be missing: awareness purpose, focus and clarity of imagined reached such a degree that attention, imagination and voice, and will was confused with real imagination. Of work, but its application in practice can not course, there is no need to demonstrate that only deliver spirits endowed. creative imagination is not an exclusive privilege of artists. V. Definitions genius No invention, no discovery in the Minkowski - "Genius is that creator world of science would not have been possible whose work transsubiectivă and without it. superindividual rank than even the creator Great discoveries are not made by chance. himself the attribute of universality is crucial Pies note: "Luck favors only prepared spirits." axiological note". All that is valuable required a continuous Kant - "Genius is a product of nature, effort, a lot of work. Eloquent in this respect is very original, natural energy which does not the work of Darwin's work "The Origin of work by the rules, but that puts clarity and Species" scheme ideas about evolutionary order in his Meditations". theory appeared for the first time in his diary Kretshemer - "A man is a genius when in 1837, in 1842 wrote the first draft relatively his work survives ephemeral spirit of his short of his theory: Two years later Darwin time." wrote "study in 1844" comprehensive four Baldwin - "Genius has superior skills times and only after 15 years, gathering all the to a degree unusual”. material he gave his work its final form. Characterized by hard work and Tolstoy, who VI. Creation - way to redefining rewrote the six or eight times its main work. 9 Buffon has recovered "epochs of nature" 11 human times, and Pascal - "Provincial Letters" 16 Maybe today is more important than times, Leonardo da Vinci interrupted for a ever our appliances reflection of Francis year working on the painting "The Last Bacon "mind survive the monuments of Supper" in order to achieve the image of power". I say this because in today's world, a Judas, which not succeeded. To engrave world equally, questions and answers, trying, "Transfiguration. more or less initiated, patient or set in late or After Rafael, Jordaens took 10 years. sick silent words, try saying, in faith or Beethoven sought "theme Joy" from the Ninth unbelief, with voluptuousness passage through Symphony for 30 years and tried 200 variants

8 GOLEMAN D, Emotional intelligence, Old Court 9 Alfred ADLER, Human knowledge, IRI Publishing, Publishing, , 2008 Bucharest, 1996 life, the truth about ourselves. Since we have creative euphoria that man and, ultimately, the known it ever? creation itself. From it we learn? And when? However, in all that is profoundly Story (for it would be to call the only human, creation (of all kinds: artistic, way) is to ascribe, consciously or not, of our scientific, literary, etc.) gives the temporary own existence, ideals. and spatial individuation, the membership and There are people who know how to at the same time, all other. create ideals, are people that replace them In other words it gives and universality. And canceling each other, are those who deny, they thus comes to bring us so many times, are then those who leave before knowing. Are confirming our imagination, and inventiveness men of the day, caught in their own power of our intellectual acuity, the civilizing efforts demand, which can not be opposed and which in a position to justify our spirit to our own I, can not detach pride of being (a "being" with our own human and social reality. And limited by its very existence solution that have later in the century to express the release of signed it themselves). individual and social transition to universal, ie, But there are (and how naturally the to finding yourself, to becoming whole words this time) those people who create, why not in fidelity, not of passion and what I say in VII. Creativity and value10 redefining our consciousness. It is perhaps a Full sense of values entails, inter alia, way to explain the survival time and space coverage and definition of poetic rhythms, inspired respond to what our spiritual time and theatrical or musical, the colors or shapes, of space attire or geometry, elements or Are therefore those who choose, phenomenological states. At their base is identifying both not ideal enough, but equally natural language and sense of especially with the way ahead for our movement and proportions of the island - redefinition, through creation. shaped, of ethnic unity that feeling or spirit If the world was created, giving the release that it imposes history. origin and value dimensions terrestrial and Finding and putting them out we can astral planes apart and approaching possible offer only penetrate the essence. Ie reaching Asola (provided exceeded the earthly life), those trăriri conscious initiation of the island there have always been people able to recreate and island-creator-consumer who gives power it in an attempt the retrieval, orientation, the and efficacy in socially and spiritually, and world and beyond in trying funndamentală volitional plan. human being: to relive and to overcome Values given assume a himself. phenomenology as its own. Being based on By preserving a creative past, present island-creative talent, the ability of islet- forward giving him the chance to be present consumer perception of