GREEN SUISTAINABLE ELECTRIC GENERATING BUILDINGS. The
GREEN SUISTAINABLE ELECTRIC GENERATING BUILDINGS.
The inventions are related to green and sustainable energy generating structures and buildings by means of wind water and steam generating electric current for heating the building by steam and for providing clear water for the building or building complex. The structure is heat molded structures and by heat molded stones. Applicable:
[1837] Type of buildings refers to: Residential Buildings Educational Buildings Institutional Buildings Assembly Buildings Business Buildings Mercantile Buildings Industrial Buildings Storage Buildings.
[1838] A frame house. Air-supported structure. Affordable housing. Airport. Apartment. Assembly and recreation building. Barn. Bungalow. Bus station. Cathedral. Church. Cinema. Cluster accommodation. Commercial building. Commonhold. Condominium. Council housing. Custom build home. Double fronted building. Duplex. Dwelling. Earth building (see also Earthen construction). Fabric structure. Factory. Flat. Freehold. Garage. Geodesic dome. Ground-scraper. High-rise. building. Hospital. Hostel. Hotel. Household. Houses in multiple occupation. Housing association. Industrial building. Inflatable building. Institution. Intermediate housing. Kit house. Leasehold. Leisure center. Library. Manse. Maisonette. Meanwhile use. Mega-structure. Mega-tall. Mixed use development. Modular buildings. Mosque. Multi- storey building. Nineteenth century building types. Non-residential institution. Office. Outbuildings. Penthouse. Petrol station. Post office. Pub. Public building. Residential building. Residential institution. Retail buildings. Retail warehousing. School. Secure residential institution. Self build home. Shed. Sheltered housing. Shop. Shopping centre. Single-storey building. Skyscraper. Social housing. Speculative development. Stadium. Storage building. Student accommodation. Sui generis. Super-slender. Supertall. Temporary building. Terraced house. Theatre. Tower. Town hall. Train station. Twisting buildings. Types of dwelling. Warehouse. Workplace. Yurt. Zero carbon building. Ziggurat.
[1839] Building projects are generally divided into a series of stages. This helps define payment milestones, information deliverables, decision points, the need for new appointments and so on. The RIBA Plan of work proposes the following stages: 0 - Strategic definition. 1 - Preparation and brief. 2 - Concept design. 3 - Developed design. 4 - Technical design. 5 - Construction. 6 - Handover and close out. 7 - In use.
[1840] Design is also generally multidisciplinary, with some roles being more creative than others:
1- Architect - overall layout, aesthetics, project control and management. 2- Structural engineer - Stability, efficiency and buildability. 3- Services engineer - interior comfort and performance. 4- Landscape architect - surroundings. 5- Architectural technologist - detail drawings and specifications. 6- Quantity surveyor - costs and budget control. 7- Suppliers and manufacturers - products and materials. 8- Specialist designers and others - lighting designers, acoustic consultants and so on.
[1841] There may also be a lead designer, a design manager, design co-ordinator, lead consultant, project manager, client advisers, and so on.
[1842] The level of pre-existing knowledge the designer brings to bear can also greatly impact the approach they take, as can the tools used: Paper or computer. 2D or 3D. Building information modelling. Physical modelling. Sketching or writing.
[1743] As a consequence, the design methodology will emerge not only from the design problem itself and the way it is expressed, but also from the personal choices, characteristics and experiences of the individuals involved. It will be complex, uncertain, and unique to each combination of circumstances.
[1844] NB the BIM Task Group Digital Plan of Work and the Government Soft Landings process map is based on an alternate set of stages: 0 Strategy 1 Brief 2 Concept 3 Definition 4 Design 5 Build and commission 6 Handover and close-out 7 Operation and end-of-life
[1845] The Construction Industry Council (CIC) scope of services adopts: Stage 1 (Preparation) Stage 2 (Concept) Stage 3 (Design Development) Stage 4 (Production Information) Stage 5 (Manufacture, Installation & Construction Information) Stage 6 (Post Practical Completion)
[1846] Given the complexity of this situation and the potential of different project stages it is important that appointment documents and contracts set out precisely what is required, and at what level of detail for different stages of a project.
