Global Experience on Irrigation Management Under Different Scenarios
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Freshwater Resources and Their Management
3 Freshwater resources and their management Coordinating Lead Authors: Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz (Poland), Luis José Mata (Venezuela) Lead Authors: Nigel Arnell (UK), Petra Döll (Germany), Pavel Kabat (The Netherlands), Blanca Jiménez (Mexico), Kathleen Miller (USA), Taikan Oki (Japan), Zekai Senç (Turkey), Igor Shiklomanov (Russia) Contributing Authors: Jun Asanuma (Japan), Richard Betts (UK), Stewart Cohen (Canada), Christopher Milly (USA), Mark Nearing (USA), Christel Prudhomme (UK), Roger Pulwarty (Trinidad and Tobago), Roland Schulze (South Africa), Renoj Thayyen (India), Nick van de Giesen (The Netherlands), Henk van Schaik (The Netherlands), Tom Wilbanks (USA), Robert Wilby (UK) Review Editors: Alfred Becker (Germany), James Bruce (Canada) This chapter should be cited as: Kundzewicz, Z.W., L.J. Mata, N.W. Arnell, P. Döll, P. Kabat, B. Jiménez, K.A. Miller, T. Oki, Z. Senç and I.A. Shiklomanov, 2007: Freshwater resources and their management. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 173-210. Freshwater resources and their management Chapter 3 Table of Contents .....................................................175 3.5.2 How will climate change affect flood Executive summary damages?...............................................................196 .......................................................175 -
Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices
IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION & AMERICAN SOCIETY OF IRRIGATION CONSULTANTS Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices May 2014 Prepared by the Irrigation Association and American Society of Irrigation Consultants Chairman: John W. Ossa, CID, CLIA, Irrigation Essentials, Mill Valley, California Editor: Melissa Baum‐Haley, PhD, Municipal Water District of Orange County, Fountain Valley, California Committee Contributors (in alphabetical order): James Barrett, FASIC, CID, CLIA, James Barrett Associates LLC, Roseland, New Jersey Melissa Baum‐Haley, PhD, Municipal Water District of Orange County, Fountain Valley, California Carol Colein, American Society of Irrigation Consultants, East Lansing, Michigan David D. Davis, FASIC, David D. Davis and Associates, Crestline, California Brent Q. Mecham, CAIS, CGIA, CIC, CID, CLIA, CLWM, Irrigation Association, Falls Church, Virginia John W. Ossa, CID, CLIA, Irrigation Essentials, Mill Valley, California Dennis Pittenger, Cooperative Extension, U.C. Riverside, Riverside, California Corbin Schneider, ASIC, RLA, CLIA, Verde Design, Inc., Santa Clara, California The Irrigation Association and the American Society of Irrigation Consultants have developed the Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices for landscape and irrigation professionals and policy makers who must preserve and extend the water supply while protecting water quality. The BMPs will aid key stakeholders (policy makers, water purveyors, designers, installation and maintenance contractors, and consumers) to develop and implement appropriate -
Water Wars: the Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations
U.S. Naval War College U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons CIWAG Case Studies 10-2013 Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations Mark Christopher Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies Recommended Citation Christopher, Mark, "MIWS_07 - Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations" (2013). CIWAG Case Studies. 7. https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/ciwag-case-studies/7 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in CIWAG Case Studies by an authorized administrator of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Draft as of 121916 ARF R W ARE LA a U nd G A E R R M R I E D n o G R R E O T U N P E S C U N E IT EG ED L S OL TA R C TES NAVAL WA Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations Mark Christopher United States Naval War College Newport, Rhode Island Water Wars: The Brahmaputra River and Sino-Indian Relations Mark Christopher Center on Irregular Warfare & Armed Groups (CIWAG) US Naval War College, Newport, RI [email protected] CHRISTOPHER: WATER WARS CIWAG Case Studies Bureaucracy Does Its Thing (in Afghanistan) – Todd Greentree Operationalizing Intelligence Dominance – Roy Godson An Operator’s Guide to Human Terrain Teams – Norman Nigh Organizational Learning and the Marine Corps: The Counterinsurgency Campaign in Iraq – Richard Shultz Piracy – Martin Murphy Reading the Tea Leaves: Proto-Insurgency in Honduras – John D. -
Benefits of Irrigation Management and Conservation
BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION GARY L. HAWKINS UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SPECIALIST ALL ABOUT IRRIGATION 7 MARCH 2O18 WATER CONSERVATION? • WHAT IS A DEFINITION? • USING LESS WATER? • SAVING THE WATER WE HAVE? • STORING WATER FOR LATER USE? • INCREASING WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF SOIL? • INCREASING INFILTRATION? • REDUCING WASTING? WATER CONSERVATION BEING KNOWLEDGEABLE OF THE AVAILABLE WATER THAT WE HAVE TODAY AND TAKING ACTION TO PROTECT ALL SOURCES OF WATER IN ORDER THAT THERE IS PLENTY FOR USE BY EVERYONE, EVERYTHING AND AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED THE MOST. HYDROLOGY PRINCIPLES • HYDROLOGY – THE GENERAL SCIENCE/STUDY OF WATER “THE SCIENCE THAT TREATS WATERS OF THE EARTH, THEIR OCCURRENCE, CIRCULATION, AND DISTRIBUTION, THEIR CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND THEIR REACTION WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING THEIR RELATION TO LIVING THINGS” (PRESIDENTIAL SCIENCE AND POLICY COUNCIL, 1959). “THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE PROCESSES GOVERNING THE DEPLETION AND REPLENISHMENT OF THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE LAND AREAS OF THE EARTH” (WISLER AND BRATER, HYDROLOGY, 1959, JOHN WILEY AND SONS) HYDROLOGIC CYCLE: Evaporation Interception Infiltration Precipitation Surface Runoff Evaporation Depression Storage Infiltration Evapotranspiration Soil moisture Maintain Infiltration storage dry-weather streamflow Ground water Return to reservoir ocean Infiltration ET Surface Streamflow Runoff generation Return to ocean Irrigation Losses INCREASING INFILTRATION? And - Thereby Reduce Runoff? VIRGINIA NRCS MOST POPULAR -
Water Conflicts in Historical Time (Ca 750 BC–330 AD) 3.1
sustainability Review Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future Andreas N. Angelakis 1,2 , Mohammad Valipour 3,*, Abdelkader T. Ahmed 4,5 , Vasileios Tzanakakis 6, Nikolaos V. Paranychianakis 7, Jens Krasilnikoff 8, Renato Drusiani 9, Larry Mays 10 , Fatma El Gohary 11, Demetris Koutsoyiannis 12 , Saifullah Khan 13 and Luigi Joseph Del Giacco 14 1 HAO-Demeter, Agricultural Research Institution of Crete, 71300 Iraklion, Greece; [email protected] 2 Union of Water Supply and Sewerage Enterprises, 41222 Larissa, Greece 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 4 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt; [email protected] 5 Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia 6 Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Iraklion, Greece; [email protected] 7 School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece; [email protected] 8 Department of History and Classical Studies, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; [email protected] 9 Utilitalia, Piazza Cola di Rienzo, 00192 Roma, Italy; [email protected] 10 School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; [email protected] 11 National Research Centre, Water Pollution -
Weaponization of Water in a Changing Climate Marcus D
EPICENTERS OF CLIMATE AND SECURITY: THE NEW GEOSTRATEGIC LANDSCAPE OF THE ANTHROPOCENE June 2017 Edited by: Caitlin E. Werrell and Francesco Femia Sponsored by: In partnership with: WATER WEAPONIZATION THE WEAPONIZATION OF WATER IN A CHANGING CLIMATE Marcus D. King1 and Julia Burnell 2,3 Water stress across the Middle East and Africa is providing an opportunity for subnational extremist organizations waging internal conflict to wield water as a weapon. The weaponization of water also drives conflict that transcends national borders, creating international ripple effects that contribute to a changing geostrategic landscape. Climate change-driven water stress in arid and semi-arid countries is a growing trend. This stress includes inadequacies in water supply, quality, and accessibility.4 These countries are consistently experiencing chronically dry climates and unpredictable, yet prevalent, droughts. Predicted future climate impacts include higher temperatures, longer dry seasons, and increased variability in precipitation. In the coming decades, these factors will continue to stress water resources in most arid regions.5 It is accepted wisdom that parties generally cooperate over scarce water resources at both the international and subnational levels, with a very few notable exceptions that have resulted in internal, low-intensity conflict.6 However, tensions have always existed: the word rivalry comes from the Latin word rivalus, meaning he who shares a river.7 Rivalry is growing at the sub-state level, leading to intractable conflicts. Social scientists have long observed a correlation between environmental scarcity and subnational conflict that is persistent and diffuse.8 Disputes over limited natural resources have played at least some role in 40 percent of all intrastate conflicts in the last 60 years.9 The Center for Climate and Security www.climateandsecurity.org EPICENTERS OF CLIMATE AND SECURITY 67 Recent scholarly literature and intelligence forecasts have also raised doubts that water stress will continue to engender more cooperation than conflict. -
RI DEM/Agriculture Best Management Practices Irrigation
Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management/Division of Agriculture Best Management Practices Irrigation Management Irrigation Systems Irrigation practices are widely used by fruit growers, nursery, green house and vegetable growers alike. Chemigation, the practice of applying fertilizers and or pesticides to crops through irrigation systems, is also used by some farmers. Chemigation can allow nutrients and pesticides to be timed according to crop needs rather than physical application constraints, but ease of application may lead to overuse. Plant nutrients applied through chemigation must only be used within accordance of an approved pest and pesticide management plan. This should incorporate the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). With irrigation, there is a potential for movement of pollutants such as sediments, organic solids, pesticides, metals, micro organisms, salts and nutrients from the land into ground and surface water. Minimizing the discharge of pollutants while reducing water waste and improving water use efficiency are the goals of irrigation management. Setting up an irrigation management plan will help to address irrigation scheduling practices, efficient application, proper utilization of tail-water, drainage and runoff, and backflow prevention. Determining and controlling the rate, amount and timing of irrigation water in a planned and efficient manner is essential for water conservation. Careful irrigation management can minimize leaching and reduce the potential for pesticide and nutrient contamination of groundwater and decrease runoff, erosion, and transport of nutrients and pesticides to surface water. An irrigation system may be portable, or it may be established on the land to be irrigated. System components may include wells, a storage reservoir, a conveyance system, a sprinkler or trickle system, suitable pumps and a recycle storage pond to capture irrigation water down slope of the operation. -
Division of Water Resources K.S.A
Division of Water Resources K.S.A. 74-506a through 74-506d K.S.A. 74-510 and 74-510a K.S.A. 74-506a. Division of water resources; creation. For the purpose of consolidating the Kansas water commission and the division of irrigation there is hereby created a division of water resources within the Kansas department of agriculture. History: L. 1927, ch. 293, § 1; L. 2004, ch. 101, § 115; July 1. K.S.A. 74-506b. Authority, powers and duties conferred upon division of water resources. All of the authority, powers and duties now conferred and imposed by law upon the Kansas water commission and the state irrigation commissioner are hereby conferred upon the division of water resources created by this act, under the control, administration and supervision of the secretary of agriculture. History: L. 1927, ch. 293, § 2; L. 2004, ch. 101, § 116; July 1. K.S.A. 74-506c. Certain commissions abolished. The Kansas water commission and the division of irrigation are hereby abolished. History: L. 1927, ch. 293, § 3; Feb. 11. K.S.A. 74-506d. Chief engineer, assistants and employees; compensation. The secretary of agriculture is hereby authorized to employ a chief engineer of the division of water resources and such expert assistants, clerical and other help as may be necessary to properly carry out the provisions of this act, and to fix their compensation. The chief engineer shall be under the classified service of the Kansas civil service act, but any vacant position of such expert assistants, clerical and other help necessary to carry out the provisions of this act may be converted by the secretary of agriculture to an unclassified position. -
Avoiding Water Wars: Water Scarcity and Central Asia’S Growing Importance for Stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan
1 112TH CONGRESS " ! S. PRT. 1st Session COMMITTEE PRINT 112–10 AVOIDING WATER WARS: WATER SCARCITY AND CENTRAL ASIA’S GROWING IMPORTANCE FOR STABILITY IN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN A MAJORITY STAFF REPORT PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION FEBRUARY 22, 2011 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations Available via World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gpo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 64–141 PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 17:49 Feb 17, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5012 Sfmt 5012 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\STAFF TOPIC REPORTS\WATER, MELANIE seneagle COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts, Chairman BARBARA BOXER, California RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey BOB CORKER, Tennessee BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho ROBERT P. CASEY, JR., Pennsylvania MARCO RUBIO, Florida JIM WEBB, Virginia JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire JIM DEMINT, South Carolina CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah FRANK G. LOWENSTEIN, Staff Director KENNETH A. MYERS, JR., Republican Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 17:49 Feb 17, 2011 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\HEARING FILES\112TH CONGRESS, 1ST\STAFF TOPIC REPORTS\WATER, MELANIE CONTENTS Page Letter of Transmittal .............................................................................................. -
Irrigation Management in Colorado: Survey Data and Findings By