availability of social, continuously or longer future. material and spiritual-moral conservative But one possible and not just island to retain, preserve and transmit to imaginary, one feasible and not just a dream. posterity. Because it is creating it at a time, similar to In scope, creations creations assumed being. Man identifying himself through to be included in the units against which are creation, made in turn, to man the possibility defined as values. They are anchored in the of an inner knowledge of its history and immediate space and time involving a flow. further universlae, of symbols and their Their constraint on these two transcription (development, on the one hand, coordinates are required related to ethnicity in the discovery the other), juxtaposition of which life arises. Ie that entity which confers meanings, sometimes parallel, sometimes unique identity. And when taken in other complementary, double reason - mind, giving shape in confrontation brain - abstract, 10 M ZLATE, Ego and personality, Third Edition, Three Publishing, Bucharest, 2002

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2013 Brasov, 23-25 May 2013 places or times following it, is its identity natural extension of their domestic without document. Moreover, taken in the + and create being directed or introduced as coming from a own radiant mass-consumer guys. The outside. They are not an annex, a little brightest examples representing them great primitive but are allowed to enter themselves masterpieces of world culture, creations of in the social wild. Thus offering to be Homer or Cervantes, Michelangelo or assimilated by the Island-socaial continuous Leonardo da Vinci, Arsitotel or Plato, Kant or movement between state and state fulfilled Hegel, Shakespeare or Goethe, etc.. fulfilled as eminently social act human, For a culture to save all fresh and creative making the entire ethnic progression to force is required for it to be dominated by achieve, undifferentiated. values autohhtone; practice not to accept Thus conceived, the unit of indigenous excessive or indiscriminate cultural values in values and similar values put Insul-effective other areas, but also not close to its own social situation rises to the tops of the entire borders world. Contact with other cultures is national cultural culture. So particular. mandatory. This, however, does not become Integral and integrable universe. Allowing the excessive. For only when excessive amounts island-social, whatever aspect-creator, are not treated in other areas are "fertile". consumer, valued - to become hub through They really require and stimulate the local which the whole obviously in a state more culture, gives the force propulsatorie spaces accomplished than the beginning. universe. Not by the mere fact of imitation. As matrix being and development of How stimulating the need to include the individual in a position Insul-social culture subjective understanding other cultural spaces. should assure him a free personal experience Imperator spirit of universal values opposing by which to exploit all that offering creative her own deepening tendency. spirit of innovation voltage, alternating Between eigenvalues and cash innovations. Its Autodepăşirile are included in equivalents must be a balance. Especially in the values that endowed in spatial culture was the social unit. Her condition is potentiating born, attained and realized that Ins-creator. interest, effort and preparation that compose Occurring disorders, stoppages, the human factor to said creator. Imposing disruptions in the normal course of social the values and personality, able to satisfy the development can be removed from the table requirements and needs not only national, but INSI - creators, the only condition we need to universal values are useful and usable by the impose, but to secure society, being that you entire human race, regardless of the level of put in a position to act. They are the ones who culture and civilization which is, in the sense create and enforce through everything, that they correspond to any social environment removes unpleasant states that can establish at and enable effective adaptation aceaasta one time or another, that human community as natural environment. a result of breaking the balance between Local values have a natural priority. creativity, culture, civilization, on the one The assimilated are added, and they need to hand, language, history, ethnicity, on the other respond naturally to specific requirements. In hand. that it does not appear as required or entered INSI-creators table that determines the violently, that cultural space, but entering the whole, which is the nation, find the will and creative spaces, culture and civilization as a activity. This is beneficial repercussions on  creator rabies vaccine, Pasteur the mass-consumer fellows, prompting was about to fall to baccalaureate and writer consumer as their instruments to participate in Anatole France fell to the exam; the life and work of the whole. Which occurs  H. Poincaré, the great French only when the whole is unity of life, feelings, mathematician was to lose the competition for activities, creations materialized in value. admission to polytechnic; The act of restoring the normal course  In 1932, France was killed in a of development of culture, role