DOCSLIB.ORG

Sustainable Energy Strategy for Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sustainable Energy Strategy for Iran A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Moshiri, Saeed (Ed.); Lechtenböhmer, Stefan (Ed.) Research Report Sustainable energy strategy for Iran Wuppertal Spezial, No. 51 Provided in Cooperation with: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy Suggested Citation: Moshiri, Saeed (Ed.); Lechtenböhmer, Stefan (Ed.) (2015) : Sustainable energy strategy for Iran, Wuppertal Spezial, No. 51, ISBN 978-3-929944-98-3, Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie, Wuppertal, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:wup4-opus-61757 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/142741 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de www.econstor.eu Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy Saeed Moshiri Stefan Lechtenböhmer Sustainable Energy Strategy for Iran WUPPERTAL SPEZIAL 51 Publisher: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy Döppersberg 19 42103 Wuppertal Germany www.wupperinst.org This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivatives License 3.0 Germany | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de German-Iranian Cooperation on Sustainable Energy A Short History of the Genesis The relationship between the Orient and the Occident in the 20th century was characterized by vested interests of the West in matters of security of energy supply. A respectful partnership in the field of energy research for the benefit of both sides was not an item on the agenda at this time, particularly not with regard to Iran. However, this one-dimensional geostrategic interest was not conductive to relieving stresses and conflicts, but instead reinforced them. Despite the hegemonic “friend or foe” paradigm within the political arena, at the beginning of 2002 the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy and Osnabrück University started a civil-society-oriented initiative with the objective of developing “Sustainable Energy Policies for Iran” together with Iranian partners. This project has been designed to generate cooperation, it is based on a win-win strategy, and it sends a signal of international understanding by means of scientific collaboration. As these cooperative efforts have crystallized, it is clear they have been advantageous, instructive and productive for both sides. The book in hand is an important result of this collaboration. So its publication lends itself to taking stock of these twelve years of continued cooperation. This initiative set out to assemble acquired knowledge on strategies regarding sustainable energy from Germany as well as the rest of the world and make the most recent and up-to-date research on energy efficiency and renewable energies accessible to Iran and its scientific and political institutions. In the first years (2003-2005), the project focused on exchange in the form of topical discus sions on energy policies and the development of mutual understanding through several conferences and workshops. Prominent professionals and energy experts from universities, Iranian ministries and the Energy Committee of the Iranian Parliament, and the private sector all joined in. The research team, which included Iranian and German energy experts, published its frst report, “Investigation on Potentials, Barriers and Obstacles of Solar Thermal Energy Development in Iran” in 2005. This report documented the large economic potential of solar thermal power in Iran by using solar panels, which could also make an important contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Cooperation between the Iranian and German research teams continued with the Iranian Energy Association (IEA) joining as a new partner in 2006. The IEA is a young NGO, with members across academia and energy experts who are involved in scientific energy studies and projects. The new research collaboration between Iranian and German research teams on energy studies led to several reports, papers, workshops and presentations on energy scenarios, energy efciency, renewable energies and energy education over the years. The first series of reports on energy scenarios were influential, because they included the first study to model Iranian energy use in all sectors and show future trends under various scenarios. The study results showed that Iran could save a significant amount of energy and reduce its GHG emissions under the efficiency and renewable scenarios over the next 25 years. The energy project also provided a wonderful opportunity to exchange know ledge among energy experts from different backgrounds. The present book is based on these earlier energy study projects in Iran, which started in 2006. The projects included energy scenario studies (2005-2030) and analyses of energy efficiency, renewable energy policies, energy price reforms and energy education programs in Iran and Germany. In this book, the energy scenarios, the energy efficiency analysis and information about renewable energies have all been updated and revised to demonstrate the most recent developments in the Iranian