COST EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN THE JA-ELA TOWN AREA
K. P. J. G. Perera
This thesis was submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering
University of Moratuwa in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Degree of Master of Engineering LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA SRI LANKA MORATUWA
Supervised By Professor Amal S. Kumarage
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa 6£ YC° ^-0 Sri Lanka
85792 January 2006
85792 ?S7?2 DECLARATION
The work included in this Thesis is part or whole, has not been submitted for any other academic qualification at any institution
K P J G Perera
Professor Amal S.Kumarage ABSTRACT
Vehicular transportation activities dominate the movement of
passengers as well as freight in Sri Lanka. Road network
improvements take place all over the country under development
projects. Enormous funds have been allocated for improving roads in
order to facilitate the increasing number of vehicles. In order to
establish an efficient transport system traffic management measures
should be improved in line with the current development programs in
the country. Serious thought should be given to such measures where
a higher contribution to economic development falls in line with road
transportation.
The Ja-ela town is located on A3 road within the Western
Province and a part of the northern bound traffic is routed through
this town. Economically important places of the country are served by
the A3 road and reducing delays on this major arterial road is
essential. In drafting methodologies to achieve the said perspective
urban cities within the A3 road corridor should be given priority. The
objective of this research was to find "Cost effective measures to
improve traffic management in the Ja-ela town area".
Present activities around the town area were broadly considered
in drafting development scenarios for traffic improvement. Different
modes of transport were considered and survey data were collected for
necessary analysis. In addition, pedestrian movements, private
vehicular parking and road improvements were identified as essential
elements in developing methodical strategies for the new development.
Bus transportation was given special consideration in developing
these schedules and reducing waiting times. The private bus operating
system needs a few changes in route 187 to operate in a more efficient
manner. The possibility of extending this particular route to the
Tudella junction is one of the major findings of the research. The owners and users of private buses would yield the benefits of the proposal.
To improve the above areas of influence new construction proposals have been brought forward. These proposals are recommended to be implemented in two stages to reduce the burden on administrative authorities in budgetary allocations. Stage construction will be encouraged by the society due to minimum interruptions to main road traffic. Supportive approach should be needed from different administrative authorities in implementing the proposed development plans.
Cost and benefits over the project life have been considered in the economic evaluation. It is evident from this economic evaluation that the proposed new development plans to improve delays on A3 road enhance benefits to the society. All economic indicators are in favor of the new proposal. Similar studies in other urban areas should be done to find out the possibilities of developing similar scenarios in contributing to the improvement of traffic management measures in the National Road Network.
11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor,
Professor Amal S. Kumarage, for his constant guidance and encouragement given to me throughout the study without whose invaluable commitment and dedication this study may not have been a reality. The valuable suggestions made by Professor J. M. S.
Bandara are also worthy of my gratitude. Despite their busy schedules both professors have given me invaluable technical thoughts in completing this study. Special thanks to Lecturer Mr. M.B.S.Fernado,
Chairman, Road Development Authority, for the words of encouragement and inculcating the desire in me to complete the study.
Special thanks are also offered to the Head of the Department of
Civil Engineering in conducting a Post Graduate course in Highway &
Traffic and selecting me to follow this valuable course in year 2003. I also take this as an opportunity to thank my employer Resources
Development Consultants Ltd, for releasing me from normal duties on
Fridays to follow this Post Graduate program.
I would also extend my thanks to the Traffic Laboratory Staff,
Department of Civil Engineering, for extending their support to me during this research. Also I express my gratitude to Mrs Indira J.
Mawelle in assessing the text of the thesis. The assistance provided by my friends Kithsiri, Roshan and Malani is commendable.
Finally, I thank my beloved wife Deepika and my two sons for their moral support and tolerance that shone with so many sacrifices made throughout the long period of the two years of my Post Graduate
Program and in the preparation of this thesis.