[1847] The inventions are applied in buildings for rendering the building more sustainable for said man-made structure intended for human use or occupation and non-habitable structures to supply energy including and Non- building structure for other uses. A building is 'a structure that is made on a foundation, or made on concrete blocks, or without any foundation constructed of concrete walls. constructed of bricked walls with isolation or ventilation. constructed of wood, of panels of composite, plastic material, clay or concrete and bricks with asphalt roof or metal or tin plates roof or a roof laid of roof tiles, thatch laud roof. The roof is supported by constructed walls and stands more or less permanently in one place.
[1848] The outer walls of the building wherein wind turbines are integrated are constructed by concrete wall or concrete reinforced walls supported on the foundation base and the floor frame whereon constructed the carrier beams supporting the internal and external levels and structure. Wherein levels and apartments the devices are applied including rooms, walkways, hallways, And opening in the walls providing doors and windows and balcony. Elevated structures includes stairways, at least one elevator with the electric machine and electric generators. Wind turbines in the air circulation system and plenum chambers and dividers extending throughout the building. Buildings may be arranged with a water tank on the roof with hydro turbines and hydraulic current amplifier, wherein air-conditioning with air intake and condensers are mounted. An external ladder or steel stairs can be mounted on the exterior wall for an emergency exit. In the broadest interpretation devices in the fence and outer wall of building. However, the word structure is used more broadly than building including natural and man-made formations. Modern building in some geographical regions have a foundation supported on seismic bearings.
[1849] Green and sustainable edifice uses all sources in the building and at the exterior of the building such as the roof, the exterior walls whereon and wherein wind turbines are provided. The wind turbines seen at figure one is an ideal devices for mounting in the exterior walls and corners no matter the angle of the wall. A wall may comprise existing ventilation and air intakes and exhaust with moisture and CO2 filter and grill which are also implemented with the wind turbines and turbine fans and rotor connected to and geared electric generator. A tower building and skyscraper exterior wall is also provided with the hydro turbines made drain pipes which generate electric current when raining whereby rain water is channeled through said rain pipe made in uniform Helix or vertical drain pipe and combined wherein the hydro turbines are arranged. Buildings are equipped with antennas and lightning rods are mounted at the top of the building to conduct lightning into the ground and protecting the roof mounted equipment and turbine generator. The electronic devices and generator are electrically sealed by Faradays cage made of electric conductive material coupled to the lightning conductor. The building internal doors and windows can also be provided with electric generators which produce electricity by opening and closing the doors and windows which includes revolving doors and movable parts of a building.
[1850] The green edifice is also equipped Thermal energy and with boilers and heating system which consume electric power generated by the devices made trough out the building. Elevated constructions comprises floors and levels connected by stairs in which electric machines are provided and are slightly pushed by individuals walking on said spring mounted stairs for generating electric current. The small amounts generated electric current is rectified and stored in accumulators and is supplied to internal electric devices such as boilers providing hot water or heating system. Electric heating systems, Air-conditioning system with wind turbines in the air circulation pipes or connecting dividers or plenum connecting the air pipes. Produced electric current can also be transformed with other produced currents and provided to the smart grid. Water circulation systems are channeled through hydro turbines for generating electricity when a water tap is opened.
[1851] There are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more man-made and composite; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; chosen for increased levels of fire safety, and improved seismic resistance.. These trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials. Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three store or less is considered low-rise.
[1852] Brush structures are built entirely from plant parts and were used in primitive cultures such as Native Americans and pygmy peoples in Africa. These are built mostly with branches, twigs and leaves, and bark, similar to a beaver's lodge. These were variously named wikiups, lean-tos, and so forth. An extension on the brush building idea is the wattle and daub process in which clay soils or dung, usually cow, are used to fill in and cover a woven brush structure. igloos and snow is used to build a shelter called a quinzhee. Ice has also been used for ice hotels as a tourist attraction in northern climates.
