Vocabulary in Context: Mysteries, Curiosities & Wonders

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Three Sides of the Bermuda Triangle...... 1 The Marvel of Monarchs...... 9 Aliens at Roswell?...... 17 The Year without a Summer...... 25 Who Was King Arthur?...... 33 Stonehenge...... 41

The Great Pyramids of Giza...... 49 Who Wrote “Shakespeare”?...... 57 “Nessie”...... 65 Japan’s Atlantis...... 73 Where is Amelia Earhart?...... 81 The Amazing Neutrino...... 89 Roanoke, The Lost Colony...... 97 Creatures from the Abyss...... 105 The Speed of Light...... 113 Stone Age Surgery...... 121 Bigfoot...... 129

Vocabulary...... 137 Aliens at roswell? The Marvel of the Monarch

Butterfly GPS Here Comes the Sun Compass “RAAF CAPTURES FLYING SAUCER on Ranch Brazel could have been right. What he saw If you wanted to travel to a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses to in Roswell Region” ran the headline in the Roswell may not have been a typical weather balloon. whereDaily far Recordaway—a on smallJuly 8, forest 1947. Thisin Mexico, story initiated for guideDeclassified them to theirmilitary destinations. reports describe Similarly, a top-secret mon- example—howthe Roswell would legend you that get still there? circulates You mighttoday: A archprogram butterflies called Project use an MOGUL. innate sense—whatThe items Brazel sci- start flyingwith some saucer seriously crashed savvy on a ranchtech tools. outside Even of town,a entistsfound callmay a “sunhave compass”—tobeen created findby thetheir United way to state-of-the-artand the US GPS military won’t helpsurreptitiously you navigate brought the oneStates specific for reconnaissance forest in purposes.Michoacán. In 1947, They in accom- labyrinthinethe debris forestand alien of intertwining bodies back treesto the once base. plishthe middlethis feat of withthe Cold a precision War, tensions that researchers were high you’reThe there, following though. day, You the might public stop was to toldask for have longbetween sought the to Unitedcomprehend. States andMonarchs the Soviet can directionsthat what along was the discovered way, but that was strategy a simple is un- remain onUnion—a course by communist determining dictatorship whether madeto fly weather balloon. up of Russia and other countries in predictable and can go awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward How much of the story is true? Eastern Europe. Fearing nuclear war, methodCould you events choose, that it’ll occurred likely involveten years external the sun. Thisthe ability,US created while a extraordinary,system that could does tools apart,or resources blended ofwith some the public’skind. However, paranoia what have a seriousdetect flaw. the sounds The sun of aircraftdoesn’t and remain missiles. fixed if youabout decided UFOs, to evolvetrust only into theyour myth instinctive we have un- in the sky,The so government it’s not a stationary developed reference balloons point.made derstandingtoday? Onof thehow other to get hand, there? is the The government monarch Howof is synthetic it possible rubber, for monarchs parchment, to overcome and plastic. this butterfly—acovering upprimarily an alien Northinvasion? American Both theories species seeminglyThese bear insurmountable a striking resemblance obstacle? to what Brazel adoredoriginated for its vibrant from a black,single orange,incident, and but white then found Imagine, and, forfurthermore, a moment, would that lookyou’re unfamiliar a travel- wings—doesdeviated. exactly that. Unlike us, however, ingto monarchsomeone butterfly. who had It’sseen morning. ordinary It’s weather time to On June 14th, a cattle rancher, Mac Brazel, was balloons before. monarchs won’t get lost twenty minutes after take to the skies and continue the long, difficult walking with his eight-year-old son and saw that Even if the mysterious debris could be ex- leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east, something had fallen on his property. When he plained by Project MOGUL, what could account Everyinvestigated autumn, the millions wreckage of onmonarch July 4th ,butter he found- offor course, the alien so in bodies order peopleto head believe south, wereyou need found to flies whatmigrate he acrossdescribed North as “rubberAmerica strips,in what tinfoil, Lin- a flywith to the the wreckage? right of it. However, the sun is rising coln Brower,rather tough an expert paper, on andmonarchs, sticks.” called Two “oneweather by theOne minute. explanation How iscan that you in fly the in 1950s, the correct the US di- of theballoons most spectacularhad gone down natural in the phenomena area in the inpast, rectionmilitary if wantedyour critical to design point better of reference parachutes. moves To the world.”yet this (One debris monarch looked completely population different. makes Brazelan alltest the the time? physical It’s a effects good thingon falling you havepilots, circadian the Air especiallyhad never lengthy seen journey. anything These like itamazing before and insects neither rhythmForce dropped—an “internal mannequins clock” thatresembling controls humans sleep/ had the local authorities. After being informed near Roswell. Witnesses may have seen army travel from the northeastern US to a forest in the wake cycles and other physiological process- of the accident, the Roswell Army Air Force vehicles driving to the site to recover them and, Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself hurriedly retrieved the debris and brought it back incredulously, believed the government was tak- southwesternto their base. coast, The up followingto 3,000 milesday, they away.) gave To their ining relation away aliento the corpses. sun’s positionIn fact, the throughout mannequins the achieveofficial this astonishingreport: It was feat, just the a weatherbutterflies balloon. use a day.likely Between inspired your the “sunimage compass” of aliens and(called circadian “Grey geneticallySpeculation encoded began ability almost to rely immediately: on two natural What rhythm,Aliens” youor “Greys”) might think, that is this prevalent getting-to-Micho in the mod-- guides:really the happened?position of What, the sun exactly, in the did sky Brazel and the find? acánern media.thing might not be so tough after all. Then, earth’sWas magnetic the gullible field. public easily misled by a lying it hitsThen, you: in What 1956, if the a KC-97Gsun isn’t visible?airplane Howcrashed will government? Recently acquired information may I nearmake Roswell. it to Michoacán? A fire in the cabin had killed the hold the answers. crew, and the bodies that were removed from the It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. 1717 Vocabulary in Context: Mysteries, Curiosities & Wonders

