DOCSLIB.ORG

Hebrew Alphabets, Symbols and Computer Codes: History and Preliminary Tabulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hebrew Alphabets, Symbols and Computer Codes: History and Preliminary Tabulation Elaine Renée KEOWN Center for Judaic Studies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania HEBREW ALPHABETS, SYMBOLS AND COMPUTER CODES: HISTORY AND PRELIMINARY TABULATION The Ancient Hebrew alphabet was first computerized2 in 1956 by Prof. Roberto Busa in Gallarate3, Italy. Drawing on seven years of experience in- dexing Aquinas by early IBM punch card equipment4, Busa produced an automated index of several published Dead Sea Scrolls written in He- brew, Aramaic, and Nabatean5. By 1959 in Israel a second project which would soon use computerized Hebrew started6. By the early 1960s re- searchers in France began writing more advanced software which included the computerized Tiberian te{amim7. In Nancy, Gérard Weil became the first scholar to work with a computerized version of the Tanach8. His collaborator, Pierre Rivière, wrote the first algorithms to analyze the com- plex te{amim patterns of the Leningrad Codex9. Weil's work led to the first center for studying electronic versions of the Tanach10. In the mid- 1. “Porting” is the process of converting any software product for use on a different hard- ware platform. 2. P. TASMAN, “Indexing the Dead Sea Scrolls by Electronic Literary Data Processing Methods”, IBM (Nov. 1958) [IBM Archives], p. 5. 3. The cards for the Hebrew were punched in Gallarate, soon the location of the Centro per l'Automazione dell'Analisi Litteraria; then they were flown to NYC, where they were sorted four times on an IBM 705 mainframe. See Tasman, cited above, p. 5, and also “IBM and the Dead Sea Scrolls”, Business Machines (June 10, 1958), p. 4. 4. From 1887-1970s most calculating machines and computers utilized perforated paper ribbon or punched cards similar to those invented in Lyons for looms between 1725-1804. See J. MARGUIN, Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, Paris, 1994, pp. 182, 191. 5. The Dead Sea Scrolls were written in the early 22-letter alphabet without final letters. The Nabatean was transliterated into Hebrew. See Tasman, cited above, p. 5. 6. Writing in 1959 about the planned historical Hebrew dictionary, Ben-Hayyim ob- served, “it is worthwhile investigating whether we can employ automation, that is to say, making use of punch card machines or electronic computers”. See Z. BEN-HAYYIM, The His- torical Dictionary of Hebrew Language: A Plan, Jerusalem, 1959, p. 14. 7. G. Weil, Concordance de la cantilation des Premiers Prophètes: Josué, Juges, Samuel et Rois, Paris, 1982, p. XXIVff. 8. J.J. HUGHES, Bits, Bytes and Biblical Studies, Grand Rapids, 1987, p. 515. 9. See WEIL, cited above, p. XI. 10. Prof. Weil's research group became CATAB, the Centre d'Analyse et de Traitement Automatique de la Bible, later in Lyons. Revue des Études juives, 161 (1-2), janvier-juin 2002, pp. 235-240 236 HEBREW ALPHABETS, SYMBOLS AND COMPUTER CODES 1960s in Israel, at the Weizmann Institute and Bar Han, Profs. Aviezri Fraenkel and Yaacov Choueka started a large database of Hebrew responsa literature11. In the 1960s/70s, operating systems with character sets of 127 could be multilingual, but they were usually “monoscript”, including only Roman alphabet variations. During this time, the IBM standard code, EBCDIC, with a character set of 255, led to commercial standards with two scripts in Russia, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and other countries12. Later, in 1988, there was also a very creative Israeli standard, SI 960, 127 characters, bilingual English/Hebrew, with only English capital letters13. By the 1980s, standard computer operating systems had character sets of 255 symbols to manipulate14. In the late 80s, new bilingual international computer standards were proposed for about 40 languages, including He- brew, Arabic, Russian, Greek, and 30 European languages written with vari- ations of the Roman alphabet15. Different technical standards for Hebrew for librairies and for general computer usage were proposed by various coun- tries. At that point, some proposed international standards included the Tibe- rian vowels and other symbols16. However, when the first general, interna- tional, bilingual Latin/Hebrew computer code for 8-bit bytes was published, ISO 8859-8 included only the basic Hebrew consonants, despite having