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Combined Osteomorphological, Isotopic, Adna, and Zooms Analyses of Sheep and Goat Remains from Neolithic Ulucak, Turkey DOI: 10.1007/S12520-018-0624-8

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Combined Osteomorphological, Isotopic, Adna, and Zooms Analyses of Sheep and Goat Remains from Neolithic Ulucak, Turkey DOI: 10.1007/S12520-018-0624-8 The University of Manchester Research Combined osteomorphological, isotopic, aDNA, and ZooMS analyses of sheep and goat remains from Neolithic Ulucak, Turkey DOI: 10.1007/s12520-018-0624-8 Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Pilaar Birch, S. E., Scheu, A., Buckley, M., & Çakrlar, C. (2018). Combined osteomorphological, isotopic, aDNA, and ZooMS analyses of sheep and goat remains from Neolithic Ulucak, Turkey. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0624-8 Published in: Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:23. Sep. 2021 Combined osteomorphological, isotopic, aDNA and ZooMS analyses of sheep and goat remains from Neolithic Ulucak, Turkey Corresponding author: Suzanne E. Pilaar Birch Department of Anthropology Department of Geography University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA Email: [email protected] Phone: 706-542-4171 ORCID: 0000-0003-1544-5881 Co-authors and affiliations: Amelie Scheu Institute for Organismic and Molecular Evolutionary Biology Palaeogenetics Group Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany Michael Buckley Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Canan Çakırlar Institute of Archaeology University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands Acknowledgements This study has been funded by the Institute of Aegean Prehistory and the University of Groningen, Faculty of Arts. 1 Abstract The site of Ulucak is pivotal in exploring the Neolithic of the eastern Aegean and western Anatolia. The site has an impressive Neolithic sequence stretching from the first half of the 7th millennium BC to the first half of the 6th millennium BC. Recent zooarchaeological analyses have provided insight into the importance of animal husbandry practices and dairying at the site throughout the Neolithic, but also raised questions about the changing nature of herd management strategies and whether these differed for sheep and goat. The faunal data, coupled with the significance of the site and condition of the assemblage, prompted the application of a number of methodological techniques to assess differences between sheep and goat. In this paper, we combine traditional osteomorphological analysis, ancient DNA, collagen peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS), and stable isotope analysis of δ18O and δ13C from tooth enamel carbonate as well as δ13C and δ15N from bone collagen. As such, this is the first study of its kind. We evaluate the juxtaposition of these four approaches and their application in this important case, with relevance for future studies of this kind. Keywords: Neolithic, Aegean, stable isotopes, aDNA, zooarchaeology, ZooMS Introduction Among the many advances in scientific archaeology in the last two decades, the addition of biomolecular and biogeochemical techniques to traditional osteological zooarchaeological analyses have contributed to solving questions regarding taxonomic affiliation using protein- based methods (e.g., Buckley et al. 2008, 2009, 2010), investigating phylogenetic relationships and demographic processes related to domestication using ancient DNA analysis (see Scheu 2017 for summary), and a more detailed consideration of ancient animal mobility and husbandry using stable isotope data (e.g., Pilaar Birch 2013, Makarewicz and Sealy 2015, Zangrando et al. 2014). Together with studies that review faunal data and the growth and development of open access databases (i.e. Arbuckle et al. 2014, Atici et al. 2013, Atici et al. 2017, Kansa et al. 2011, Orton et. al 2016), projects that combine multiple analytical approaches are becoming more commonplace. As this wealth of data increases, syntheses and integrative research grow ever more important in answering archaeological questions. 