wreckage were barely recognizable as humans. Another event that often goes unreported and When they were taken to be autopsied, even the corroborates Brazel’s story is the testimony of nurses in the hospital thought the dead men were Mr. and Mrs. Wilmot, Roswell residents who The Marvel of the Monarch extraterrestrials. If a nurse could make such a saw a UFO in the sky around the same time as mistake, couldn’t the average citizen? the crash, giving additional credence to Brazel’s While the argument explaining the event account. They described an aircraft that was “oval Butterfly GPS Here Comes the Sun Compass through historical events may seem convincing, in shape, like two inverted saucers, faced mouth to If you wanted to travel to a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses toit contains several flaws. To begin with, if the gov- mouth….glow[ing] as though light were showing where far away—a small forest in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon-ernment wasn’t covering up an alien spacecraft, through from inside,” They also said it traveled example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci-why did the Air Force remove the debris imme- at 400-500 mph across the sky without a sound. start with some seriously savvy tech tools. Even a entists call a “sun compass”—to find their way todiately? Furthermore, if the balloon were part of Could it be the object they saw was the same as state-of-the-art GPS won’t help you navigate the one specific forest in Michoacán. They accom-Project MOGUL, why did it take so long for the Brazel’s—or possibly an accompanying ship? labyrinthine forest of intertwining trees once plish this feat with a precision that researcherstruth to be released, long after the Cold War had Arguments made on both sides of the Roswell ended? Since the balloons had all been replaced incident are very convincing, which is why there is you’re there, though. You might stop to ask for have long sought to comprehend. Monarchs can with newer technology, why would archaic equip- ongoing discourse among believers and skeptics. directions along the way, but that strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly ment be protected for so long? Are people’s imaginations leading them to believe predictable and can go awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward Another major issue with this argument is that outlandish things? Or are secretive studies of method you choose, it’ll likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, doesthe three incidents described happened over the extraterrestrial life being hidden from the public? tools or resources of some kind. However, what have a serious flaw. The sun doesn’t remain fixedcourse of nine years. It certainly is possible for Possibly, nobody will ever know the truth. if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point.people to accidentally and erroneously meld derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome thisseveral separate events into one. However, isn’t butterfly—a primarily North American species seemingly insurmountable obstacle? it foolish to believe such a convoluted story as that one? adored for its vibrant black, orange, and white Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- It is also impossible that the dummy drops and wings—does exactly that. Unlike us, however, ing monarch butterfly. It’s morning. It’s time to the airplane crash inspired the image of the Grey monarchs won’t get lost twenty minutes after take to the skies and continue the long, difficultAliens. That depiction of alien life appeared long leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east,before Roswell. In 1933, Swedish author Gustav Every autumn, millions of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need toSandgren wrote the following in his work Den flies migrate across North America in what Lin- fly to the right of it. However, the sun is risingokända faran (The Unknown Danger): coln Brower, an expert on monarchs, called “one by the minute. How can you fly in the correct di- […] the creatures did not resemble any race of the most spectacular natural phenomena in rection if your critical point of reference moves of humans. They were short…and their the world.” (One monarch population makes an all the time? It’s a good thing you have circadian heads were big and bald, with strong, square foreheads, and very small noses and mouths, especially lengthy journey. These amazing insects rhythm—an “internal clock” that controls sleep/ and weak chins. What was most extraordi- travel from the northeastern US to a forest in the wake cycles and other physiological process- nary about them were the eyes—large, dark, Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself gleaming, with a sharp gaze…. southwestern coast, up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the The description bears great similarity to how achieve this astonishing feat, the butterflies use a day. Between your “sun compass” and circadianwe generally depict an extraterrestrial—and came genetically encoded ability to rely on two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho-fourteen years before the Roswell incident. guides: the position of the sun in the sky and the acán thing might not be so tough after all. Then, earth’s magnetic field. it hits you: What if the sun isn’t visible? How will I make it to Michoacán? It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. 18 Aliens at Roswell?

