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Community Mosque Community Mosque Item Type text; Master's Report-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Batuayour, Abdullah Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 11:43:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555214 COMMUNITY MOSQUE i 4 8 6 COMMUNITY MOSQUE: CHANGES AND CONTINUITY OF ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPS WITH A CASE STUDY TO CREATE A DEVELOPED COMMUNITY MOSQUES IN DAMMAM AND AL KHOBAR, SAUDI ARABIA by Abdullah Battyorn A Master's Report Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Architecture Masters Project Committee: Committee Member Prof. E. Green X Committee Member/^/ 19 8 8 /-> : JU2 dlii jii ^ ^ <2r^ ^ ^ Oal O jj J ^ iSl U J I ^ U I J AT ^ @ % W ^ * JWTj • * jLLaJVlj vjJiJT <J 4J5L- u>: SyU ilijll *Uj j4*i *L-r! u-^ <3jv-l Crf V-^ '-* (ta . n j>ji ?.,*-) * ^ y1- 36. (Lit is such a Light) In houses, which God Hath permitted to be raised To houour; for the celebration By men whom neither Traffic nor merchandise Can divert from the Remembrance Of God, nor from regular Prayer, Nor from the practice Of regular Charity: Their (only) fear is For the Day when Hearts and eyes Will be transformed (In a world wholly new), That God may reward them According to the best Of their deeds, and add Even more for them Out of His Grace: For God doth provide For those whom He will, Without measure (The translation of the Holy Quran sura XXIV) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my thanks and deep gratitude to Professor Fred S. Matter for his guidance and advice. Also I would like to thank Professor Kenneth N. Clark and Professor E. Green for their valuable advice. I would like to extend my thanks to every person— my parents, my wife, my friends who helped, shared, encouraged and advised me while I was working on this project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................... vi LIST OF T A B L E S .................. .viii ABSTRACT............................................. ix INTRODUCTION ... 1 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND....................... 3 The Prophet1s Mosque . Umayyad and Abbasid Period Ottoman Period .......... CO CD ID 2. AL-KHOBAR AND DAMMAM BACKGROUND................. 13 Community Developments .................. 17 Modern Developments......................... 19 Physical Determinants........................... 24 Natural......................................24 Temperature................................. 25 Humidity ..... 25 W i n d ........................................ 25 Rainfall........................ 26 Daylight....................................26 Natural Ventilation......................... 28 Radiation, Glare ......................... 28 Insulation........................ 28 Interior....................................28 Landscape....................................28 3. CASE S T U D Y ......................................30 London Central Mosque....................... 31 The Islamic Cultural of Brussels ........ 35 Friday Mosque in Saudi Arabia............... 37 Ulaya Housing Project....................... 39 4. MOSQUE AND THE COMMUNITY ELEMENTS............... 40 M o s q u e ......................................42 Types of Mosque............................. 42 Mosque Elements.......... 46 Praying H a l l ............................... 46 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Praying Hall Criteria. ......................47 Users........................................49 S i z e ............................... 51 Structure and S p a n .................. 54 Natural Light and Ventilation............... 55 Acoustic....................................56 Site Zoning................ 56 Quibla Direction ......................... 59 Social Function.............. 61 Commercial and Multipurpose Hall ........ 61 Flexibility in Design................ 63 The Mosque Elements......................... 63 M i n a r e t ............................... 66 Ablution A r e a ......................... 66 Minrab.................. 72 Minbar .................................. 73 Classroom............................. 73 Library . 73 Commercial............................. 74 Playground A r e a ............ 75 Multipurpose H a l l ..................... 76 Housing ................................ 77 Final Program Daily Mosque .............. 78 Final Program Friday Mosque................. 79 5. SITE ANALYSIS AND D E S I G N .....................81 Dammam (Daily Mosque)....................... S 3 A1 Khobar (Friday Mosque)................... 9 1 v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Pages Figures 1. Layout of Prophet Muhammad's mosque in Medina. 5 2. Baghdad, the round city of al-Mansur........ 7 3. Baghdad, al Mirjan Madrasa .................. 8 4. Baghdad, khan al Mir jan....................... 8 5. Tripoli, complex of Admad pasha.............. 8 6. Beyazids Kulliye in Edirne ................... 10 7. Map of Arabian Gulf r e g i o n ..................... 14 8. Major elements in the a r e a ..................... 15 9. Dammam and Al Khobar growth..................... 22 10. Dammam metropolitan a rea ....................... 23 11. Temperature graph............................... 27 12. Humidity............................... 27 13. Energy conservation............................. 29 14. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 London Central Mosque . .32-34 20. Islamic Cultural of Brussels ................ 36 21. Ministry's Friday Mosque ..................... 38 22. Ulaya housing project........................... 39 23. Kind of m o s q u e ................................. 43 24. Direction of Kaaba from various cities .... 44 25. Diagram showing timings of daily prayers . 45 26. Mosque elements................................. 48 27. Alternative designs for praying areas 50 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) Page 28. Prayer hall u n i t ............................. 52 29. Praying hall requirement..................... 53 30. Zoning concept ..................... ..... 57 31. Site zoning................................... 58 32. Mosque's social active area.................. 62 33. Minaret....................................... 64 34. The process of performing wudhu.............. 67 35. The relation between praying & ablution. 68 36. Ablution area................................. 69 37. Wudhu a r e a .................................... 70 38. Miscellaneous storage and hooks for ablution area............................. 71 39. Matrices . gg 40. Al-Khobar site analysis (Friday Mosque) . g-j 41. Dammam site analysis (Daily Mosque)............. 83 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Dammam and Al Khobar population. 16 2. Distribution of total population ............. 16 3. Number of days with sandstorms................. 26 viii ABSTRACT Allah and his apostle Muhammad (may peace be upon him) emphasized the importance of the neighborhood as recorded in the Holy Quran and the traditions and the sayings of the Prophet. Since the muslim society is based on religious traditions, the muslim city was built to accommodate all the muslim needs, be it religious, social, educational or recreational. To understand the historical development of the muslim neighborhood and specially the mosque, which is the most important elements of that neighborhood, and to understand the character, and the relationship between the mosque, the urban space and the neighborhood, this study is conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the mosque in the past and to study its recent development. In addition, this project is concerned with the design of an optimum community center for a special neighborhood in Dammam and Al-Khobar in Saudi Arabia. This research will be divided into four chapters. The first chapter will discuss the development of the mosque as the center of the neighborhood. The second chapter discussed the historical background of Dammam and al-Khobar. Some study cases are presented in chapter three. The fourth chapter will discuss the mosque and other design elements ix for a community. The final chapter will concentrate on designing developed mosques as a case study. x 1 INTRODUCTION A city Is much like a large museum in that it is a large and varied collection of people and places. A city is a scene wherein our actions as human beings and our relationships with each other grow and our lives flourish. Naturally, people like to be with each other; as a family, as friends, and on a larger scale as a community. In this sense of community, the city serves as a stage upon which our lives are played out and our interactions with each other are strongly affected. The city, indeed, shapes much of our lives. For the Muslim, Islam provides a foundation of support which strengthens community life in the city. Islam has given us basic roles and principles that establish and protect our community. As a matter of fact, Muslims built their new settlements based on Islamic principles. They created a lot of beautiful and successful communities. The Muslims built their communities to fulfill their socio­ religious needs which include: 1. Mosque 2. Open communal spaces 3. Public Requirements: a. Schools b . Markets There has been a strong tie between the neighborhood and the mosque. This tie has weakened in our modern society. 2 The function of the mosque in the neighborhood has
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