economy and the energy sector. The price reform section also reflects the recent changes after the 2010 energy removal subsidy program. We thank Professor Mohammad Hassan Panjeshahi (University of Tehran and former chairman of IEA, Tehran), Dr. Farideh Atabi (Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran), Dr. Saeed Moshiri (University of Allameh Tabataba’i, Iran, STM College, University of Saskatchewan, Canada), Professor Dr. Stefan Lechtenböhmer (Wuppertal Institute, Germany, IMES, Lund University, Sweden), Dieter Seifried (Büro Ö-quadrat, Germany), Dr. Nikolaus Supersberger (formerly Wuppertal Institute, Germany) and Magdolna Prantner (Wuppertal Institute, Germany) for their active contribution in all workshops and as authors of the main studies of the project. Quite certainly, the project was very fruitful with regard to international knowledge exchange and concerning its contribution to mutual understanding during a period of complicated geostrategic conditions. Wuppertal / Berlin, December 2015 Professor Dr. P. Hennicke (Former President of Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, Germany) Professor Dr. M. Massarrat (Professor emeritus Osnabrück University, Germany) Saeed Moshiri Stefan Lechtenböhmer (eds) Sustainable Energy Strategy for Iran Co-Authors (in alphabetical order) · Farideh Atabi, Islamic Azad University, Iran · Katharina Knoop, Wuppertal Institute, Germany · Stefan Lechtenböhmer, Wuppertal Institute, Germany · Mohssen Massarrat, University of Osnabrück, Germany · Saeed Moshiri, University of Saskatchewan, Canada · Mohammad Hassan Panjeshahi, University of Tehran, Iran · Magdolna Prantner, Wuppertal Institute, Germany · Dieter Seifried, Büro Ö-quadrat, Germany · Nikolaus Supersberger, formerly Wuppertal Institute, Germany Research Team · Kioumars Heydari, University of Allameh Tabataba‘i, Iran · Esfandiar Jahangard, University of Allameh Tabataba‘i, Iran · Dietmar Schüwer, Wuppertal Institute, Germany Advisors · Peter Hennicke, Wuppertal Institute, Germany · Mohssen Massarrat, University of Osnabrück, Germany WUPPERTAL SPEZIAL 51 © 2015 Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy Published by Saeed Moshiri and Stefan Lechtenböhmer Proofreading and correction supported by: Teresa Gehrs und Matthew Rees (LinguaConnect) Design and setting: Stephan Preuß Grafik + Design Printed by: mc3 Druck und Medienproduktions GmbH Printed on 100% recycled paper “RecyStar Polar” If no other source is indicated, figures and tables in this book have been created by the authors. ISBN: 978-3-929944-98-3 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 Economy and Energy in Iran; an Overview 11 2.1 Macroeconomic Structure and Trends 11 2.2 Energy Sector 13 2.3 Energy Policies 17 2.3.1 Energy Subsidies 18 2.3.2 Oil Policy 20 2.3.3 Natural Gas Development 21 2.3.4 Electrification 21 2.3.5 Other Energy Policies 22 3 Historical Trends and Future Energy Consumption 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Methodology 24 3.3 BAU Scenario 26 3.3.1 Households 27 3.3.2 Manufacturing Industries 35 3.3.3 Power Generation Plants 39 3.3.4 Transportation 41 3.3.5 Other Sectors 45 3.3.6 Total Energy Demand 49 3.3.7 Environmental Impacts of the BAU Scenario 52 4 Alternative Scenarios 55 4.1 Scenario I: Efficiency 56 4.1.1 Households 56 4.1.2 Manufacturing Industries 59 4.1.3 Transportation 62 4.1.4 Other Sectors 63
Load more

Recommended publications
  • After the Sanctions: Iran's Renewable Energy Outlook. a Technical
    Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. MSc Program http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng After the sanctions: Iran’s renewable energy outlook. A technical, economic and policy analysis. A Master’s Thesis submitted for the degree of “Master of Science” supervised by Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Gustav Resch Bernhard Florian Zlanabitnig 9403445 November 2016, Vienna Affidavit I, Bernhard Florian Zlanabitnig, hereby declare 1. that I am the sole author of the present Master Thesis, "After the sanctions: Iran’s renewable energy outlook. A technical, economic and policy analysis.", 148 pages, bound, and that I have not used any source or tool other than those referenced or any other illicit aid or tool, and 2. that I have not prior to this date submitted this Master Thesis as an examination paper in any form in Austria or abroad. Vienna, 22.11.2016 ___________________________ Date Signature ACKNOWLEDGEMENT "As you start to walk on the way, the way appears". Rumi (Persian poet) I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Liz Hiester. I would not have been able to submit my application for the ‘Presse Stipendium’ without her. With the same deep gratitude I would like to thank ‘Die Presse’, the Continuing Education Center of the Technical University Vienna and the ‘Energiepark Bruck/Leitha’ for granting me this generous scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Subsidy Reform in Mena Oil Exporters
