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Chapter Template Copyright by Jin-Oh Kim 2008 The Dissertation Committee for Jin-Oh Kim Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: An Integrative Area Selection Method for Biodiversity Conservation in the DMZ and the CCZ of South Korea Committee: Frederick Steiner, Supervisor Kent Butler Elizabeth Mueller Sahotra Sarkar Karl Butzer An Integrative Area Selection Method for Biodiversity Conservation in the DMZ and the CCZ of South Korea by Jin-Oh Kim, B.A.; M.E.P. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2008 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my wife Hwalwon Cho, our lovely daughter Rachel Kim, and my mother Cho-nam Chang who passed away in 1984. Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance of my esteemed advisor, Dr. Frederick Steiner. I would like to express my respectful gratitude to him for his constant assistance, encouragement, and support he provided throughout my doctoral studies. I am also very grateful for having an exceptional doctoral committee: Kent Butler, Elizabeth Mueller, Sahotra Sarkar, and Karl Butzer. Their critiques and comments were especially helpful in improving the draft of this dissertation. I owe a special note of gratitude to my colleagues, Trevon Fuller and Andy Karvonen for their time and support in developing this dissertation. I also would like to extend my appreciation to Yuhan-Kimberly Co., Korea and the former C.E.O. Kook-hyun Moon, for funding this research. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Hwalwon and our daughter Rachel for their love and patience. v An Integrative Area Selection Method for Biodiversity Conservation in the DMZ and the CCZ of South Korea Publication No._____________ Jin-Oh Kim, Ph. D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2008 Supervisor: Frederick Steiner The purpose of this research is to propose effective ways to select areas for biodiversity conservation in the CCZ (Civilian Control Zone) and the DMZ (Demilitarized Zone). To define “biodiversity,” I discuss the key concepts and their historical applications in the field of planning and related fields. After critiques on intuitive and conventional approaches to biodiversity conservation planning, I apply an integrative approach that combines systematic area selection process and information on human perspectives. The study focuses on the case of the CCZ and the DMZ in South Korea, where the invaluable natural environment recovered from the ruins of battle and biodiversity has thrived since the cease-fire of Korean War in 1953. However, despite a recent increase of public awareness on the significance of conservation in the CCZ and the DMZ, extremely limited access for military security and buried landmines, and the lack of data have been significant barriers for effective biodiversity conservation. It is also controversial about how to measure the value of biodiversity in the region to select areas for conservation, while simultaneously considering local residents’ concerns in the vi CCZ. Thus, I examine historical efforts and methods developed for area selections for biodiversity conservation in the CCZ, and explore ways to apply integrative approaches in the context of the CCZ. The integrative method is based on using systematic area selection algorithms for biodiversity content analysis and a qualitative research to understand local residents’ perspectives. Information about local residents’ values toward social and physical environment is obtained from a focus group study, which identified useful criteria in terms of spatial configuration and socio-cultural issues. The multiple criteria are carefully interpreted and applied to evaluate area network options produced from the computer-based area selection analysis. The final area networks represent the best selections based on available data and multiple criteria directly associated with spatial configuration. Adhering to the principles of systematic conservation planning, the integrative method proposed in this study may provide a more flexible framework that can be adapted in the dynamic social context of the CCZ and the DMZ. vii Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Background ....................................................................................... 3 Growing Biodiversity Threats........................................................................ 3 Biodiversity and Conservation Planning ..................................................... 6 Biodiversity Threat to the DMZ and the CCZ............................................... 8 Chapter 3 Study Goals and Outline ................................................................... 12 Chapter 4 The Concepts of Biodiversity............................................................ 15 Definitions of Biodiversity .......................................................................... 15 Values on Biodiversity................................................................................. 19 Chapter 5 Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation......................................... 23 Theoretical Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation................................ 23 Methodological Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation......................... 33 Integrative Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation................................. 37 Chapter 6 Principles and Methods for Systematic Area Selection .................... 40 Species Richness.......................................................................................... 40 Complementarity and Rarity........................................................................ 42 Area Selection Methods Based on Biodiversity Principles ......................... 43 Chapter 7 Research Design................................................................................ 47 Systematic Area Selection Methods ............................................................ 49 Focus Group Study ...................................................................................... 52 Incorporation of Multiple Criteria for Area Selections................................ 53 Chapter 8 The Militarized Zone and the Civilian Control Zone........................ 57 History of the DMZ and the CCZ................................................................ 57 Geographical Characteristics and Ecosystems............................................. 59 Social and Cultural Characteristics.............................................................. 64 Biodiversity in the DMZ and the CCZ ........................................................ 66 Land Development and Threats to Biodiversity .......................................... 67 Conservation Efforts and Challenges........................................................... 69 viii Chapter 9 Focus Group Study............................................................................ 72 Background.................................................................................................. 72 Understanding Human Values on Biodiversity ........................................... 73 Focus Group Interview Questions ............................................................... 74 Design of the Focus Group Study................................................................ 74 Data Analysis............................................................................................... 76 Coding Process.................................................................................... 76 Content Analysis for Each Classification .................................................... 80 Attitude on Natural Environment and Biodiversity Conservation...... 80 Agriculture and Species ...................................................................... 81 Planning Process Problems ................................................................. 83 Attitude toward Social Interactions .................................................... 84 Agriculture and Conservation Policy.................................................. 85 Military Forces.................................................................................... 85 Historical and Cultural Contexts......................................................... 87 Discussion about the Residents' Perspectives.............................................. 88 Application to Multiple Criteria for Area Selections................................... 89 Chapter 10 Systematic Area Selections ............................................................. 91 Surrogates and Data Collection ................................................................... 91 Species Surrogates .............................................................................. 92 Environmental Surrogates................................................................... 95 Species Distribution Models...................................................................... 103 Area Selection Process............................................................................... 117 The Use of Expectations in Area Prioritization ................................ 117 The Application of Targets ............................................................... 118 ResNet application...........................................................................
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