Exercise 1 Word list Use the context in which the word is used to determine what the word probably means. Write a brief definition in the space provided.The Marvel of the Monarch

Butterfly1. archaic: GPS ______Here Comes the Sun Compass If you wantedSince tothe travel balloons to a hadprecise all been location replaced some with- newerFor centuries, technology, humans why would have archaic used compasses equipment to where farbe away—aprotected small for so forestlong? in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon- example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci- start 2.with convoluted: some seriously ______savvy tech tools. Even a entists call a “sun compass”—to find their way to state-of-the-art Another GPS major won’t issue help with you this navigate argument the is that onethe three specific incidents forest described in Michoacán.happened over They accom- labyrinthinethe course forest of nineof intertwining years. It certainly trees isonce possible plish for people this featto accidentally with a precision and erroneously that researchers meld you’re there,several though. separate You events might into stop one. to However, ask for isn’thave it foolish long to sought believe to such comprehend. a convoluted Monarchs story as can directionsthat along one? the way, but that strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly predictable and can go awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward 3. corroborate: ______method you choose, it’ll likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, does tools or resourcesAnother event of some that oftenkind. goes However, unreported what and corroborateshave a serious Brazel’s flaw. storyThe sunis the doesn’t testimony remain of fixed Mr. and Mrs. Wilmot, Roswell residents who saw a UFO in the sky around the same time as the if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point. crash, giving additional credence to Brazel’s account. derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome this butterfly—a4. credence: primarily ______North American species seemingly insurmountable obstacle? Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- adored forAnother its vibrant event that black, often orange, goes unr andeported white and corroborates Brazel’s story is the testimony of wings—doesMr. andexactly Mrs. Wilmot,that. Unlike Roswell us, residents however, who sawing a monarchUFO in the butterfly. sky around It’s the morning. same time It’s as time the to monarchscrash, won’t giving get additionallost twenty credence minutes to Brazel’safter account.take to the skies and continue the long, difficult leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east, Every5. depiction: autumn, _millions______of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need to flies migrateIt is also across impossible North thatAmerica the dummy in what dr opsLin- andfly the toairplane the right crash of inspiredit. However, the image the sunof the is Greyrising coln Brower,aliens. an That expert depiction on monarchs, of alien calledlife appeared “one longby beforethe minute. Roswell. How can you fly in the correct di- of the most spectacular natural phenomena in rection if your critical point of reference moves the world.”6. discourse: (One monarch ______population makes an all the time? It’s a good thing you have circadian especially Ar lengthyguments journey. made on These both amazingsides of the insects Roswell incidentrhythm —anare very “internal convincing, clock” which that controlsis why there sleep/ is travel fromongoing the northeastern discourse among US to believers a forest inand the skeptics. wake cycles and other physiological process- Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself southwestern7. erroneous: coast, ______up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the achieve thisAnother astonishing major issue feat, with the butterfliesthis argument use is athat day.the three Between incidents your described“sun compass” happened and over circadian the course of nine years. It certainly is possible for people to accidentally and erroneously meld genetically encoded ability to rely on two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho- several separate events into one. However, isn’t it foolish to believe such a convoluted story as guides: thethat position one? of the sun in the sky and the acán thing might not be so tough after all. Then, earth’s magnetic field. it hits you: What if the sun isn’t visible? How will 8. gullible: ______I make it to Michoacán? Was the gullible public easily misled by a lying government?It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. 1919 Vocabulary in Context: Mysteries, Curiosities & Wonders