plays table- duel, a young man of 20 years, Evariste social guys (in order of rank, men-creators, Galois. In the last 13 hours before the duel men-consumers, guys, conservators). would end fatally for him, Galois filled 60 Changing this hierarchy (bringing to the pages with algebraic equations, pages that forefront of consumers or the guys-guys- made him one of the great mathematicians of conservative) efectedestabilizatoare is worse the world. than those generated by deregrările or turning  author of the novel "Ivanhoe", back the normal course of cultural known as his work, Walter Scott, was development. characterized by his teachers as "It's a stupid First are the moral effects that impose and will remain stupid" and Carol Swedish even more unpleasant social statuses, remove biologist Linnaeus, was considered in school surface contrasts mass-social guys willing to retarded! sapping the values (or speculating values)  Great creative system of made by INSI-creators. philosophy, G.W. Hegel had written on Interests of society as a whole is not to change college graduation certificate: "Unable to the hierarchy of INSI-makers, men-consumer- philosophy." conservative guys who aim to preserve and  Giuseppe Verdi, Italian transmit to posterity the table values created. composer became famous through his life's The only way you can return to normal if it work was to fall to conservative; was a disturbance or imposed ideological,  Luzin, founder of the Moscow political, or "found" through ignorance or mathematical school, the creator of new trends incompetence. in modern mathematics had in high school Desires, his will, judgments company math Note 2 - 1-5 scoring system. Luzin learn can not be successful unless they are based on with a tutor you consider the lack of skills for value creation. Remaining state programs, this subject; speech, as is now happening to us, ARE NOT  Maxim Gorky, the famous BASIS. And does not help the inner writer and his compatriot F. Şaliapin were movement of the whole to progress. Their presented to youth in a contest to be received blood, stands on the propeller under creation, in a choir. F. Şaliapin fell in the contest, but he and comes with its force shaping culture. was the biggest bass of all time! After, civilization as a state of comfort in thinking, at work, in leisure. IX. Creation and creativity in military operative 1. Alexandros III Philippou VIII. Paradoxes of Creativity Makedonon (July 356 BC June 10 323 BC), There are known several cases of commonly known as Alexander the Great or famous personalities came after a youth not Alexander III of Macedon, king of Macedon predicted anything good or just ... second (336 BC-323 i.Hr .) was one of the first great tinerţe! Their talent has not erupted normally strategists and military leaders in history. but, paradoxically! Still present some In the fight which took place on October 2, outstanding examples not only scientific and 331 BC near the city of Gaugamela, artistic value of these personality but through Alexander the Great, with his usual tactics their temporal novelty event: (right cavalry, and King led the Macedonian phalanx strong center) front break Persian

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2013 Brasov, 23-25 May 2013 army, and defeat, with only 30,000 people, Were created for eminent scholars and large Persian army (1,000,000 soldiers) and scientists. Darius is forced to abandon the battle, chariot Napoleonic influence in France is still evident and weapons. today. To commemorate his victories, he built Its spectacular achievements have the Arc de Triomphe in central Paris. Today, made the Greeks masters of the Middle East. the impact is felt in the Napoleonic Code laws At his death at the age of 33, Alexander the of all the countries of Europe. Napoleon was a Great was ruler of the greatest empire ever man who carried it out successfully, safely and conquered. Alexander the Great spread Greek never ever satisfied. culture contributed to the world. 3. Charles I, , 2. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821) - of Hohenzollern-, on his full was king of France, consolidated and name Karl Eitel Friedrich Ludwig von institutionalized many reforms of the French Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Zephyrinus (born Revolution. It was one of the greatest military April 10, 1839 in Sigmaringen - died on commanders of all time, conquered much of October 10, 1914 at ) was the ruler then Europe and did much to modernize the nation king of Romania, who led the Romanian that he led. Bonaparte was promoted to Principalities, and Romania, after the brigadier general at the age of 24 years. abdication of . In France the administration was In the 48 years of his reign (the longest reorganized, the court system was simplified reign in the history of Romanian states), Carol and all schools were put under centralized country gained independence, which has control. French law was standardized in the grown immensely and prestige, the economy Code Napoléon or Code Civil and six other recovered and founded a . A built codes. They guaranteed the rights and liberties Peles Castle in the Carpathian Mountains, won in the Revolution, including equality which remained and now one of the most before the law and freedom of religion. visited attractions