Irrigation Management in Colorado: Survey Data and Findings by W. Marshall Frasier, Reagan M. Waskom, Dana L. Hoag, and Troy A. Bauder* Technical Report from the Agricultural Experiment Station, Colorado State University, April 1999. Frasier is Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics; Waskom is Extension Water Quality Specialist, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences; Hoag is Professor, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics; and Bauder is Assistant Extension Specialist, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences; all Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Acknowledgements Funding for this study was provided by the Water Center at Colorado State University, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Colorado State University Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Colorado Department of Agriculture. We thank the advisory committee who helped define the scope and nature of the survey instrument. We are also indebted to the farmer review panel who helped design the survey instrument and provided useful comments on the wording and presentation of questions in the survey. Special thanks are extended to Kristy Ring for her tireless hours of entering data and generating countless tables of summary information. Thanks also to Chuck Hudson and Lance Fretwell of the Colorado Agricultural Statistics Service for their work in identifying the sample and generating the mailing list for the survey. Israel Broner, Don Lybecker, and Danny Smith provided review and editorial comments of this report. Finally, we express gratitude and appreciation to the hundreds of producers in Colorado who donated their valuable time to respond to the survey. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................ -
Water Conflict Pathways and Peacebuilding Strategies by David Michel
PEACEWORKS Water Conflict Pathways and Peacebuilding Strategies By David Michel NO. 164 | AUGUST 2020 NO. 164 | AUGUST 2020 ABOUT THE REPORT This report explores water-related conflict pathways and articulates potential peace- building strategies to mitigate conflict risks. The report is grounded in a survey of the ECONOMICS & ENVIRONMENT academic literature on natural resources conflict, case studies of three major basins, and participant interviews and documentary analyses of water diplomacy processes. ABOUT THE AUTHOR David Michel is a senior researcher with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. He previously served as a senior manager at the Stockholm International Water Institute. He has over twenty years of experience working with governments, civil society, and the private sector to build cooperative solutions to policy challenges posed by global environmental change. Cover photo: A woman walks along a dry lake bed near the Rawal Dam in Pakistan on June 22, 2018. (Photo by B. K. Bangash/AP) The views expressed in this report are those of the author alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. An online edition of this and related reports can be found on our website (www.usip.org), together with additional information on the subject. © 2020 by the United States Institute of Peace United States Institute of Peace 2301 Constitution Avenue NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202.457.1700 Fax: 202.429.6063 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.usip.org Peaceworks No. 164. First published 2020. ISBN: 978-1-60127-810-4 Contents Water Insecurity and Conflict Risks 3 Water Conflict Pathways 7 Case Study: The Indus River Basin 10 Case Study: Mali 14 Case Study: Myanmar 18 Water Governance and Water Diplomacy 22 Peacebuilding Strategies for Water Resources Conflicts 26 USIP.ORG 1 Summary Growing populations and economies, unsustainable management practices, and mounting environmental pressures are exerting increasing strains on the world’s vital freshwater resources. -
Dissertation Simulating the Fate And
DISSERTATION SIMULATING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SALINITY SPECIES IN A SEMI- ARID AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Submitted by Saman Tavakoli Kivi Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2018 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Ryan T. Bailey Co-Advisor: Timothy K. Gates Michael J. Ronayne Aditi Bhaskar Copyright by Saman Tavakoli Kivi 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT SIMULATING THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF SALINITY SPECIES IN A SEMI- ARID AGRICULTURAL GROUNDWATER SYSTEM: MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION Many irrigated agricultural areas worldwide suffer from salinization of soil, groundwater, and nearby river systems. Increased salinity concentrations, which can lead to decreased crop yield, are due principally to the presence of salt minerals and high rates of evapotranspiration. High groundwater salt loading to nearby river systems also affects downstream areas when saline river water is diverted for additional uses. Irrigation-induced salinity is the principal water quality problem in the semi-arid region of the western United States due to the extensive background quantities of salt in rocks and soils. Due to the importance of the problem and the complex hydro-chemical processes involved in salinity fate and transport, a physically-based spatially-distributed numerical model is needed to assess soil and groundwater salinity at the regional scale. Although several salinity transport models have been developed in recent decades, these models focus on salt species at the small scale (i.e. soil profile or field), and no attempts thus far have been made at simulating the fate, storage, and transport of individual interacting salt ions at the regional scale within a river basin.