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Maritime Archaeology a Technical Handbook SECOND EDITION Maritime Archaeology A Technical Handbook This Page Intentionally Left Blank SECOND EDITION Maritime Archaeology A Technical Handbook Jeremy Green Department of Maritime Archaeology Western Australian Maritime Museum Fremantle, Western Australia Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Elsevier Academic Press 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2004, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-12-298632-6 For all information on all Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.academicpress.com Printed in the United States of America 040506070809987654321 Contents Preface . xiii Acknowledgments . xv Chapter 1 Introduction to Maritime Archaeology . 1 Chapter 2 Research . 13 I. Project Planning . 13 II. Archival Research . 14 III. Site Research . 18 IV. Preparation . 19 V. Staff . 20 VI. Safety . 21 Chapter 3 Search and Survey . 23 I. Introduction . 23 II. Position Fixing . 24 A. General Considerations . 24 B. Transits . 24 C. Sextant Survey . 34 D. Photographic Angle Measurement . 38 E. Double Theodolite . 40 v vi Contents F. Theodolite and Distance Measuring System . 41 G. Electronic Position Fixing Systems . 41 H. Total Station . 42 I. Radar . 42 J. Global Positioning System (GPS) . 43 III. Visual Search Techniques . 50 A. Introduction . 50 B. Swim-Line . 51 C. Circular Search . 55 D. Towed Search . 55 E. GPS Search . 57 IV. Other Visual Techniques . 57 A. Submersibles . 57 B. ROV’s . 58 C. Aerial Photography . 61 V. Electronic Techniques . 62 A. Magnetometer . 62 B. Other Towed Detector Systems . 74 VI. Acoustic Systems . 74 A. Echo Sounder . 74 B. Scanning Sonar . 74 C. Multibeam Sonar . 75 D. Side-Scan Sonar . 76 E. Sonar Mosaic . 81 F. Sub-Bottom Profiler . 82 VII. Other Methods . 84 A. Local Knowledge . 84 Chapter 4 Conventional Survey . 87 I. Objectives of Predisturbance Survey . 87 A. Basic Survey . 88 II. Two-Dimensional Surveying Techniques . 91 A. Distance-Angle or Radial Survey . 91 B. Right Angle Survey . 94 C. Retangular Measuring Systems Offset Survey . 95 D. Trilateration . 96 III. Three-Dimensional Survey Techniques . 100 A. General . 100 B. Three-Dimensional Rectangular Coordinate Survey . 101 Contents vii C. Angular Measurement . 104 D. Three-Dimensional Least-Squares Adjustment . 108 E. Three-Dimensional Trilateration . 108 IV. Profiling . 108 A. The Offset Bar . 108 B. The Distance-Angle Method . 112 C. Mechanical Profiling Device . 112 D. Leveling . 112 V. Computer-Based Methods . 117 A. General Considerations . 117 B. Least-Squares Adjustment Technique . 119 C. The Direct Survey Method System . 121 D. Site Surveyor . 122 VI. Acoustic Surveying Systems . 131 A. The Pandora . 133 B. Roman Bridge at Maastricht . 142 VII. Comparison of Techniques . 145 A. Results . 154 B. Conclusions . 155 Chapter 5 Subsurface Survey . 159 I. Close-Plot Magnetometer Survey . 159 II. Metal Detector Survey . 160 III. Probe Survey . 162 IV. Ground-Penetrating Radar . 164 Chapter 6 Photogrammetric Techniques . 165 I. Site Recording . 165 II. Small-Site Survey . 166 A. Site Surveying Using Grid Frames . 167 III. Photomosaics . 168 A. Control . 170 B. Grid Line Control . 170 C. Grid Frame Control . 172 D. Network Control . 173 E. Correcting for Tilt . 177 F. Rectification . 178 viii Contents G. Laying Up a Photomosaic . 178 H. Computer-Based Applications of Photomosaic . 182 IV. Stereophotography . 183 A. Optical Alignment . 186 V. Phototriangulation . 187 A. PhotoModeler . 187 VI. Stereophotogrammetry . 194 A. Results . 196 B. Accuracy . 198 C. Rhino . 202.
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