Erosion and Sediment Control for Agriculture
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Protection Against Wave-Based Erosion
Protection against Wavebased Erosion The guidelines below address the elements of shore structure design common to nearly all erosion control structures subject to direct wave action and run-up. 1. Minimize the extent waterward. Erosion control structures should be designed with the smallest waterward footprint possible. This minimizes the occupation of the lake bottom, limits habitat loss and usually results in a lower cost to construct the project. In the case of stone revetments, the crest width should be only as wide as necessary for a stable structure. In general, the revetment should follow the cross-section of the bluff or dune and be located as close to the bluff or dune as possible. For seawalls, the distance that the structure extends waterward of the upland must be minimized. If the seawall height is appropriately designed to prevent the majority of overtopping, there is no engineering rationale based only on erosion control which justifies extending a seawall out into the water. 2. Minimize the impacts to adjacent properties. The design of the structure must consider the potential for damaging adjacent property. Projects designed to extend waterward of the shore will affect the movement of littoral material, reducing the overall beach forming process which in turn may cause accelerated erosion on adjacent or down-drift properties with less protective beaches. Seawalls, (and to a lesser extent, stone revetments) change the direction (wave reflection) and intensity of wave energy along the shore. Wave reflection can cause an increase in the total energy at the seawall or revetment interface with the water, allowing sand and gravel to remain suspended in the water, which will usually prevent formation of a beach directly fronting the structure. -
Effects of Erosion Control Practices on Nutrient Loss
Effects of Erosion Control Practices on Nutrient Loss George F. Czapar, University of Illinois John M. Laflen, Iowa State University Gregory F. McIsaac, University of Illinois Dennis P. McKenna, Illinois Department of Agriculture Elements of Soil Erosion Soil erosion by water is the detachment of soil particles by the direct action of raindrops and runoff water, and the transport of these particles by splash and very shallow flowing water to small channels or rills. Detachment of soil particles also occurs in these rills due to the force exerted by the flowing water. When rills join together and form larger channels, they may become gullies. These gullies can be either temporary (ephemeral) or permanent (classical). Non-erodible channels might be grassed waterways, or designed channels that limit flow conditions so that channel erosion does not occur. Gross erosion includes sheet, rill, gully and channel erosion, and is the first step in the process of sediment delivery. Because much eroded sediment is deposited in or near the field of origin, only a fraction of the total eroded soil from an area contributes to sediment yield from a watershed. Sediment delivery is affected by a number of factors including soil properties, proximity to the stream, man made structures-including sediment basins, fences, and culverts, channel density, basin characteristics, land use/land cover, and rainfall-runoff factors. Coarse- textured sediment and sediment from sheet and rill erosion are less likely to reach a stream than fine-grained sediment or sediment from channel erosion. In general, the larger the area, the lower the ratio of sediment yield at the watershed outlet or point of interest to gross erosion in the entire watershed, defined as the sediment delivery ratio (SDR). -
Sediment Transport in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System: an Overview
Marine Geology 345 (2013) 3–17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/margeo Sediment transport in the San Francisco Bay Coastal System: An overview Patrick L. Barnard a,⁎, David H. Schoellhamer b,c, Bruce E. Jaffe a, Lester J. McKee d a U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, USA b U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, CA, USA c University of California, Davis, USA d San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: The papers in this special issue feature state-of-the-art approaches to understanding the physical processes Received 29 March 2012 related to sediment transport and geomorphology of complex coastal–estuarine systems. Here we focus on Received in revised form 9 April 2013 the San Francisco Bay Coastal System, extending from the lower San Joaquin–Sacramento Delta, through the Accepted 13 April 2013 Bay, and along the adjacent outer Pacific Coast. San Francisco Bay is an urbanized estuary that is impacted by Available online 20 April 2013 numerous anthropogenic activities common to many large estuaries, including a mining legacy, channel dredging, aggregate mining, reservoirs, freshwater diversion, watershed modifications, urban run-off, ship traffic, exotic Keywords: sediment transport species introductions, land reclamation, and wetland restoration. The Golden Gate strait is the sole inlet 9 3 estuaries connecting the Bay to the Pacific Ocean, and serves as the conduit for a tidal flow of ~8 × 10 m /day, in addition circulation to the transport of mud, sand, biogenic material, nutrients, and pollutants. -