9. incredulous: ______Witnesses may have seen army vehicles driving to the site to recover them and, incredulously, believed the government was taking away alien corpses. The Marvel of the Monarch 10. reconnaissance: ______Butterfly GPS Here Comes the Sun Compass The items Brazel found may have been created by the United States for reconnaissance If you wanted to travel to a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses to purposes….Fearing nuclear war, the US created a system that could detect the sounds of aircraft where far away—a small forest in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon- and missiles. example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci- 11. surreptitious: ______start with some seriously savvy tech tools. Even a entists call a “sun compass”—to find their way to state-of-the-art GPS won’t help you navigate the one specific forest in Michoacán. They accom- A flying saucer crashed on a ranch outside of town, and the US military surreptitiously brought the debris and alien bodies back to the base. The following day, the public was told that what was labyrinthine forest of intertwining trees once plish this feat with a precision that researchers discovered was a simple weather balloon. you’re there, though. You might stop to ask for have long sought to comprehend. Monarchs can directions along the way, but that strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly predictable and can go awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward Exercise 2 Using words in context method you choose, it’ll likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, doesFill in the blank with the vocabulary word that best completes the sentence. In some cases, you may need to tools or resources of some kind. However, what have a serious flaw. The sun doesn’t remain fixedchange the tense or form of a verb or the number of a noun. if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point. derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome this discourse credence gullible corroborate archaic reconnaissance butterfly—a primarily North American species seemingly insurmountable obstacle? convoluted depiction erroneous incredulous surreptitious adored for its vibrant black, orange, and white Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- wings—does exactly that. Unlike us, however, ing monarch butterfly. It’s morning. It’s time to1. Liz got a failing grade on her assignment because of her ______interpretation of the directions. monarchs won’t get lost twenty minutes after take to the skies and continue the long, difficult leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east,2. The tour guide’s discussion of the mining industry was so ______that it Every autumn, millions of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need to confused the visitors, who felt that they had not learned anything. flies migrate across North America in what Lin- fly to the right of it. However, the sun is rising 3. The ______of Bigfoot in the television series did not match the description coln Brower, an expert on monarchs, called “one by the minute. How can you fly in the correct di- provided by the witnesses. of the most spectacular natural phenomena in rection if your critical point of reference moves the world.” (One monarch population makes an all the time? It’s a good thing you have circadian4. The scout went on a(n) ______mission to learn the position of the German especially lengthy journey. These amazing insects rhythm—an “internal clock” that controls sleep/ army. travel from the northeastern US to a forest in the wake cycles and other physiological process5.- The antagonist of the play lurked ______in the shadows and eavesdropped on Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself the two main characters’ conversations. southwestern coast, up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the achieve this astonishing feat, the butterflies use a day. Between your “sun compass” and circadian6. Many ______medical practices, such as the use of leeches, have been replaced with newer, more effective practices. genetically encoded ability to rely on two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho- guides: the position of the sun in the sky and the acán thing might not be so tough after all. Then7., The presentation ended with a formal ______between two geology experts who earth’s magnetic field. it hits you: What if the sun isn’t visible? How will had differing opinions about the fossils. I make it to Michoacán? 8. Photographs and video recordings may ______the idea that the chupacabra, a It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. legendary goat-eating creature, actually exists. 20 Aliens at Roswell?