in CONTENTS
Abstract Acknowledgment
Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations
Chapter I
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Chapter II
2.0 PRESENT SITUATION OF ROAD SYSTEM 2.1 Description 2.2 Present Road Network 2.2.1 Major Arterial Road 2.2.2 Minor Arterial Road 2.2.3 Feeder Roads 2.2.4 Road Links to Public Bus Terminal 2.2.5 Church Road 2.3 Summary
Chapter III
3.0 IDENTIFICATION OF NECESSARY IMPROVEMENTS 3.1 Selection of Area 3.2 Key Areas of Improvements Chapter IV
4.0 METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION 14 4.1 Methodology 14 4.2 Data Collection 15
Chapter V
5.0 DEVELOPMENT IN PEDESTRAIN FACILITIES 17 5.1 Methodology Adopted for Pedestrian 17 5.2 Data Collection on Pedestrian Movement 18 5.3 Results of Pedestrian Crossing Data Analysis 19 5.3.1 Crossing at the Urban Council Building 19 5.3.2 Crossing in front of the Market Building 20 5.3.3 Crossing near; the Bridge 21 5.3.4 Crossing in front of the People's Bank Building 22 5.4 Summary 23
Chapter VI
6.0 DEVELOPMENT IN THREE WHEELER CIRCULATION 25 6.1 Methodology Adopted for Three Wheelers 25 6.2 Coding System for Trip Origin 28 6.3 Coding System for Trip Destination 28 6.4 Data Collection from Three Wheelers 30 6.5 Three Wheeler Data Analysis 31 6.6 Origin and Destination Matrix for Three-wheelers 32 6.7 Results of Three Wheeler Data Analysis 34 6.7.1 Location A 34 6.7.2 Location B 35 6.7.3 Location C 36 6.7.4 Location D 38 6.7.5 Location E 39 6.7.6 Location F 41 6.7.7 Location G 42
v 6.7.8 Origin and Destination for all Three Wheelers 43 6.8 Summary 43
Chapter VII
7.0 DEVELOPMENT IN BUS TRANSPORTATION FACILITY 45 7.1 Methodology Adopted for Buses 45 7.2 Objectives of Bus Transportation 46 7.3 Data Collection on Buses 47 7.4 Data Analysis on Bus Transportation 48 7.5 Departure and Arrival Statistics 49 7.5.1 Departure on Route 187 49 7.5.2 Load Factors on Route 187 Buses 50 7.5.3 Departure on All Other Routes 52 7.5.4 Arrivals on All Routes 53 7.5.5 Load Factors on All Routes (Except #187) 54 7.6 Summary 57
Chapter VIII
8.0 INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENT 58 8.1 Methodology 58 8.2 Data Collection 58 8.3 Data Analysis of Police Station Intersection 59 > 8.4 Data Analysis of Urban Council Intersection 61 8.5 Summary 63
Chapter IX
9.0 BRIDGE WIDENING 64 9.1 Methodology 64 9.2 Travel Time Survey 65 9.3 Data Analysis on Travel Time Survey 65 9.4 Summary 70
vi Chapter X
10.0 DEVELOPMENT IN PARKING FACILITIES 71 10.1 Methodology Adopted for Vehicular Parks 71 10.2 Data Collection on Parking Facilities 72 10.3 Data Analysis on Parking 72 10.4 Summary 74
Chapter XI
11.0 DEVELOPMENT IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 76 11.1 Methodology Adopted for Traffic Management 76 11.2 Church Road Intersection 76 11.3 Traffic Management System within the Town 77 11.4 Summary 79
Chapter XII
12.0 NEW DEVELOPMENT 80 12.1 Proposed New Underpass 80 12.2 Bridge Widening 83 12.3 Route 187 Buses Extending up to Tudella Junction 83 12.4 Other Necessary Improvements 86 12.5. Summary 87
Chapter XIII
13.0 COST AND BENEFIT CALCULATION 88 13.1 Travel Time Saving 88 13.1.1 Passenger Travel Time Saving 88 13.1.2 Freight Travel Time Saving 91 13.2 Fuel Cost Saving 94 13.3 Pollutant Cost Saving 97 13.4 Accident Cost Saving 100 13.5 Summary 102
vn Chapter XIV
14.0 ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT 14.1 Net Present Value of Benefits 14.2 Calculation of Net Benefits 14.3 Benefit Cost Ratio 14.4 Economic Internal Rate of Return 14.5 Sensitivity Analysis 14.6 Summary
Chapter XV
15.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES APPENDICES Appendix 1- Classified traffic count data Appendix 2- Sample data set of full analysis (Location B) Appendix 3-3 hour sample bus arrival data Appendix 4- 3 hour sample bus departure schedule LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Description Page No
1.1 Present Congestion level on A3 Road 3
2.1 Schematic Diagram of Ja-ela Town Area 6
2.2 Congestion near Bank of Ceylon Building 7
2.3 Roads within the Town Area 10