Sedimentation and Clarification Sedimentation Is the Next Step in Conventional Filtration Plants
Sedimentation and Clarification Sedimentation is the next step in conventional filtration plants. (Direct filtration plants omit this step.) The purpose of sedimentation is to enhance the filtration process by removing particulates. Sedimentation is the process by which suspended particles are removed from the water by means of gravity or separation. In the sedimentation process, the water passes through a relatively quiet and still basin. In these conditions, the floc particles settle to the bottom of the basin, while “clear” water passes out of the basin over an effluent baffle or weir. Figure 7-5 illustrates a typical rectangular sedimentation basin. The solids collect on the basin bottom and are removed by a mechanical “sludge collection” device. As shown in Figure 7-6, the sludge collection device scrapes the solids (sludge) to a collection point within the basin from which it is pumped to disposal or to a sludge treatment process. Sedimentation involves one or more basins, called “clarifiers.” Clarifiers are relatively large open tanks that are either circular or rectangular in shape. In properly designed clarifiers, the velocity of the water is reduced so that gravity is the predominant force acting on the water/solids suspension. The key factor in this process is speed. The rate at which a floc particle drops out of the water has to be faster than the rate at which the water flows from the tank’s inlet or slow mix end to its outlet or filtration end. The difference in specific gravity between the water and the particles causes the particles to settle to the bottom of the basin. -
Shoreline Management in Chesapeake Bay C
Shoreline Management In Chesapeake Bay C. S. Hardaway, Jr. and R. J. Byrne Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary 1 Cover Photo: Drummond Field, Installed 1985, James River, James City County, Virginia. This publication is available for $10.00 from: Sea Grant Communications Virginia Institute of Marine Science P. O. Box 1346 Gloucester Point, VA 23062 Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering Number 356 Virginia Sea Grant Publication VSG-99-11 October 1999 Funding and support for this report were provided by... Virginia Institute of Marine Science Virginia Sea Grant College Program Sea Grant Contract # NA56RG0141 Virginia Coastal Resource Management Program NA470Z0287 WILLIAM& MARY Shoreline Management In Chesapeake Bay By C. Scott Hardaway, Jr. and Robert J. Byrne Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William and Mary Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 1999 4 Table of Contents Preface......................................................................................7 Shoreline Evolution ................................................................8 Shoreline Processes ..............................................................16 Wave Climate .......................................................................16 Shoreline Erosion .................................................................20 Reach Assessment ................................................................23 Shoreline Management Strategies ......................................24 Bulkheads and Seawalls -
Adapting the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model for Forest Applications
Journal of Hydrology 366 (2009) 46–54 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Adapting the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for forest applications Shuhui Dun a,*, Joan Q. Wu a, William J. Elliot b, Peter R. Robichaud b, Dennis C. Flanagan c, James R. Frankenberger c, Robert E. Brown b, Arthur C. Xu d a Washington State University, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, P.O. Box 646120, Pullman, WA 99164, USA b US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, ID 83843, USA c US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA d Tongji University, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Shanghai 200092, China article info summary Article history: There has been an increasing public concern over forest stream pollution by excessive sedimentation due Received 11 July 2008 to natural or human disturbances. Adequate erosion simulation tools are needed for sound management Received in revised form 6 December 2008 of forest resources. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed model has proved useful in Accepted 12 December 2008 forest applications where Hortonian flow is the major form of runoff, such as modeling erosion from roads, harvested units, and burned areas by wildfire or prescribed fire. Nevertheless, when used for mod- eling water flow and sediment discharge from natural forest watersheds where subsurface flow is dom- Keywords: inant, WEPP (v2004.7) underestimates these quantities, in particular, the water flow at the watershed Forest watershed outlet. Surface runoff Subsurface lateral flow The main goal of this study was to improve the WEPP v2004.7 so that it can be applied to adequately Soil erosion simulate forest watershed hydrology and erosion. -
Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices
IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION & AMERICAN SOCIETY OF IRRIGATION CONSULTANTS Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices May 2014 Prepared by the Irrigation Association and American Society of Irrigation Consultants Chairman: John W. Ossa, CID, CLIA, Irrigation Essentials, Mill Valley, California Editor: Melissa Baum‐Haley, PhD, Municipal Water District of Orange County, Fountain Valley, California Committee Contributors (in alphabetical order): James Barrett, FASIC, CID, CLIA, James Barrett Associates LLC, Roseland, New Jersey Melissa Baum‐Haley, PhD, Municipal Water District of Orange County, Fountain Valley, California Carol Colein, American Society of Irrigation Consultants, East Lansing, Michigan David D. Davis, FASIC, David D. Davis and Associates, Crestline, California Brent Q. Mecham, CAIS, CGIA, CIC, CID, CLIA, CLWM, Irrigation Association, Falls Church, Virginia John W. Ossa, CID, CLIA, Irrigation Essentials, Mill Valley, California Dennis Pittenger, Cooperative Extension, U.C. Riverside, Riverside, California Corbin Schneider, ASIC, RLA, CLIA, Verde Design, Inc., Santa Clara, California The Irrigation Association and the American Society of Irrigation Consultants have developed the Landscape Irrigation Best Management Practices for landscape and irrigation professionals and policy makers who must preserve and extend the water supply while protecting water quality. The BMPs will aid key stakeholders (policy makers, water purveyors, designers, installation and maintenance contractors, and consumers) to develop and implement appropriate -
Soil Erosion Prediction in the Grande River Basin, Brazil Using Distributed Modeling
Catena 79 (2009) 49–59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Soil erosion prediction in the Grande River Basin, Brazil using distributed modeling S. Beskow a,b,⁎, C.R. Mello b, L.D. Norton c, N. Curi d, M.R. Viola b, J.C. Avanzi a,d a National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, 275 South Russell Street, Purdue University, 47907-2077, West Lafayette, IN, USA b Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, C.P. 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil c USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, 275 South Russell Street, Purdue University, 47907-2077, West Lafayette, IN, USA d Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, C.P. 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Mapping and assessment of erosion risk is an important tool for planning of natural resources management, Received 20 June 2008 allowing researchers to modify land-use properly and implement management strategies more sustainable in Received in revised form 25 May 2009 the long-term. The Grande River Basin (GRB), located in Minas Gerais State, is one of the Planning Units for Accepted 27 May 2009 Management of Water Resources (UPGRH) and is divided into seven smaller units of UPGRH. GD1 is one of them that is essential for the future development of Minas Gerais State due to its high water yield capacity and Keywords: potential for electric energy production. The objective of this study is to apply the Universal Soil Loss Equation Simulation (USLE) with GIS PCRaster in order to estimate potential soil loss from the Grande River Basin upstream from the Erosion fi USLE Itutinga/Camargos Hydroelectric Plant Reservoir (GD1), allowing identi cation of the susceptible areas to GIS water erosion and estimate of the sediment delivery ratio for the adoption of land management so that further Soil conservation soil loss can be minimized. -
Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management
October 2010 Agdex 510-1 Agricultural Soil Compaction: Causes and Management oil compaction can be a serious and unnecessary soil aggregates, which has a negative affect on soil S form of soil degradation that can result in increased aggregate structure. soil erosion and decreased crop production. Soil compaction can have a number of negative effects on Compaction of soil is the compression of soil particles into soil quality and crop production including the following: a smaller volume, which reduces the size of pore space available for air and water. Most soils are composed of • causes soil pore spaces to become smaller about 50 per cent solids (sand, silt, clay and organic • reduces water infiltration rate into soil matter) and about 50 per cent pore spaces. • decreases the rate that water will penetrate into the soil root zone and subsoil • increases the potential for surface Compaction concerns water ponding, water runoff, surface soil waterlogging and soil erosion Soil compaction can impair water Soil compaction infiltration into soil, crop emergence, • reduces the ability of a soil to hold root penetration and crop nutrient and can be a serious water and air, which are necessary for water uptake, all of which result in form of soil plant root growth and function depressed crop yield. • reduces crop emergence as a result of soil crusting Human-induced compaction of degradation. • impedes root growth and limits the agricultural soil can be the result of using volume of soil explored by roots tillage equipment during soil cultivation or result from the heavy weight of field equipment. • limits soil exploration by roots and Compacted soils can also be the result of natural soil- decreases the ability of crops to take up nutrients and forming processes. -
