Leadership Perspectives on the Financial Sustainability of Non- Orthodox Jewish Day Schools in Toronto
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Lesley University DigitalCommons@Lesley Educational Studies Dissertations Graduate School of Education (GSOE) Spring 4-6-2020 Leadership Perspectives on the Financial Sustainability of Non- Orthodox Jewish Day Schools in Toronto Seth Goldsweig [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/education_dissertations Part of the Educational Leadership Commons Recommended Citation Goldsweig, Seth, "Leadership Perspectives on the Financial Sustainability of Non-Orthodox Jewish Day Schools in Toronto" (2020). Educational Studies Dissertations. 168. https://digitalcommons.lesley.edu/education_dissertations/168 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School of Education (GSOE) at DigitalCommons@Lesley. It has been accepted for inclusion in Educational Studies Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Lesley. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Leadership Perspectives on the Financial Sustainability of Non-Orthodox Jewish Day Schools in Toronto Dissertation Presented By Seth Goldsweig Submitted to the Graduate School of Education Lesley University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY April 2020 Ph.D. Education Studies Educational Leadership Specialization NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 2 Leadership Perspectives on the Financial Sustainability of Non-Orthodox Jewish Day Schools in Toronto Seth Goldsweig Graduate School of Education Lesley University Ph.D. Educational Studies Educational Leadership Specialization Dissertation Approval In the judgment of the following signatures, this Dissertation meets the academic standards that have been established for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Stephen Gould, Ed.D. ________________________________________ ____________ Doctoral Committee Chair Date Michael Shire, Ph.D., Rabbi ____________________________________ ____________ Doctoral Committee Member Date Susan Rauchwerk, Ed.D. ______________________________________ ____________ Doctoral Committee Member Date NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 3 © Copyright page By Seth Goldsweig 2020 All Rights Reserved NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 4 Abstract The purpose of this study was to better understand how Jewish school leaders in Toronto understand non-Orthodox Jewish day school financial sustainability. A review of literature included: (a) a multidisciplinary understanding of “sustainability”, (b) a history of Jewish education in North America, (c) challenges and potential solutions to financial sustainability of Jewish day schools in North America, and (d) the evolution of the school leader and its impact on financial sustainability. This multi-site case study used a questionnaire, completed by 23 school leaders, and one-on-one interviews with all eight heads of school of the non-Orthodox Jewish day schools in Toronto to collect data. Both data collection instruments addressed the guiding research questions: (a) To what degree do Jewish day school leaders believe addressing sustainability to be a leadership priority? (b) What are the various approaches to addressing sustainability reported by Jewish day school leaders? (c) What do leaders of Jewish day schools believe to be the factors and conditions that increase and inhibit their capacity to focus on school sustainability? The study included the following findings: (1) Financial stability is one of the most important issues for leaders in non-Orthodox Jewish day schools, but they are unable to focus on sustainability to the degree necessary due to their many other responsibilities; (2) The majority of non-Orthodox Jewish day school leaders do not believe they have achieved long- term financial sustainability, or will do so in the near future; (3) Known financial sustainability strategies were not being utilized to the degree desired by school leaders. The endowment strategy was identified as the most underutilized strategy; (4) A collaborative approach between schools to address the problem of financial sustainability is not currently being applied; (5) School leaders identified criteria to assess the impact of financial sustainability strategies; (6) NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 5 Lack of overall available time, most notably efforts on enrollment, prevent leaders from focusing more on financial sustainability; (7) The use of financial sustainability practices are contingent on the manner in which leaders choose to spend their time and other resources. These findings led to eight recommendations for Jewish day school leaders to help support the financial sustainability of their institutions. Future research was also suggested. Key words: Jewish day school, Jewish education, financial sustainability, school leaders, non- Orthodox, Toronto NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 6 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Amy. I never would have started, let alone finished, this long journey without your encouragement and support. My cheerleader, editor, motivational coach, partner and more. Thank you! NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the tireless support of my dissertation committee, Dr. Gould, Dr. Shire, and Dr. Rauchwerk. They read many drafts and gave insightful feedback that made each new version better than the previous one. I could not have asked for a better committee, and this dissertation would never have been completed without them. I would also like to acknowledge the 23 anonymous school leaders who filled out my questionnaire and the eight heads of school that gave up of their time to allow me to interview them. A research study requires data, and they contributed immensely to the data collection. Thank you to my fellow cohort members. We experienced so much together and a great deal of my learning came from their unique understandings, questions and comments of the topics we studied. Special shoutout to fellow PhD student, Amanda Goddard, for her weekly check-ins and for keeping me focused, on track, and motivated. Finally, I would like to thank my family for giving me the time to complete this PhD. When I started, my twins, Josh and Danielle, were nine years old, and now I can’t believe they are thirteen! They are probably the most knowledgeable teenagers on the topic of non-Orthodox Jewish day school sustainability in the city, maybe even in the country. They were supportive throughout this journey. Finally, my wife, Amy. She encouraged me to do this every step of the way, even though it took me away from helping out at home. She was my chief editor and read every page of this dissertation, almost always with a smile. When I started to feel like this dissertation would never end, she was the one who told me to keep my eye on the prize and that she knew I could do it. She believed in me, and I thank her for that. NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Introduction…………………………………………...………………………………………….12 Statement of the Problem………………………………...………………………………………16 Purpose of the Study…………..…………........………...……………………….……...……….19 Guiding Research Questions……………………………...……………………………..……….20 Definition of Terms…………………………..……………...……………………….…………..20 Significance of the Study….…………………………………..……………………….………...22 Delimitations……………………………………………………..………………………………24 Review of the Literature…………………………………………..……………………..………25 Method………………………………………………….…………..…………………...……….26 Case Study Research……………...…………………………………..………………………….26 Data Collection…………………..………………...………………….……..….…………….…29 Data Analysis……………………………………………...………….………………………….31 Potential Bias…………………………………………………………………………………….32 Chapter Outline…….…………………………..…………………………………………..…….33 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction…………………………………………………….………………………………...35 Sustainability.………………………………………………………………………………...…..37 The History of Jewish Education in North America……………………………..………………43 Challenges to Non-Orthodox Jewish Day School Sustainability………………………………..53 Potential solutions………………………………………………………………………………..62 Additional Challenges to Non-Orthodox Day School Sustainability: Leadership and Jewish Education in the 21st Century ………………………………...…………………………………73 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..…………………..83 Further Research…………………………………………………………...…………………….84 CHAPTER THREE: METHOD Purpose………………………………………………………………………………………..….85 Overview of the Research Design……………...………………………………………………...85 Participants and Setting…………………………………………………………………………..87 The Non-Orthodox Jewish Day Schools of Toronto………………………………...…………..90 Instrumentation…………………………………………………………………………………..95 Data Collection Procedures………………………………………………………….………….100 Data Analysis Procedures………………………………………………………………………102 Issues of Trustworthiness……………………………………………………………………….105 Delimitations/Limitations………………………………………………………………………106 Chapter Summary………………………………………………………………………………108 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………..…………………109 NON-ORTHODOX JEWISH DAY SCHOOL FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 9 Data Collected for Guiding Research Question #1: To what degree do Jewish day school leaders believe addressing sustainability to be a leadership priority?......................................................110 Questionnaire Data for Guiding Research Question #1…………………………...……110 Interview Data for Guiding Research Question #1………………………………..……120