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U-M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road Issues of identity in the writing of N. Scott Momaday, James Welch, Leslie Silko and Louise Erdrich. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Larson, Sidner John. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 16:03:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186638 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfIlm master. UMI . films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedtbrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U-M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI 48106·1346 USA 3131 7!3 1·4 700 800/521·0600 Order Number 9424970 Issues of identity in the writing of N. Scott Momaday, James Welch, Leslie Silko and Louise Erdrich Larson, Sidner John, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1994 V·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 ISSUES OF IDENTITY IN THE WRITING OF N. SCOTT MOMADAY, JAMES WELCH, LESLIE SILKO AND LOUISE ERDRICH by Sidner John Larson A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 4 ----------- - THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by ____ ~S~i~d~n~e~r~L~a~r~s~o~n~ _____________________ entitled Issues of Identity in the Writing of N. Scott ~omaday, James Welch, Leslie Silko, and Louise Erdrich and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Charles Shert'Y\ Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recoIDlllend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Directo~baTry Evers Diite /. 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate knowledge of source is made. Reques'ts for permission for extended quotation may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank those people who were not only generous with their time and assistance, but those who were actually willing to share with me materially; they are few, but they do exist. Thanks and love to Lyndon Baines Johnson and his Great Society Programs; my grandmother, Maggie Shambo O'Bryan/Nee'Stoh, of the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation; my cousin-brother Neil Cole of Fort Belknap; Terry Radcliffe, my high school coach/English teacher, wherever you are; Dr. Charles Woodard of South Dakota State University; and Dr. Larry Evers of the University of Arizona. In the end, we do not succeed without this kind of support. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT •• 6 INTRODUCTION • . .. ..... 7 CAGES MADE OF WORDS . 18 THE OUTSIDER IN JAMES WELCH'S THE INDIAN LAWYER • 39 IDENTITY IN THE WRITING OF N. SCOTT MOMADAY .• 62 RECASTING TRADITION IN LOUISE ERDRICH'S WRITING • . 85 CONCLUSION • . • 141 WORKS CITED . • • 149 6 ABSTRACT A Native American Aesthetic: The Attitude of Relationship discusses issues of identity that arise from my own experience and in the writing of N. Scott Homaday, James Welch, Leslie Silko, and Louise Erdrich. 7 INTRODUCTION How I got from being a Fort Belknap reservation cowboy to a professor of English is difficult for me to understand fully. At the same time, I have gradually come to believe it is very important that I understand my own transformation. In retrospect I am convinced that much of what I have done has been an attempt to define who I am, necessitated by the circumstances of my background. To whatever extent I have been successful I am indebted to a combination of experience and education. Furthermore, either one without the other I now consider seriously diminished. It is hard to express how complex the journey has been. N. Scott Momaday once asked a Native American Literature class what each individual considered his most significant accomplishment. My immediate response was still being alive at the age of 41 years, something I have come to appreciate after observing the rate of attrition among family and friends. For the first 40 years of my life I didn't think much about what had happenea or was happening to me. There was no time. The early years were characterized by an extremely ---------------------... 8 strong sense of family and community tempered by the brutally hard work of making a living on almost non-existent resources, alcoholism all around, and the sense of trying to hang on to something important that was continually threatened by disaster. My childhood and early adulthood were truly "middle" years in a way I had no means of comprehending at the time. For a long, long time, I listened and watched, practicing a kind of passive over-preparation centered on language that caused my family to think my silences odd. And then I read to the point of having to be shooed out of the house at times. All the while I was drawn instinctively to the power of spoken and written language; I could see how it worked in storytelling, in praise and criticism; I could sense how intensely my folks pored over language in certain written documents. In early adolescence I began to try different roles, in addition to the white-Indian split I was already living, which eventually included teacher, bar owner, and attorney. At the same time, however, I instinctively pursued formal education, knowing somehow it was within the university community I would find the most understanding and ultimate purpose for my life. I have returned to the university setting for what I consider my last stop, although I suppose that remains to be seen. At any rate, it has been the 9 combination of living, reading, and writing that has facilitated my search for who I am. I was raised on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of northcentral Montana in an extended family consisting of my mother, Ruth "Toodles" Burtch Jeanette, grandparents, Maggie Shambo and smith O'Bryan, an aunt and uncle, Marguerite "Sis" and Elwood "Buck" Cole, and an adoptive aunt and uncle, John "Jiggs" and Aggie Adams, all of whom I lived with at one time or another. I was born at the King County hospital in Seattle on May 1, 1949. My mother has carefully explained to me more than once that she left home to birth me because she suffered from toxemia during her pregnancy, and because there was the possibility of spring roads being impassable at the ranch. Buried under all her explanations, however, exists the fact that she was not married. My grandmother had the resources to transport her off the confines of the Fort Belknap Reservation and a niece in Seattle with whom she could stay; although I believe it was practical for my mother to go to Seattle, I also believe it was a way to deal with my illegitimacy. Greg Sarris, in his essay "Battling Illegitimacy: Some Words Against the Darkness," has said, "Illegitimacy in any form cuts a wide swath. Those of us affected by it react in a number of ways. Our histories, if they are presented and examined honestly, tell the stories." Greg sarris grew up 10 illegitimate among the Porno of California and experienced the special forms of repression, violence, walls of darkness, and occasional kindnesses that go along with that. He now talks about the spaces, wording the darkness from a special vantage point. As part of this study I will attempt to define my experience based on the experience itself and not in terms of other's notions.
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