    OIL PRICES, POLITICAL INSTABILITY, AND ENERGY SUBSIDY REFORM IN MENA OIL EXPORTERS Jim Krane, Ph.D. Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy Studies Francisco J. Monaldi, Ph.D. Fellow in Latin American Energy Policy May 2017 © 2017 by the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University This material may be quoted or reproduced without prior permission, provided appropriate credit is given to the authors and the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Wherever feasible, papers are reviewed by outside experts before they are released. However, the research and views expressed in this paper are those of the individual researchers and do not necessarily represent the views of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Jim Krane, Ph.D. Francisco J. Monaldi, Ph.D. “Oil Prices, Political Instability, and Energy Subsidy Reform in MENA Oil Exporters” Energy Subsidy Reform in MENA Oil Exporters Abstract Since the nationalization of petroleum sectors in the 1970s, low, state-subsidized prices of energy products and services have been a policy fixture of Middle Eastern oil producers. Starting in late 2014, however, many oil-producing governments began to reduce subsidies. Prices of fuels and services have risen in the six Gulf monarchies, as well as in Iran, Algeria, and Egypt. These subsidy reforms followed successful test cases in Iran in 2010 and Dubai in 2011, when price increases were accepted by the public with minimal backlash. Such reforms are understood to be politically illegitimate in autocratic settings where in-kind energy is supplied to citizens in lieu of public support for the government.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase-Out 2020: Monitoring Europe's Fossil Fuel Subsidies
    Brief Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hungary Phase-out 2020: monitoring Italy Netherlands Poland Europe’s fossil fuel subsidies Spain Sweden Leah Worrall and Matthias Runkel United Kingdom September 2017 European Union Italy Key Leading on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies: findings • Italy is demonstrating commitment to report on its fossil fuel subsidies, as part of the EU agreements. Following the approval of a Green Economy package by Parliament, the Italian Ministry of Environment released a summary of subsidies with harmful and beneficial impacts on the environment. This includes Italy’s tax expenditures and budgetary support for fossil fuels, but does not include support provided through public finance or state-owned enterprises . • Domestic oil and gas production are in decline, which may account for low domestic support for fossil fuel production infrastructure in Italy through its development bank Cassa Depositi e Prestiti (CDP). • Remaining national subsidies to coal mining and coal-fired power are comparatively low in Italy, indicating the possibility for a complete phase-out of support for these subsidies by 2018, in line with its EU-level commitment to phase out hard-coal mining by 2018. Lagging on phasing out fossil fuel subsidies: • The Fiscal Reform Delegation Law introduced in 2014 required the removal of environmentally harmful subsidies, but it has never been implemented. All sectors reviewed in this analysis still receive fossil-fuel subsidies (see Table 1). • The transport sector receives the most support through government spending. This includes a reduced excise tax rate for diesel compared with petrol fuel, at an annual average cost of €5 billion.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Power Business in the Middle East and North Africa
    UNIVERISTY OF VAASA FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION Marhaf Kharat Halou WIND POWER BUSINESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA Market Analysis through Supply Chain and Marketing Perspectives Master‟s Thesis in Economics and Business Administration Industrial Management VAASA 2012 2 FOREWORD Firstly, thanks God almighty for supporting me through all my life. Then I would like to thank my thesis Supervisor, Professor Petri Helo for his time and support which I cannot describe with words. I have personally learned a lot through the endeavor. I believe that our mission in life is to live in peace and harmony while as we develop innovations for making our lives easier without harming our environment. Renewable energy is the key for green future. I would like to thank my family members for supporting and believing in me; I would not have achieved any of this without their support. I would like to thank my friends and all Industrial Management group staff at university of Vaasa for their help and knowledge. I would like to thank Finland as a great country for offering this opportunity to develop my skills and to deepen my international life experiences and work experiences. Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my dearest parents for making it possible to be where I am now but the true dedication should go to the Syrian revolution and its martyrs who taught us the true meaning of dignity and ambition. They were the real motivation for me to go ahead in my life and feel the need to improve myself, to prove that our youth can go beyond the barriers and restrictions, and to share a very small part of the success with those brave people who gave it all to our country.