[1853] Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being when the walls are made directly with the mud mixture, and the other being walls built by stacking air-dried building blocks called mud bricks. Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws to create light clay, wattle and daub, and mud plaster. Wet-laid, or damp, walls are made by using the mud or clay mixture directly without forming blocks and drying them first. The amount of and type of each material in the mixture used leads to different styles of buildings. Mud-bricks, also known by their Spanish name adobe are ancient building materials with evidence dating back thousands of years BC. Structural mud bricks are almost always made using clay, often clay soil and a binder are the only ingredients used, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other binders. The formed or compressed block is then air dried and can be laid dry or with a mortar or clay slip.
[1854] Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime, to make mortar for masonry work and plaster. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete mix. An important low-cost building material in countries with high sand content soils is the Sandcrete block, which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks.
[1855] Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. Dry stone, sometimes called drystack or drystane, is a building method by which structures are constructed from stones without any mortar to bind them together. Dry stone structures are stable because of their unique construction method, which is characterized by the presence of a load-bearing façade of carefully selected interlocking stones.
[1856] Thatch is one of the oldest of building materials known, Thatch is another word for grass; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Still applied in modern times where many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top.
[1857] Wood and Timber has been used as a building material for thousands of years in its natural state. Today, engineered wood is becoming very common in industrialized countries. Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a generic building material and is used in building just about any type of structure in most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. Timber" is the term used for construction purposes except the term "lumber" is used in the United States. Raw wood (a log, trunk, bole) becomes timber when the wood has been "converted" (sawn, hewn, split) in the forms of minimally-processed logs stacked on top of each other, timber frame construction, and lightframe construction. The main problems with timber structures are fire risk and moisture-related problems. n modern times softwood is used as a lower-value bulk material, whereas hardwood is usually used for finishings and furniture.
[1858] Fired bricks and clay blocks. Bricks are made in a similar way to mud-bricks except without the fibrous binder such as straw and are fired ("burned" in a brick clamp or kiln) after they have air-dried to permanently harden them. Kiln fired clay bricks are a ceramic material. Fired bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport. The individual bricks are placed upon each other in courses using mortar. Successive courses being used to build up walls, arches, and other architectural elements. Fired brick walls are usually substantially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks. Romans extensively used fired brick of a shape and type now called Roman bricks. Building with brick gained much popularity in the mid- 18th century and 19th centuries. This was due to lower costs with increases in brick manufacturing and fire-safety in the ever crowding cities. The cinder block supplemented or replaced fired bricks in the late 20th century often being used for the inner parts of masonry walls and by themselves. Structural clay tiles (clay blocks) are clay or terracotta and typically are perforated with holes.
[1859] Cement composites. Cement bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, particles, or fibers to make pre-cast building components. Various fiberous materials, including paper, fiberglass, and carbon-fiber have been used as binders. Wood and natural fibers are composed of various soluble organic compounds like carbohydrates, glycosides and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement bonded composites, its compatibility with cement is assessed. Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term "concrete".
[1860] The tent is the home of choice among nomadic groups all over the world. Two well-known types include the conical teepee and the circular yurt. The tent has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architecture and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid or internal, or by air pressure.
[1861] Foam Recently, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. It is lightweight, easily shaped, and an excellent insulator. Foam is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel, wherein the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement or insulating concrete forms.
[1862] Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Glass panes provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln, and is very brittle. Additives are often included the mixture used to produce glass with shades of colors or various characteristics (such as bulletproof glass or light bulbs.
[1863] Gypcrete is a mixture of gypsum plaster and fiberglass roving’s. Although plaster and fibers fibrous plaster have been used for many years, especially for ceilings. Rapid wall, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm plus fiberglass roving’s. walls had significant, load bearing, shear and lateral resistance together with earthquake- resistance, fire-resistance, and thermal properties. With an abundance of gypsum (naturally occurring and by- product chemical FGD and phosphor gypsums) available worldwide, gypcrete-based building products, which are fully recyclable, offer significant environmental benefit.
[1864] Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time. The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler.
[1865] Copper is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties (see: Copper in architecture). These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements. Other metals used include chrome, gold, silver, and titanium. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.
[1866] The term "plastics" covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensation or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects, films, or fibers. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today. High performance plastics such as ETFE have become an ideal building material due to its high abrasion resistance and chemical inertness. Notable buildings that feature it include: the Beijing National Aquatics Center and the Eden Project biomes.