in the country. After the In 1810 Napoleon's empire reached its Russo-Turkish war, Romania greatest expansion through annexation of câştigatDobrogea and Carol ordered the lifting Bremen, Lübeck and other parts of northern of the first bridge over the between Germany along with the entire kingdom of the Fetesti and Cernavoda, linking new province that followed forced the from the rest of the country. abdication of Louis Bonaparte. Napoleonic Reign of Charles I began actually government in Europe in all kingdoms created înaprilie 1866, with entry into the country. new emperor was imposed as law, Napoleonic Proclaimed prince of Romania on 10 May code, Feudalism and serfdom were abolished, 1866, (he was only 27 years old when he was and freedom of religion (except Spain). appointed ruler constitutional) about this title French administrative and judicial until March 26, 1881, when proclaimed king, systems were required. Schools were put becoming the first king of Romania. He was under central administration and have created the first of Hohenzollern - free public schools. Higher education was Sigmaringen, whose name turns from King open to all qualified without discrimination of Ferdinand I, the Royal House of Romania, the class or religion. Every state had an academy dynasty that will rule the country until the or institution to promote the arts and sciences. proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic in 1947. and national law. On June 22, 1941, the During his reign, the country gained Romanian army crossed the Prut River, full independence from the , attacking the Soviet Union, with Germany and after a war vivid, modern and very effective its allies. In august 1941, Antonescu was (known in history caRăzboiul of autoavansat to field marshal. By Royal Independence, and the Russo-Turkish War, Decrees. 2240/7 august 1941 and august 2352 1877-1878), the Romanian contribution was bis/21 1941 - imposed by it - Antonescu decisive. During the battles waged today in autodecorat Order of Class , Romanian Army had Carol as II and Class I. effective leader, King was personally present In 1943 he began to think about on the battlefield. leaving the war, allowing Foreign Minister 4. Marshal Ion Victor Antonescu (born Mihai Antonescu to establish more contacts June 1882 in Pitesti, died on June 1, 1946, in with representatives of the Allies in Bern, prison ) was a Romanian politician, a Istanbul, Madrid and finally to Stockholm. career officer, general, operations chief of the Exploration were mainly British and U.S. General Staff Army World War First attached representatives, but have made it clear that and Paris military, commander of the Romania must necessarily deal mainly with Superior War School, chief of the General the USSR. Discussions started in April 1944 Staff and Minister of War, and from 4 in Stockholm, but have not progressed too far, September 1940 to 23 august 1944, former because refusal to cede Bessarabia Marshall Prime Minister of Romania and "head of and Northern Bukovina. State". Antonescu ruled Romania's entry into On 23 august, afternoon, was the Second World War ("Holy war for summoned to the Royal where King territorial reunification") by the Axis powers, Michael I immediately asked him to sign an Hitler's promises on the Romanian territory armistice with the Allies. Marshal refusal to ceded in 1940, under pressure from Germany do so, the King ordered his arrest and Mihai (correlated with the Ribbentrop-Molotov) will Antonescu, then aropiaţi of his other be returned to Romania. collaborators. After a brief detention in the He participated in (1916- safe palace was surrendered by General 1918), according to the chief of staff of Marshall Sanatescu, the new Prime Minister, General (Marshal 1930) Constantine Prezan. comunşitilor, which confined him to a safe In this position, Antonescu designed defense house in Vatra Lights. He was later handed plans of Moldova to the German invasion led over to the Soviets on September 1 and by Field Marshal Mackensen in the second transported somewhere near Moscow, where half of 1917 (in 1916 the majority Romania he was kept imprisoned in a castle and was was under German occupation). King treated very well. It seems that he tried to Ferdinand recognized his merits, saying, commit suicide but failed. "Antonescu, no one else can know better than In May 1946 he returned to the country to be your king great services that you brought the judged by "People's Court". Following a country in this war." To contribute to the process masquerades on May 17, 1946, was defeat of the Red Army conquered Budapest sentenced to death six times, twice to life and Hungary, Lieutenant Colonel Ion imprisonment and the other 80 years in prison Antonescu was awarded the Order of Michael and 140 years of civic degradation. the Brave grade III (Royal Decree no. 5454/31 The execution took place on June 1, 1946 at December 1919). In war, Antonescu 6:03 p.m. at Jilava prison. Marshal asked to be reputation for skilled military commander and executed by the army, but was refused platoon pragmatic, meticulous and tough performer - consisting of 12 guards. toughness earned him the nickname "Red Dog". Soldiers! I order you: go Prut "With this order was on" holy war, anticommunist

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