    [Show full text]
  • Phase-Out 2020: Monitoring Europe's Fossil Fuel Subsidies
    Phase-out 2020 Monitoring Europe’s fossil fuel subsidies Ipek Gençsü, Maeve McLynn, Matthias Runkel, Markus Trilling, Laurie van der Burg, Leah Worrall, Shelagh Whitley, and Florian Zerzawy September 2017 Report partners ODI is the UK’s leading independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues. Climate Action Network (CAN) Europe is Europe’s largest coalition working on climate and energy issues. Readers are encouraged to reproduce material for their own publications, as long as they are not being sold commercially. As copyright holders, ODI and Overseas Development Institute CAN Europe request due acknowledgement and a copy of the publication. For 203 Blackfriars Road CAN Europe online use, we ask readers to link to the original resource on the ODI website. London SE1 8NJ Rue d’Edimbourg 26 The views presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not Tel +44 (0)20 7922 0300 1050 Brussels, Belgium necessarily represent the views of ODI or our partners. Fax +44 (0)20 7922 0399 Tel: +32 (0) 28944670 www.odi.org www.caneurope.org © Overseas Development Institute and CAN Europe 2017. This work is licensed [email protected] [email protected] under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial Licence (CC BY-NC 4.0). Cover photo: Oil refinery in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany – Ralf Vetterle (CC0 creative commons license). 2 Report Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for support and advice on the report from: Dave Jones of Sandbag UK, Colin Roche of Friends of the Earth Europe, Andrew Scott and Sejal Patel of the Overseas Development Institute, Helena Wright of E3G, and Andrew Murphy of Transport & Environment, and Alex Doukas of Oil Change International.
    [Show full text]
  • "Subsidies and Costs of EU Energy", Ecofys, 2014
    Subsidies and costs of EU energy Final report Subsidies and costs of EU energy Final report By: Sacha Alberici, Sil Boeve, Pieter van Breevoort, Yvonne Deng, Sonja Förster, Ann Gardiner, Valentijn van Gastel, Katharina Grave, Heleen Groenenberg, David de Jager, Erik Klaassen, Willemijn Pouwels, Matthew Smith, Erika de Visser, Thomas Winkel, Karlien Wouters Date: 11 November 2014 Project number: DESNL14583 Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Kornelis Blok This study was ordered and paid for by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy. All copyright is vested in the European Commission. The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. © Ecofys 2014 by order of: European Commission A cooperation of: This project was carried out and authored by Ecofys. KPMG, the Centre for Social and Economic Research (CASE) and CE Delft provided data collection support with regard to public interventions in 28 Member States. KPMG collected data for twenty Member States and CASE and CE Delft collected data for the remaining eight. We wish to thank CE Delft and CASE also for helpful discussions during the development of the methodology. Summary Introduction The way energy markets function and the effect of government interventions in the European Union has been the subject of much debate in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in WTO Law and Policy
    Energy in WTO law and policy THOMAS COTTIER, GARBA MALUMFASHI, SOFYA MATTEOTTI-BERKUTOVA, OLGA NARTOVA, ∗ JOËLLE DE SÉPIBUS AND SADEQ Z.BIGDELI KEY MESSAGES • The regulation of energy in international law is highly fragmented and largely incoherent. We submit that pertinent issues should be addressed by a future Framework Agreement on Energy within WTO law. • Successful regulation of energy requires a coherent combination of rules both on goods and services. Energy services require new classifications suitable to deal coherently with energy as an integrated sector. • Rules on subsidies relating to energy call for new approaches within the Framework Agreement on Energy. A distinction should be made between renewable and non- renewable energy. Moreover, disciplines need to be developed in the context of emission trading. • The Framework Agreement should address the problem of restricting energy production and export restrictions. • Disciplines on government procurement are able to take into account policies on green procurement, but a number of changes to the GPA Agreement will be required to make green procurement more effective and attractive. • In view of the close interactions between the energy sector and climate change, formulating effective rules to address energy under the WTO system will catalyse coherence and complementarity between the climate and trade regimes A. Introduction 60 years ago, when the rules of the GATT were negotiated, world energy demand was a fraction of what it is today and so were energy prices.1 While energy has always been a crucial factor in geopolitics, at that time liberalising trade in energy was not a political priority. The industry was largely dominated by state run monopolies and thus governed by strict territorial allocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Phasing out Energy Subsidies to Improve Energy Mix: a Dead End
