LANDSCAPES AND CITIES This page intentionally left blank Landscapes and Cities Rural Settlement and Civic Transformation in Early Imperial Italy JOHN R. PATTERSON 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox26dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With oYces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß John R. Patterson 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ISBN 0-19-814088-6 978-0-19-814088-7 13579108642 For Emily Acknowledgements This book has taken a long time to write, and I have been fortunate to have had a great deal of help in the process. It owes its origins to a thesis submitted for the D.Phil. degree at Oxford, and to the award of a Rome Scholarship at the British School at Rome, which provided the invaluable opportunity of an extended period of research in Italy at a crucial time, beginning an association from which I have greatly beneWted over the years, most recently through participation in the School’s Tiber Valley Project. I am grateful to the Department of Education and Science for a Major State Studentship; to Magdalene College, Cambridge for the award of a Research Fellowship and its subsequent support; and to the Arts and Humanities Research Board for Wnancing a term’s study leave. Parts of the argument of the book have been presented and discussed at various conferences and seminars—in Belfast, Cam- bridge, Durham, London, Manchester, and St Andrews, at the Deutsches Archa¨ologisches Institut and the E´ cole Franc¸aise in Rome, and at McMaster University in Canada—and I am grateful both to my hosts and to the audiences on those occasions. The chance to lecture at the Dipartimento di Storia Antica at the Univer- sity of Bologna as part of a Socrates teaching exchange allowed me to explore the ideas presented here with a student audience. Virtually all the work was done in the Library of the Classics Faculty, Cambridge, the Sackler Library, Oxford, the Library of the Institute of Classical Studies, London, and the Library of the British School at Rome, and to these institutions, and to their staVs, I would like to express my particular thanks. Permission to reproduce photographs and drawings was kindly provided by John Hayes; the British School at Rome; the Journal of Roman Archaeology; the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge; and the Soprintendenze per i Beni Archeologici of Salerno, Avellino e Benevento, Etruria Meridionale, Napoli e Caserta, and Puglia. I would also thank the E´ cole Franc¸aise for permission to include in the book a Acknowledgements vii revised version of an article which originally appeared in L’Italie d’Auguste a` Diocle´tien, Collection de l’E´cole franc¸aise de Rome 198 (1994), 227–38. It is a great pleasure to thank Jason Lucas for helping with the Wgures; Rob Witcher for making his important forthcoming paper on survey available to me; Richard Duncan-Jones and Henrik Mour- itsen for commenting on draft chapters; Hilary O’Shea, Sylvie JaVrey, Vicky Harris, and Kathleen McLaughlin for transforming the text into a book; Michael Crawford and Peter Garnsey, not only for their comments on the whole draft, but for their wise counsel over many years; and (especially) to Angela Heap, for thinking up the title, and for so much else besides. To these, and to all the other friends and colleagues in Britain and Italy who have helped with information, advice and support, I am very grateful. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures x Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 1. The Rural Landscapes of Imperial Italy 5 Appendix: ‘Survey of Surveys’ 72 2. The Transformation of the City in Imperial Italy 89 3. Social Mobility and the Cities of Italy 184 Conclusion 265 Bibliography 281 Index 337 List of Figures 1.1 The regions of Italy 6 1.2 Field surveys in central Italy 73 1.3 Field surveys in central-southern Italy 81 1.4 Field surveys in southern Italy 83 2.1 Cosa: Augustan settlement (Fig. 2 from E. Fentress, ‘Cosa in the Empire: The Unmaking of a Roman Town’, JRA 7 (1994), by permission) 93 2.2 Cosa: settlement ad 150–200 (Fig. 3 from E. Fentress, ‘Cosa in the Empire: The Unmaking of a Roman Town’, JRA 7 (1994), by permission) 93 2.3 Cosa: settlement during the Severan period (Fig. 4 from E. Fentress, ‘Cosa in the