9. Several ______people believed the alien autopsy video was real, despite the overwhelming opinion that it was a hoax.

10. We were ______when Mike said he had run a marathon in record time, especially Thesince he didn’tMarvel have any proof. of the Monarch

Butterfly11. A manuscript GPS from the 12th century lends ______Here Comes the toSun the Compassargument that King If you wantedArthur to really travel existed. to a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses to where far away—a small forest in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon- example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci- start withExercise some seriously 3 Reading savvy tech Comprehension tools. Even a entists and callAnal a “sunysis compass”—to find their way to state-of-the-artSelect the best GPS answers won’t to helpthe following you navigate questions the based oneon a close specific and thorough forest reading in Michoacán.of “Aliens at Roswell?” They accom- labyrinthine forest of intertwining trees once plish this feat with a precision that researchers 1. How is this passage organized? you’re there, though. You might stop to ask for have long sought to comprehend. Monarchs can directions A. along chronologically the way, but that strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly predictable B. andpoint can and go counterpoint awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward method C.you causechoose, and it’lleffect likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, does tools or resources of some kind. However, what have a serious flaw. The sun doesn’t remain fixed D. order of importance if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point. E. by topic derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome this butterfly—a primarily North American species seemingly insurmountable obstacle? adored2. forThe its author’ vibrants intention black, oforange, this passage and white is to Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- wings—does A. convinceexactly thethat. reader Unlike that us,extraterrestrials however, areing real. monarch butterfly. It’s morning. It’s time to monarchs B. won’treveal get the lostinformation twenty thatminutes was leaked after abouttake Project to the MOGUL. skies and continue the long, difficult leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east, C. present two opposing sides on the Roswell debate. Every autumn, millions of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need to D. explain why aliens are portrayed the way they are. flies migrate across North America in what Lin- fly to the right of it. However, the sun is rising coln Brower, E. discr an expertedit Mac on Brazel’s monarchs, and thecalled Wilmots’ “one stories.by the minute. How can you fly in the correct di- of the most spectacular natural phenomena in rection if your critical point of reference moves the world.”3. Re-r (Oneead the monarch following population excerpt from makes the passage:an all the time? It’s a good thing you have circadian especially lengthy“How muchjourney. of the These story amazing is true? Could insects events rhythmthat occurred—an ten“internal years apart, clock” blended that controlswith the sleep/ travel from thepublic’s northeastern paranoia about US toUFOs, a forest evolve in intothe the mythwake we cycles have today?and other On the physiological other hand, is the process - Mexican stategovernment of Michoacán, covering upon an the alien country’s invasion? Bothes—to theories tell originated you how from to acorrectly single incident, orient but yourself then deviated.” southwestern coast, up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the achieve thisWhat astonishing is the purpose feat, of the the butterflies rhetorical questions?use a day. Between your “sun compass” and circadian genetically A. encodedThey captur abilitye the to reader’s rely on attention. two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho- guides: theB. positionThey intr ofoduce the sun the inopposing the sky arguments and the to acánbe discussed. thing might not be so tough after all. Then, earth’s magnetic field. it hits you: What if the sun isn’t visible? How will C. They explain how the UFO myth began. I make it to Michoacán? D. They allude to the wreckage on Mac Brazel’s property.It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. E. They mimic the questions of the local authorities in Roswell in 1947. 21 Vocabulary in Context: Mysteries, Curiosities & Wonders