[1867] Building papers and membranes are used for many reasons in construction. One of the oldest building papers is red rosin paper which was known to be in use before 1850 and was used as an underlayment in exterior walls, roofs, and floors and for protecting a jobsite during construction. Tar paper was invented late in the 19th century and was used for similar purposes as rosin paper and for gravel roofs. Tar paper has largely fallen out of use supplanted by asphalt felt paper. Felt paper has been supplanted in some uses by synthetic underlayment, particularly in roofing by synthetic underlayment and siding by house wraps. There are a wide variety of damp proofing and waterproofing membranes used for roofing, basement waterproofing, and geomembranes.
[1868] Buildings comprising: Thermal protection. Building insulation. Category:Thermal protection. Moisture protection. Building envelope Conformal coating Damp (structural) Housewrap Doors. Stile and rail, raised panel, wood clad Access, sliding glass doors, tambour Folding doors, garage door, storefront Door hardware Electrical systems and equipment: AC power plugs and sockets Circuit breaker Electrical connector Electrical wiring Switches
[1869] Single-family residential buildings are most often called houses or homes. Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called a duplex or an apartment building. A condominium is an apartment that the occupant owns rather than rents. Houses may also be built in pairs (semi-detached), in terraces where all but two of the houses have others either side; apartments may be built round courtyards or as rectangular blocks surrounded by a piece of ground of varying sizes. Houses which were built as a single dwelling may later be divided into apartments or bedsitters; they may also be converted to another use e.g. an office or a shop.
[1870] Residential buildings have different names for their use depending if they are seasonal include holiday cottage (vacation home) or timeshare; size such as a cottage or great house; value such as a shack or mansion; manner of construction such as a log home or mobile home; proximity to the ground such as earth sheltered house, stilt house, or tree house. Also if the residents are in need of special care such as a nursing home, orphanage or prison; or in group housing like barracks or dormitories. Historically many people lived in communal buildings called longhouses, smaller dwellings called pit-houses and houses combined with barns sometimes called house barns. Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures so other dwelling forms such as houseboats, yurts, and motor-homes are dwellings but not buildings. Sometimes a group of interrelated (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example a housing complex, educational complex, hospital complex.
[1871] An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some cases, public roads. Autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced environmental impacts, increased security, and lower costs of ownership and contribute to climate change. Some cited advantages satisfy tenets of green building, not independence. Off-grid buildings often rely very little on civil services and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. (Off-grid buildings would not lose power or water if public supplies were compromised for some reason.)
[1872] An autonomous building in certain geographical areas which would be comfortable without heating and cooling, which would make its own electricity, collect its own water by the extending ramps and deal with its own waste. These houses can be built using off-the-shelf techniques. It is possible to build a "house with no bills" for the same price as a conventional house, but it would be (25%) smaller. Green and autonomous buildings are electronically automated and operate fully electric with automated lightning which are equipped with motion sensors and may contain a dim and bright light activated by the sensor. Heating systems, air-conditioning systems are programed to operate according to occupation of the building when habitats are at work and at school or at low power demand the system is automatically switched off or reduced. The system includes net metering unit. The automated system is voice controlled and can be operated by a smartphone application connected to the home network. Electric power generated during the night or when inhabitants are outdoors can be stored in rechargeable batteries including solar batteries and solar panels.
[1873] Designs tend to include more autonomous elements. The historic path to autonomy was a concern for secure sources of heat, power, water and food. A nearly parallel path toward autonomy has been to start with a concern for environmental impacts. Autonomous buildings can increase security having key less entrance with facial and voice recognizance and may include a finger print identification or code to provided on the input terminal and reduce environmental impacts by using onsite resources (such as sunlight, wind, rain including movable parts ventilation system, air conditioning, water circulation system) that would otherwise be wasted. Modern homes use energy saving bulbs which are all coupled to the automated system including the thermostat which are also operable by a smartphone or a remote control.
[1874] Modern cisterns are usually large plastic tanks. Gravity tanks on short towers are reliable, so pump repairs are less urgent. The least expensive bulk cistern is a fenced pond or pool at ground level. Reducing autonomy reduces the size and expense of cisterns. Many autonomous homes can reduce water use below 10 US gallons (38 L) per person per day, so that in a drought a month of water can be delivered inexpensively via truck. Self- delivery is often possible by installing fabric water tanks that fit the bed of a pick-up truck.