2 Characterizing husbandry practices throughout the Neolithic, of which we know mainly from traditional zooarchaeology in Western Anatolia (Galik and Horejs 2011; Çakırlar 2012a), is critically important as agricultural lifestyles become established here during this time (Çilingiroğlu and Çakırlar 2013; Özdoğan 2011). It has focused on first and foremost an assessment of the presence, absence, and relative abundance of domesticates and their relation to adjacent areas (Arbuckle et al. 2014; Connolly et al. 2011; Geörg 2013; Scheu et al. 2015; Ottoni et al. 2013). At the multi-period site of Ulucak in western Turkey, previous traditional zooarchaeological research has shown that sheep and goat herding was of primary importance, and that there is a change in the relative abundances of sheep, goat, pig, and cattle remains throughout the Neolithic, indicative of decreasing economic importance of sheep and goat as proportions of pig and then cattle increase (Cakirlar 2012a, b). Analysis of mortality profiles and size-based reconstruction of sex discrimination at kill-off indicated that more specialized techniques were adopted in managing sheep and goat to meet the requirements for changes in targeted products (meat, milk, wool, herd size) throughout the Neolithic in the region (Arbuckle and Atici 2013; Cakirlar 2012a, b). While these studies provide a firm foundation for studying animal husbandry in Neolithic Western Anatolia, they are limited in their power to address the nuances of sheep and goat herding (Çakırlar 2012a, 2012b). The osteological distinction between sheep and goat is flawed (see below), despite the importance of ascertaining relative proportions of these animals in order to discern herding (and slaughtering) practices which may have distinguished quite starkly between the two; for example, herding goats for meat and sheep for wool. Likewise, differentiation of sex, often impossible based on morphology and only sometimes possible using measurements of fully fused skeletal elements, is critical for creating sex-specific age curves 3 (Zeder 2001). Traditional ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis using targeted amplification and sequencing of short DNA fragments already has the potential to inform on taxonomic affiliation and identification of sex (e.g., Bar-Gal et al. 2003, Scheu et al. 2008), but is subject to high failure rates due to post-mortem DNA degradation, which is particularly true for our study region (Bollongino & Vigne 2008, Bollongino et al. 2008, Geörg 2013, Scheu et al. 2015). Collagen peptide mass “fingerprinting”, the most popular form of ZooMS (Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry; Buckley et al. 2009), is an effective way of discriminating between the main faunal species in this region (Buckley et al. 2010; Buckley and Kansa 2011), particularly the separation of sheep and goat (often grouped as ovicaprines), with much greater success rates in warmer sites dating to this period; however, it is not useful for sex determination. Finally, stable isotope analysis has the potential, using δ18O and δ13C from tooth enamel as tracers of climate and environment and δ13C and δ15N from bone collagen as indicators of diet, to inform on possible herding ranges, seasonal mobility, diet variability, birth season, and whether these were conservative through time (e.g. Balasse 2002, Balasse 2013, Pilaar Birch et al. 2016, Julien et al. 2010, Henton 2010). With continued focus on Ulucak, the type site for the Western Anatolian Neolithic, we used a combination of morphological criteria, aDNA, and ZooMS to resolve the taxonomic status of a subset of specimens prior to carrying out stable isotope analysis. We questioned how conservative herding practices for sheep and goat may have been through time and whether there was evidence that sheep and goat were managed differently, in terms of birth season, diet, and extent of seasonal mobility or range. Critically, assessing the integration of these multiproxy methods in our study design was as important a research goal as teasing out the nuances of 4 Neolithic herding practices at Ulucak, and the study presented below focuses not only on the archaeological aspects of the work but the multiple techniques used as well. The site and its zooarchaeology The site of Ulucak is located in the province of Izmir in western Turkey (Figure 1). Situated on a fertile, well-watered inland plain at an elevation of about 215 m, it is approximately 9 km from the present-day Aegean coast (Çilingiroğlu and Abay 2005: 6). During the Neolithic, the coastline was no longer than a day’s walk away (Çilingiroğlu et al. 2004), a walk that would have been made more difficult by a mountain pass that rises less than a kilometer west of the site (Çakırlar 2015). Ulucak is a typical multi-layered höyük, or tell site, with several architectural layers and occasional mixed deposits.
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