Empire: The Unmaking of a Roman Town’, JRA 7 (1994), by permission) 94 2.4 Interamna Lirenas: the site as it is today (photo: author) 102 2.5 Interamna Lirenas: republican settlement. (After Fig. 2 from J. W. Hayes and E. M. Wightman, ‘Interamna Lirenas: risultati di ricerche in superWcie 1979–1981’ in Archeologia Laziale 6: 137–48) 103 2.6 Interamna Lirenas: early imperial settlement. (After Fig. 2 from J. W. Hayes and E. M. Wightman, ‘Interamna Lirenas: risultati di ricerche in superWcie 1979–1981’ in Archeologia Laziale 6: 137–48) 104 2.7 Interamna Lirenas: late imperial settlement. (After Fig. 2 from J. W. Hayes and E. M. Wightman, ‘Interamna Lirenas: risultati di ricerche in superWcie 1979–1981’ in Archeologia Laziale 6: 137–48) 105 2.8 Beneventum: plan of the city 107 List of Figures xi 2.9 Veterans at Beneventum (slightly revised version of Fig. 8 from L. Keppie, Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 bc (1983), by permission of the British School at Rome) 109 2.10 Beneventum: the Arch of Trajan (photo: author; by permission of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle province di Salerno, Avellino e Benevento) 111 2.11 Capua: the AnWteatro Campano (photo: author; by permission of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle province di Napoli e Caserta) 133 2.12 Ferentium: the baths (photo: author; by permission of Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio: sezione Etruria Meridionale) 153 2.13 Herdoniae: the macellum (photo: author; by permission of Ministero per i Beni e le Attivita` Culturali—Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Puglia) 162 Abbreviations General AE L’Anne´eE´pigraphique ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der ro¨mischen Welt, ed. W. Haase and H. Temporini (1972– ) (Berlin: de Gruyter) CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum FGrH F. Jacoby (ed.), Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923– ) HS Sesterces ILLRP Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, ed. A. Degrassi (1963–5) (Florence: La Nuova Italia) ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. H. Dessau (1892–1916) (Berlin: Weidmann) JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS Journal of Roman Studies LTUR Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, ed. E. M. Steinby, 5 vols. (1993–9) (Rome: Quasar) MAAR Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome MEFRA Me´langes de l’E´cole franc¸aise de Rome: antiquite´ PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome RE Paulys Realencyclopa¨die der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft ZPE Zeitschrift fu¨r Papyrologie und Epigraphik Ancient authors References to ancient authors are in the form used by the third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn. (1996), with some minor amendments. App. B.Civ. Appian, Bella civilia Apul. Apol. Apuleius, Apologia Met. Apuleius, Metamorphoses List of Abbreviations xiii Asc. Asconius (ed. A. Clark, 1907) Auson. Ausonius Caes. B.Civ. Caesar, Bellum civile Cass. Dio Cassius Dio Cic. Att. Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum Fam. Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares Leg. agr. Cicero, De lege agraria OV. Cicero, De oYciis Rep. Cicero, De republica Sest. Cicero, Pro Sestio Cael. Cicero, Pro Caelio Dig. Digesta Dion. Hal. Dionysius of Halicarnassus Flor. Florus Fronto Princip. histor. Fronto, Principia historiae Gloss. Lat. W. M. Lindsay (ed.) Glossaria Latina Hdn. Herodian Hor. Epist. Horace, Epistulae Sat. Horace, Sermones Juv. Sat. Juvenal, Saturae Lib. Colon. Liber Coloniarum Livy Per. Livy, Periochae Mart. Martial Mart. Spect. Martial, Spectacula Ovid Met. Ovid, Metamorphoses Petron. Sat. Petronius, Satyricon Plin. HN Pliny (the Elder), Historia Naturalis Ep. Pliny (the Younger), Epistulae Pan. Pliny (the Younger), Panegyricus Plut. Crass. Plutarch, Crassus Num. Plutarch, Numa Polyb. Polybius xiv List of Abbreviations Procopius Goth. De bello Gothico Prop. Propertius RG Augustus, Res Gestae Sall. Cat. Sallust, Bellum Catilinae SHA Scriptores Historiae Augustae Alex. Sev. Alexander Severus Ant. Antoninus Pius Hadr. Hadrian Marc. Marcus Aurelius Pert. Pertinax Sen. Ep. Seneca (the Younger), Epistulae Silius Pun. Punica Stat. Silv. Statius, Silvae Strab.