[1875] It can be convenient to use the cistern as a heat sink or trap for a heat pump or air conditioning system; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years may decrease the efficiency of the HVAC system. Solar stills can efficiently produce drinking water from ditch water or cistern water, especially high- efficiency multiple effect humidification designs, which separate the evaporator(s) and condenser(s). A house includes storm drains and sewer system which are all applicable for the devices.
[1876] Masseurs applied towards autonomy is to design a house and lifestyle to reduce demand. LED lights, laptop computers and gas-powered refrigerators save electricity, although gas-powered refrigerators are not very efficient. There are also superefficient electric refrigerators, such as those produced by the Sun Frost company, some of which use only about half as much electricity as a mass-market energy star-rated refrigerator. A grid- based building is less autonomous, but more economical and sustainable with fewer lifestyle sacrifices. In rural areas the grid's cost and impacts can be reduced by using single-wire earth return systems (for example, the MALT- system). solar heating system Annualized Geo solar heating.
[1877] Recent advances in passively stable magnetic bearings may someday permit inexpensive storage of power in a flywheel in a vacuum. Research groups like Canada's Ballard Power Systems are also working to develop a "regenerative fuel cell", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.
[1878] Earth batteries tap electric currents in the earth called tell-uric current. They can be installed anywhere in the ground. They provide only low voltages and current. They were used to power telegraphs in the 19th century. As appliance efficiencies increase, they may become practical.
[1879] Microbial fuel cells and thermo-electric generators allow electricity to be generated from biomass. The plant can be dried, chopped and converted or burned as a whole, or it can be left alive so that waste saps from the plant can be converted by bacteria.
[1880] In annualized geo solar systems, the solar collector is often separate from (and hotter or colder than) the living space. The building may actually be constructed from insulation, for example, straw-bale construction. Some buildings have been aerodynamically designed so that convection via ducts and interior spaces eliminates any need for electric fans.
[1881] Passivhaus building codes in Europe use high performance insulating windows, R-30 insulation, HRV ventilation, and a small thermal mass. With modest changes in the building's position, modern krypton- or argon- insulated windows permit normal-looking windows to provide passive solar heat without compromising insulation or structural strength. If a small heater is available for the coldest nights, a slab or basement cistern can inexpensively provide the required thermal mass. Passivhaus building codes in particular bring unusually good interior air quality, because the buildings change the air several times per hour, passing it though a heat exchange to keep heat inside.
[1882] The two most popular heaters for ultra-high-efficiency houses are a small heat pump, which also provides air conditioning, or a central hydronic (radiator) air heater with water recirculating from the water heater. Passivhaus designs usually integrate the heater with the ventilation system.
[1883] Earth sheltering and windbreaks can also reduce the absolute amount of heat needed by a building. Several feet below the earth, temperature ranges from 4 °C (39 °F) in North Dakota to 26 °C (79 °F),[16] in Southern Florida. Wind breaks reduce the amount of heat carried away from a building. Rounded, aerodynamic buildings also lose less heat An increasing number of commercial buildings use a combined cycle with cogeneration to provide heating, often water heating, from the output of a natural gas reciprocating engine, gas turbine or Stirling electric generator.
[1884] Steam and vapor are applied for block or combined heating. Hot water heat recycling units recover heat from water drain lines. They increase a building's autonomy by decreasing the heat or fuel used to heat water. with a thermostatic gaspowered flow-through heater, so that the temperature of the water is consistent, and the amount is unlimited. This reduces life-style impacts at some cost in autonomy. Wind and solar water heating system is to use a well-insulated holding tank. Some systems are vacuum- insulated, acting something like large thermos bottles. The tank is filled with hot water on sunny days, and made available at all times. Unlike a conventional tank water heater, the tank is filled only when there is sunlight. Good storage makes a smaller, higher-technology collector feasible. Such collectors can use relatively exotic technologies, such as vacuum insulation, and reflective concentration of sunlight. Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine[1] or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP) refers to the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector.