    energies Article Phasing out Energy Subsidies to Improve Energy Mix: A Dead End Djoni Hartono 1,* , Ahmad Komarulzaman 2, Tony Irawan 3 and Anda Nugroho 4 1 Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia 2 Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; [email protected] 3 Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; [email protected] 4 Fiscal Policy Agency, Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta 10710, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-21-727-2425 or +62-21-727-2646 Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 30 April 2020; Published: 5 May 2020 Abstract: A major energy transformation is required to prolong the rise in global temperature below 2 ◦C. The Indonesian government (GoI) has set a strategy to gradually remove fuel subsidies to meet its 2050 ambitious energy targets. Using a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, the present study aimed to determine whether or not the current energy subsidy reforms would meet the targets of both energy mix and energy intensity. It also incorporated the environmental aspect while developing a source of a detailed database in the energy sector. The energy subsidy reform policy (followed by an increase in infrastructure and renewable energy investments) could be the most appropriate alternative policy if the government aims to reduce energy intensity and emission, as well as improve energy diversification without pronounced reductions in the sectorial and overall economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidies, Externalities and Climate Change
    SUBSIDIES, EXTERNALITIES, AND CLIMATE CHANGE: WHETHER ELIMINATING ENERGY TAX SUBSIDIES AND TAXING CARBON IS ENOUGH BY HANNAH BENTLEY The author wishes to thank the following individuals and institutions for their invaluable assistance on this paper and the hard work on the issues it raises: Tax LLM Director Jennifer Kowal, Professor Theodore Seto, Professor Katherine Pratt, Professor Katherine Trisolini, Tax LLM Graduate Joel Wilde, Professor Ed Robbins, Loyola Law School Los Angeles; John Stephens, Director, Graduate Tax Program, Professor Richard Pomp, Assistant Dean Michelle Kirkland, Office of Academic Services, Professor Katrina Wyman, NYU Law School; Kelsang Tangpa and the students at the Mahamudra Kadampa Buddhist Center (Hermosa Beach, California); Geshe Norbu Chophol, Kensur Rinpoche Lobsang Jamyang, and the students at the Geden Shoeling Tibetan Manjushri Center (Westminster, California); Anna Rondon; Levon Bennally; and the Environmental Defense Fund 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION – WOULD ELIMINATING ENERGY TAX SUBSIDIES AND TAXING CARBON BE A GOOD IDEA?...............................................................4 II. TAX SUBSIDIES, OTHER SUBSIDIES, AND EXTERNALITIES – EFFICIENCY THEORY AND APPLICATION IN THREE CASES………………………………8 A. THE EFFICIENT MARKETPLACE PREMISE AND THE THEORY OF THE SECOND BEST…………………………………………………………….8 B. TAX SUBSIDIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DIRECT EXPENDITURES AND EXTERNALITIES…………………………………………………………10 C. SUBSIDIES AND EXTERNALITIES IN THREE SECTORS: OIL AND GAS, NUCLEAR, AND SOLAR………………………………………………….12 D. ENERGY SUBSIDIES AND EXTERNALITIES – THREE CASES…………….13 1. OIL AND GAS…………………………………………………..13 a. TAX SUBSIDIES…………………………………………..14 b. OTHER SUBSIDIES……………………………………….18 c. EXTERNALITIES…………………………………………19 2. NUCLEAR ENERGY…………………………………………….22 a. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..22 b. SUBSIDIES AND EXTERNALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH STEPS IN THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE………………………….23 1. URANIUM MINING AND ENRICHMENT………………23 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics of the Iranian Nuclear Energy Program