Erosion-1.Pdf
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Erosion Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. G R A D E S 6 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/erosion/ Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. A similar process, weathering, breaks down or dissolves rock, but does not involve movement. Erosion is the opposite of deposition, the geological process in which earthen materials are deposited, or built up, on a landform. Most erosion is performed by liquid water, wind, or ice (usually in the form of a glacier). If the wind is dusty, or water or glacial ice is muddy, erosion is taking place. The brown color indicates that bits of rock and soil are suspended in the fluid (air or water) and being transported from one place to another. This transported material is called sediment. Physical Erosion Physical erosion describes the process of rocks changing their physical properties without changing their basic chemical composition. Physical erosion often causes rocks to get smaller or smoother. Rocks eroded through physical erosion often form clastic sediments. -
Estuarine and Coastal Sedimentation Problems1
ESTUARINE AND COASTAL SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS1 Leo C. van Rijn Delft Hydraulics and University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. E•mail: [email protected] Abstract: This Keynote Lecture addresses engineering sedimentation problems in estuarine and coastal environments and practical solutions of these problems based on the results of field measurements, laboratory scale models and numerical models. The three most basic design rules are: (1) try to understand the physical system based on available field data; perform new field measurements if the existing field data set is not sufficient (do not reduce on the budget for field measurements); (2) try to estimate the morphological effects of engineering works based on simple methods (rules of thumb, simplified models, analogy models, i.e. comparison with similar cases elsewhere); and (3) use detailed models for fine•tuning and determination of uncertainties (sensitivity study trying to find the most influencial parameters). Engineering works should be designed in a such way that side effects (sand trapping, sand starvation, downdrift erosion) are minimum. Furthermore, engineering works should be designed and constructed or built in harmony rather than in conflict with nature. This ‘building with nature’ approach requires a profound understanding of the sediment transport processes in morphological systems. Keywords: Sedimentation, sediment transport, morphological modelling 1. INTRODUCTION This lecture addresses sedimentation and erosion engineering problems in estuaries and coastal seas and practical solutions of these problems based on the results of field measurements, laboratory scale models and numerical models. Often, the sedimentation problem is a critical element in the economic feasibility of a project, particularly when each year relatively large quantities of sediment material have to be dredged and disposed at far•field locations. -
Progressive and Regressive Soil Evolution Phases in the Anthropocene
Progressive and regressive soil evolution phases in the Anthropocene Manon Bajard, Jérôme Poulenard, Pierre Sabatier, Anne-Lise Develle, Charline Giguet- Covex, Jeremy Jacob, Christian Crouzet, Fernand David, Cécile Pignol, Fabien Arnaud Highlights • Lake sediment archives are used to reconstruct past soil evolution. • Erosion is quantified and the sediment geochemistry is compared to current soils. • We observed phases of greater erosion rates than soil formation rates. • These negative soil balance phases are defined as regressive pedogenesis phases. • During the Middle Ages, the erosion of increasingly deep horizons rejuvenated pedogenesis. Abstract Soils have a substantial role in the environment because they provide several ecosystem services such as food supply or carbon storage. Agricultural practices can modify soil properties and soil evolution processes, hence threatening these services. These modifications are poorly studied, and the resilience/adaptation times of soils to disruptions are unknown. Here, we study the evolution of pedogenetic processes and soil evolution phases (progressive or regressive) in response to human-induced erosion from a 4000-year lake sediment sequence (Lake La Thuile, French Alps). Erosion in this small lake catchment in the montane area is quantified from the terrigenous sediments that were trapped in the lake and compared to the soil formation rate. To access this quantification, soil processes evolution are deciphered from soil and sediment geochemistry comparison. Over the last 4000 years, first impacts on soils are recorded at approximately 1600 yr cal. BP, with the erosion of surface horizons exceeding 10 t·km− 2·yr− 1. Increasingly deep horizons were eroded with erosion accentuation during the Higher Middle Ages (1400–850 yr cal.