[1885] If a circular building is aerodynamically smooth, and cooler than the ground, it can be passively cooled by the "dome effect." Many installations have reported that a reflective or light colored dome induces a local vertical heat driven vortex that sucks cooler overhead air downward into a dome if the dome is vented properly (a single overhead vent, and peripheral vents). Some people have reported a temperature differential as high as 8 °C (15 °F) between the inside of the dome and the outside. Buckminster Fuller discovered this effect with a simple house design adapted from a grain silo, and adapted his Dymaxion house and geodesic domes to use it.
[1886] Cogeneration is popular in new commercial buildings. In current cogeneration systems small gas turbines or stirling engines powered from natural gas produce electricity and their exhaust drives an absorptive chiller. All these green and sustainable methods are combined and applied for the green and sustainable buildings.
[1887] Greenhouses vertical farming on certain floor of the building and grow rooms grow boxes are also included in a sustainable building and are also outfitted with irrigation systems or heat sink-systems which can respectively irrigate the plants or help to store energy from the sun and redistribute it at night (when the greenhouses starts to cool down). Food production has often been included in historic autonomous projects to provide security. Skilled, intensive gardening can support an adult from as little as 100 square meters of land per person, possibly requiring the use of organic farming and aeroponics. Some proven intensive, low-effort food-production systems include urban gardening (indoors and outdoors). Indoor cultivation may be set up using hydroponics, while outdoor cultivation may be done using permaculture, aquaculture, forest gardening, no-till farming, and do nothing farming.
[1888] The inventions are also related to log cabin is a small log house, especially a less finished or architecturally sophisticated structure. Log cabins have an ancient history. are often associated with first generation home building by settlers. Log cabins were constructed with either a purlin roof structure or a rafter roof structure. A purlin roof consists of horizontal logs that are notched into the gable-wall logs. The latter are progressively shortened to form the characteristic triangular gable end. The steepness of the roof was determined by the reduction in size of each gable-wall log as well as the total number of gable-wall logs. Flatter roofed cabins might have had only 2 or 3 gable-wall logs while steeply pitched roofs might have had as many gable wall logs as a full story. Issues related to eave overhang and a porch also influenced the layout of the cabin.
[1889] The decision about roof type often was based on the material for roofing like bark. Milled lumber was usually the most popular choice for rafter roofs in areas where it was available. These roofs typify many log cabins built in the 20th century, having full-cut 2×4 rafters covered with pine and cedar shingles. The purlin roofs found in rural settings and locations, where milled lumber was not available, often were covered with long hand-split shingles.
[1890] An Izba is a traditional Russian countryside dwelling. Often a log house, it forms the living quarters of a conventional Russian farmstead. It is generally built close to the road and inside a yard, which also encloses a kitchen garden, hay shed, and barn within a simple woven stick fence. Traditional, old-style izba construction involved the use of simple tools, such as ropes, axes, knives, and spades. Nails were not generally used, as metal was relatively expensive, and neither were saws a common construction tool. Both interior and exterior are of split pine tree trunks, the gap between is traditionally filled with river clay, not unlike the North American log cabin. The dominant building material of Russian vernacular architecture, and material culture generally, for centuries was wood. Specifically houses were made from locally-cut rough-hewn logs, with little or no stone, metal, or glass. Even churches and urban buildings were primarily wooden until the eighteenth century. All of the building's components were simply cut and fitted together using a hand axe. Coins, wool, and frankincense were customarily placed beneath the corners of the house to ensure that those living there would be healthy and wealthy.
[1891] Mazanka - type of rural house and hut from which the walls of the hut are made of a frame (thin branches of a tree or even brushwood) or adobe brick and covered with clay (hence the name). The walls of the hut are limestone from the inside and outside (whitened). Raw brick, in turn, is obtained by briquetting a mixture of clay, straw and manure (sometimes), followed by drying the resulting building material in the sun (kiln firing does not apply).