4. When discussing the plane crash, the writer specifically mentions the opinions of the nurses in order to A. persuade the reader by stating the beliefs of specific individuals. The Marvel of the Monarch B. use the opinions of people with expertise to strengthen an argument. C. distract the reader by introducing an unrelated topic. Butterfly GPS Here Comes the Sun Compass If you wanted to travel to a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses to D. oversimplify the problem and easily discredit it. where far away—a small forest in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon - E. get the reader to adopt the popular opinion. example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci- start with some seriously savvy tech tools. Even a entists call a “sun compass”—to find their way to5. What would be the best alternative title for the passage? state-of-the-art GPS won’t help you navigate the one specific forest in Michoacán. They accom- A. Mac Brazel’s Famous UFO labyrinthine forest of intertwining trees once plish this feat with a precision that researchers B. Truth of Roswell Discovered you’re there, though. You might stop to ask for have long sought to comprehend. Monarchs can directions along the way, but that strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly C. Roswell: Skeptics vs. Believers predictable and can go awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward D. The Link between Roswell and Aliens method you choose, it’ll likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, does E. The Government Conspiracy called Roswell tools or resources of some kind. However, what have a serious flaw. The sun doesn’t remain fixed if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point. derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome this butterfly—a primarily North American species seemingly insurmountable obstacle? adored for its vibrant black, orange, and white Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- wings—does exactly that. Unlike us, however, ing monarch butterfly. It’s morning. It’s time to monarchs won’t get lost twenty minutes after take to the skies and continue the long, difficult leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east, Every autumn, millions of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need to flies migrate across North America in what Lin- fly to the right of it. However, the sun is rising coln Brower, an expert on monarchs, called “one by the minute. How can you fly in the correct di- of the most spectacular natural phenomena in rection if your critical point of reference moves the world.” (One monarch population makes an all the time? It’s a good thing you have circadian especially lengthy journey. These amazing insects rhythm—an “internal clock” that controls sleep/ travel from the northeastern US to a forest in the wake cycles and other physiological process- Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself southwestern coast, up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the achieve this astonishing feat, the butterflies use a day. Between your “sun compass” and circadian genetically encoded ability to rely on two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho- guides: the position of the sun in the sky and the acán thing might not be so tough after all. Then, earth’s magnetic field. it hits you: What if the sun isn’t visible? How will I make it to Michoacán? It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. 22 Aliens at Roswell?

Exercise 4 Making Inferences Choose the best answer. The Marvel of the Monarch 1. If the computers in the lab are archaic, they most likely Butterfly A. haveGPS outdated technology. Here Comes the Sun Compass If you wantedB. don’t to travel work to properly. a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses to where farC. away—aare used smallfrequently. forest in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon- example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci- D. need to be replaced. start with some seriously savvy tech tools. Even a entists call a “sun compass”—to find their way to state-of-the-art GPS won’t help you navigate the one specific forest in Michoacán. They accom- 2. Of the following, which is the best example of a surreptitious act? labyrinthine forest of intertwining trees once plish this feat with a precision that researchers you’re there,A. decorating though. You a hall might for a partystop to ask for have long sought to comprehend. Monarchs can directions B. alonglistening the way,to a friend’sbut that secret strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly predictable C. andwriting can a go novel awry by one’squickly. self Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward method you choose, it’ll likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, does D. sneaking into a movie theater tools or resources of some kind. However, what have a serious flaw. The sun doesn’t remain fixed if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point. 3. If students had to listen to a convoluted lesson, they would most likely derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome this butterfly—a A. believe primarily that the Northteacher did American not provide species enoughseemingly details. insurmountable obstacle? adored forB. itsneed vibrant to look black, up the orange, information and whiteafter class. Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- wings—does C. understandexactly that. the materialUnlike us,and however,ace their test. ing monarch butterfly. It’s morning. It’s time to monarchs won’t get lost twenty minutes after take to the skies and continue the long, difficult D. link the information to other things they know. leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east, Every autumn, millions of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need to 4. Which of the following is the correct use of the word credence? flies migrate across North America in what Lin- fly to the right of it. However, the sun is rising coln Brower, A. We an couldn’texpert on come monarchs, to a credence called on “one a restaurant, by the so minute. we ordered How take-out. can you fly in the correct di- of the mostB. Therespectacular is no credence natural to phenomena the Bill of Rights in inrection the Constitution. if your critical point of reference moves the world.” C. (OneThe evidence monarch gave population credence makesto the defendant’s an all theinnocence. time? It’s a good thing you have circadian especially D. lengthy The credence journey. of These her comment amazing made insects me disbelieverhythm what—an she“internal said. clock” that controls sleep/ travel from the northeastern US to a forest in the wake cycles and other physiological process- Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself 5. Based on information in the passage, which of the following information can be inferred about southwestern coast, up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the Project MOGUL? achieve this astonishing feat, the butterflies use a day. Between your “sun compass” and circadian A. The US was developing nuclear weapons at the time. genetically encoded ability to rely on two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho- guides: theB. positionThe conflict of the between sun in the skyUS andand Soviet the Unionacán beganthing aftermight WWII. not be so tough after all. Then, earth’s magneticC. The balloonsfield. were being used to spy on theit Soviet hits you: Union. What if the sun isn’t visible? How will D. The balloons were based on alien technologyI make obtained it to by Michoacán? the Soviet Union. It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. 2233 Vocabulary in Context: Mysteries, Curiosities & Wonders