    Geopolitics of the Iranian Nuclear Energy Program But Oil and Gas Still Matter CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES A Report of the CSIS Energy and National Security Program 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 author Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Robert E. Ebel E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org March 2010 ISBN 978-0-89206-600-1 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC & Ë|xHSKITCy066001zv*:+:!:+:! CSIS INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Geopolitics of the Iranian Nuclear Energy Program But Oil and Gas Still Matter A Report of the CSIS Energy and National Security Program author Robert E. Ebel March 2010 About CSIS In an era of ever-changing global opportunities and challenges, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) provides strategic insights and practical policy solutions to decision- makers. CSIS conducts research and analysis and develops policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke at the height of the Cold War, CSIS was dedicated to the simple but urgent goal of finding ways for America to survive as a nation and prosper as a people. Since 1962, CSIS has grown to become one of the world’s preeminent public policy institutions. Today, CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. More than 220 full-time staff and a large network of affiliated scholars focus their expertise on defense and security; on the world’s regions and the unique challenges inherent to them; and on the issues that know no boundary in an increasingly connected world.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind and Solar Energy Developments in Iran
    WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAN H. Kazemi Karegara,b, A.Zahedia,V. Ohisa, G. taleghanib and M. Khalajib aDepartment of Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering, PO Box 35, Monash University, Victoria 3800 bCentre of Renewable Energy Research and Application, North Amir Abad, Tehran/Iran Abstract This paper presents the potential for wind and solar energy in Iran and shows how much electric energy is now produced by renewable power plants compared to steam and gas. The importance of renewable energy effects on Iran’s environment and economy is also discussed and the issue of the contribution of renewable energy for producing electricity in the future will be shown. Also this paper highlights the ability of Iran to manufacture the components of the wind turbine and solar system locally, and its effect on the price of wind turbine and solar energy. Key Words: Renewable Energy, Wind Turbine, Solar Energy 1. INTRODUCTION 2. RENEWABLE ENERGY MOTIVATION IN IRAN Iran is known as the second largest oil production member in Organization of Petrol Export Country (OPEC) with The necessity of renewable energy in Iran can be categorized production near 3.5 million barrel oil per day and accounts in two main issues: a) Environmental pollution and b) More for roughly 5% of global oil outputs. Also, Iran contains an oil and gas export. estimated 812 Trillion Cubic Feet (TFC) in proven natural gas reserves, surpassed only by Russia in the world [1]. As mentioned before, the most important environmental problem that Iran faces is air pollution. Since 1980, carbon Electric power generation installed in Iran is about 32.5 Giga emission in Iran has increased 240% from 33.1 million Watts (GW) with more than 87% being from thermal natural metric tons to 79.4 million metric tons in 1998 [3] and is still gas fired power plant.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Energy and Renewable Energy Policies in Iran
    sustainability Review A Review on Energy and Renewable Energy Policies in Iran Saeed Solaymani Department of Economics, Faculty of Administration and Economics, Arak University, Arak 38156879, Iran; [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +98-8632621000 Abstract: Iran, endowed with abundant renewable and non-renewable energy resources, particularly non-renewable resources, faces challenges such as air pollution, climate change and energy security. As a leading exporter and consumer of fossil fuels, it is also attempting to use renewable energy as part of its energy mix toward energy security and sustainability. Due to its favorable geographic char- acteristics, Iran has diverse and accessible renewable sources, which provide appropriate substitutes to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Therefore, this study aims to examine trends in energy demand, policies and development of renewable energies and the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energies and economic growth using two methodologies. This study first reviews the current state of energy and energy policies and then employs Granger causality analysis to test the relationships between the variables considered. Results showed that renewable energy technologies currently do not have a significant and adequate role in the energy supply of Iran. To encourage the use of renewable energy, especially in electricity production, fuel diversification policies and development program goals were introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. Diversifying energy resources is a key pillar of Iran’s new plan. In addition to solar and hydropower, biomass from the municipal waste from large cities and other agricultural products, including fruits, can be used to generate energy and renewable sources.
    [Show full text]