5.1 Pedestrian Movement at UC Intersection 19
5.2 Pedestrian Movement in front of Market 20
5.3 Pedestrian Movement Near the Bridge 21
5.4 Pedestrian Movement in front of People's Bank 22
6.1 Number of Accidents in Sri Lanka 25
6.2 Three-wheeler Locations and Destination Coding 27
6.3 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location A 34
6.4 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location B 35
6.5 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location C 36
6.6 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location D 38
6.7 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location E 39
6.8 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location F 41
6.9 Number of Three Wheeler Trips from Location G 42
6.10 Origin and Destination for all Three Wheelers 43
7.1 Bus Terminal Facilities 45
7.2 Number of Passengers in Route 187 Private Buses 49
7.3 Number of Private Buses in Route 187 49
ix Figure No. Description Page No
7.4 Load Factor in Route 187 Private Buses 50
7.5 Load Factor Variation in Route 187 Private Buses 51
7.6 Passenger Distributions in All Routes (Except 187) 52
7.7 Trip Distributions in All Routes (Except #187) 52
7.8 Passenger Arrivals in All Routes 53
7.9 Number of Bus Arrivals in All Routes 54
7.10 Load Factor on All Routes (Except #187) 55
7.11 Load Factor Variation in All Routes (Except #187) 55
8.1 Intersection in front of Police Station 59
8.2 Intersection in front of Urban Council Building 61
9.1 Ja-ela Bridge section on A3 Road 64
9.2 Speed Variation to Colombo Direction 69
9.3 Speed Variation to Negombo Direction 69
10.1 Vehicle Parking in Ja-ela Town Area 72
10.2 Parking Facilities in Ja-ela Town Area 74
11.1 New Traffic Management Measures in Ja-ela 78
12.1 Underpass is not usable during rainy season 81
12.2 Projected Pedestrian Volumes for New Underpass 82
12.3 Improvements in Pedestrian Facilities 83
12.4 Waiting Time of Route 187 Buses 84
12.5 Road side Parking of Route 187 Buses 84
12.6 Road side Parking at Tudella Junction 85
12.7 Proposed Improvements in Roads 86
X I
LIST OF TABLES
-i, —
Table No. Description Page No
4.1 Survey Schedule in Ja-ela 16
6.1 Three Wheeler Park Location and Coding System 28
6.2 Three Wheeler Trip Destination and Coding 28 System
6.3 Orgin-Destination Trip Matrix for Three-wheelers 33
7.1 Passenger loading Level 48
7.2 Route number and Destination 48
8.1 Signal Time data Police Station Intersection 60
8.2 Signal Time data UC Building Intersection 62
9.1 Travel Time Data 66
9.2 Travel Time Data in Subsections 67
13.1 Vehicle Classification at Police Station 89 Intersection
13.2 VOT savings for passengers on A3 road in 89 Colombo direction at Police Station Intersection
13.3 Total VOT at the Police Station Intersection 90
13.4 Distribution of Commodities in Road Transport 92
13.5 Colombo direction Freight Transport Savings on 93 A3 road
13.6 Freight Transport Saving at Police Station 94 Intersection
13.7 Parameters for fuel saving cost analysis 96
13.8 Fuel Savings cost on A3 road for Colombo bound 96 traffic
xi Table No. Description Page No
4 13.9 Fuel saving Cost for All Direction 97
13.10 Calculations of Emission Cost Savings for 99 Colombo bound traffic on A3 road
13.11 Emission Cost Saving 99
•i 13.12 Accident Data within study area 100
13.13 Accident Cost within the study section in year 101 2005 13.14 Total Benefits per year 101
14.1 Economic Evaluation of Traffic Management at 107 T Ja-ela
14.2 Sensitivity Test Results 108
14.3 Sensitivity Test 1 109
14.4 Sensitivity Test 2 110
* 14.5 Sensitivity Test 3 111
xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS •4
DSD - District Secretariat Division
AGA - Assistant Government Agent FTZ - Free Trade Zone ADT - Average Daily Traffic UC - Urban Council RDA - Road Development Authority PCU - Passenger Car Unit VOT - Value of Time ADB - Asian Development Bank NPV - Net Present Value BCR - Benefit Cost Ratio EIRR - Economic Internal Rate of Return A3 - Peliyagoda Puttalam Road A33 - Ja-ela - Ekala - Gampaha - Yakkala - Road