Exercise 5 Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes Answer the questions below that are designed to help you arrive at some conclusions about word families The Marvel of the Monarch and origins. 1. Briefly define credence in your own words. What part of speech is credence? Butterfly GPS Here Comes the Sun Compass If you wanted to travel to a precise location some- For centuries, humans have used compasses to ______where far away—a small forest in Mexico, for guide them to their destinations. Similarly, mon- ______example—how would you get there? You might arch butterflies use an innate sense—what sci- 2. Briefly define incredulous in your own words. What part of speech is incredulous? start with some seriously savvy tech tools. Even a entists call a “sun compass”—to find their way to ______state-of-the-art GPS won’t help you navigate the one specific forest in Michoacán. They accom- labyrinthine forest of intertwining trees once plish this feat with a precision that researchers ______you’re there, though. You might stop to ask for have long sought to comprehend. Monarchs can A. What root do credence and incredulous share? directions along the way, but that strategy is un- remain on course by determining whether to fly ______predictable and can go awry quickly. Whatever to the left of, to the right of, or directly toward method you choose, it’ll likely involve external the sun. This ability, while extraordinary, does ______tools or resources of some kind. However, what have a serious flaw. The sun doesn’t remain fixed B. List some other words that probably share the same root as credence and incredulous. Define if you decided to trust only your instinctive un- in the sky, so it’s not a stationary reference point. each in your own words. derstanding of how to get there? The monarch How is it possible for monarchs to overcome this ______butterfly—a primarily North American species seemingly insurmountable obstacle? ______adored for its vibrant black, orange, and white Imagine, for a moment, that you’re a travel- wings—does exactly that. Unlike us, however, ing monarch butterfly. It’s morning. It’s time to C. Briefly explain in your own words how credence derives its meaning from its parts. monarchs won’t get lost twenty minutes after take to the skies and continue the long, difficult ______leaving home. journey to Mexico. The sun appears in the east, ______Every autumn, millions of monarch butter- of course, so in order to head south, you need to flies migrate across North America in what Lin- fly to the right of it. However, the sun is rising D. Briefly explain in your own words how incredulous derives its meaning from its parts. coln Brower, an expert on monarchs, called “one by the minute. How can you fly in the correct di - ______of the most spectacular natural phenomena in rection if your critical point of reference moves ______the world.” (One monarch population makes an all the time? It’s a good thing you have circadian especially lengthy journey. These amazing insects rhythm—an “internal clock” that controls sleep/ travel from the northeastern US to a forest in the wake cycles and other physiological process- Mexican state of Michoacán, on the country’s es—to tell you how to correctly orient yourself southwestern coast, up to 3,000 miles away.) To in relation to the sun’s position throughout the achieve this astonishing feat, the butterflies use a day. Between your “sun compass” and circadian genetically encoded ability to rely on two natural rhythm, you might think, this getting-to-Micho- guides: the position of the sun in the sky and the acán thing might not be so tough after all. Then, earth’s magnetic field. it hits you: What if the sun isn’t visible? How will I make it to Michoacán? It’s a good thing you have a backup plan. 24