[1892] The earthenware technology was mastered by people at least 6,000 years ago and spread throughout the world in countries with warm or temperate climates. In the narrow sense, the traditional Ukrainian rural house built using this technology is called Mazanka. Sometimes the mud hut is even mistakenly considered synonymous with a hut. Hut - the common name of houses in the southern settlements of the Eastern Slavs: in Ukraine, as well as in Belarus and in southern Russia. The roofs of the huts of the huts were usually covered with straw, left over from the threshing of the crop, or with reeds. Aslo including, Mud buildings.
[1893] A log house, or log building, is a structure built with horizontal logs interlocked at the corners by notching. Logs may be round, squared or hewn to other shapes, either handcrafted or milled. The term "log cabin" generally refers to a smaller, more rustic log house, such as a hunting cabin in the woods, that may or may not have electricity or plumbing. Sawn logs, logs sawn to a standard width, but with their original heights. Milled (also called machine-profiled), made with a log house moulder: Constructed of logs that have run through a manufacturing process which convert them into timbers which are consistent in size and appearance.
[1894] Components 1.1 Green logs 1.2 Air-dried logs 1.3 Kiln-dried logs 1.4 Glue-laminated timber 1.5 Types of milled logs 2 Construction methods 2.1 Corner styles 2.2 Other methods 2.3 Settling
[1895] Types of milled logs: Milled log homes employ a variety of profiles which are usually specified by the customer: D-shape logs: round on the outside and flat inside Full-round logs: fully round inside and out Square logs: flat inside and out, and may be milled with a groove which could be chinked. When dealing with milled logs, chinking is a personal preference and not required to seal a house; however, a log house will eventually leak if it is not properly sealed. Swedish Cope logs: round inside and out, with a half-moon-shaped groove on the bottom. Nearly every profiled log on the market features an integral tongue and groove milled into the top and bottom of the log; this aids in stacking, and reduces the need for chinking. Wood is not airtight caulking or chinking will improve energy efficiency.
[1896] A burdei or bordei is a type of half-dugout shelter, somewhat between a sod house and a log cabin. This style is native to the Carpathian Mountains and forest steppes of eastern Europe. In the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture burdei houses were characterized by elliptical shapes. These houses would typically have a wooden floor that was about 1.5 meters (5 feet) below ground, which would place the roof at just above ground level.
[1897] Habitats or selter type: Dugout (shelter) Earth sheltering Pit-house Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians Village Museum Vernacular architecture Zemlyanka.
[1898] A villa is a luxurious edifice dating back to the roman empire and construction methods. Types of villas 1 Roman 1.1 In Roman Britannia 1.2 Monastery villas of Late Antiquity 2. Post-Roman era 3. Italien Renaissance 3.1. Tuscany 3.1.1 Tuscan villa gardens
[1899] an estate comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland, and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house or mansion. It is the modern term for a manor, but lacks a manor's nowabolished jurisdictional authority. It is an "estate" because the profits from its produce and rents are sufficient to support the household in the house at its center, formerly known as the manor house. Thus, "the estate" may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself, covering more than one former manor.
[1900] A Castle or great house is a large house or mansion with luxurious appointments and great retinues of indoor and outdoor staff. A manor house Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed, where they were sometimes known as castles, palaces, and so on.
[1901] A mansion is a large dwelling house. a property large enough for the parish priest to maintain himself, but a mansion is no longer self-sustaining in this way (compare a Roman or medieval villa).
[1902] Mansions built during the 20th and 21st centuries usually have specially designed rooms meant to accommodate leisure activities of a particular kind. Many will have a conservatory or greenhouse, while others will have an infinity pool or a home theater. Some have all of these features. The relative importance of these specially designed rooms changes with the times. At the beginning of the 20th century, no true mansion would have been built without a room to house a private library or study, while at the beginning of the 21st century the presence of a room designed for a home theater or cinema is normal. Most recently, mansions have been built with integrated home automation. Some other technology-inclined mansions may even have a bowling alley or a server room.
[1903] A modern mansion today may not necessarily be limited to a single house standing alone, but like Roman Emperor Nero's Domus Aurea, mansions may be compounds or a grouping of larger houses. A hotel or Hostel. A Chateau.
[1904] A stand-alone house (also called a single-detached dwelling, detached residence or detached house) is a free-standing residential building. Sometimes referred to as a single-family home, as opposed to a multi-family residential dwelling.