ad- equate code space for Tiberian vowels and other Masoretic symbols17. In the United States, in 1980, an American academic Hebrew computer code, now usually called “Michigan-Claremont-Westminster” (after the three institutions where it was developed or improved), was begun by Profs. H.V.D. Parunak and R.E. Whitaker as they produced a new elec- tronic version of the Leningrad Codex18. The original Michigan-Claremont text was later corrected against the codex by Prof. A. Groves of Westmin- ster Seminary. This newest electronic version of Leningrad was used in col- laborative or individual projects in Jerusalem, Bar Ilan, Philadelphia, Am- sterdam, Utrecht, and also recently in Bielefeld19. 11. Y. CHOUEKA, “Computerized full-text retrieval systems and research in the humani- ties: the responsa project”, Computers and the Humanities 14, 1980, pp. 153-169. 12. J. CLEWS, Language automation worldwide: the development of character set stand- ards, Harrogate, 1988, pp. 36-37. 13. Ibid., p. 94. 14. Ibid., p. 50. 15. Ibid., p. 16-17. See also V. ILLINGWORTH (ed.), Dictionary of Computing, Oxford, 1996, pp. 269-270. 16. Ibid., pp. 96-97. 17. Ibid., p. 95. 18. Hughes, op. cit., pp. 499-519. 19. C.-J. DOEDENS, Text databases: one database model and several retrieval languages, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 262-263. HEBREW ALPHABETS, SYMBOLS AND COMPUTER CODES 237 Although widely used and an excellent computer code, Michigan- Claremont-Westminster never became a public, internationally recognized character set like ISO-7, ASCII, or the ISO 8859-8 bilingual Latin/Hebrew code. The latest version of the Michigan-Claremont-Westminster text will be the electronic Biblia Hebraica Quinta20. In the 1990s, more complete public computer codes for Hebrew were produced. In 1996, the Israeli standards group, the SII, produced a new code, SI 1311.2, that included the Tiberian te{amim21. However, the most recent international computer code has been devel- oped in a collaboration between the ISO, based in Geneva, and the Unicode Consortium, based in Silicon Valley. ISO 10646 or Unicode contains 65,536 codes spaces. Thi is 256 times the number of spaces used in 1970s/ 80s operating systems. Unicode was initially designed in the late 1980s by a group of experts, many from the Chinese Language Computer Society. It allocates 22,000 spaces to “CJK” (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) ide- ographs. The Unicode 2.0 Hebrew section now includes the basic Hebrew alphabet, Tiberian te{amim, and other Masoretic marks used in the Lenin- grad Codex, plus vowel digraphs for literary Yiddish, for a total of 87 sym- bols22. In 1997 in Greifswald, Germany, the Leningrad Codex in its Michigan- Claremont-Westminster electronic version was uploaded to a Unicode 2.0 format to become part of a parallel corpus (Leningrad-Vulgate-Septuagint in parallel plus Greek NT) with advanced retrieval functions23. This multi- database system is called QUEST. However, the complete character set for Hebrew script includes at least 173 symbols or letters: variant Hebrew alphabets for Jewish languages or dialects written in Hebrew plus four sets of Biblical annotations (three re- gional Masorahs and the Samaritan set). Other unusual Jewish languages used Georgian24, Malayalam25, or Turkish runic26 scripts. 20. See http://www.unifr.ch/bif/Chapters/bh5.html, middle paragraphs. 21. See: http://www.qsm.co.il/Hebrew/stdisr.htm. 22. See The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, version 2.0, Reading, 1996, pp. 7-60 and 7-61. For some reason, the code repeats geresh and gershayim twice, but I only count them once here. 23. W.-D. SYRING, “QUEST 2 — Computergestützte Philologie und Exegese”, Zeit- schrift für Althebräistik 11, 1998, pp. 85-89. 24. For a photo of a bilingual Georgian-Hebrew haggada, see M. NAISHTAT, Yehude Gruzyah, Tel Aviv, 1970 p. 64. 25. R. DANIEL, Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish woman remembers, Philadelphia, 1995, pp. 146, 151-54, 174-77. 26. S. PLETNEVA, Khazary, Moskva, 1976, p. 33ff. 238 HEBREW ALPHABETS, SYMBOLS AND COMPUTER CODES A preliminary27 tabulation28 of symbols for Hebrew scripts follows: HEBREW SYMBOLS: A PRELIMINARY LIST Complete Net First on symbol count29 count30 computer Ancient or common symbols 22-letter alphabet 22 22 1956 Ancient epigraphic punctuation31 2 2 Qumrani dots (upper middle 2 2 early 1960s and lower middle)32 Final letters 5 5 early 1960s Tiberian pointing and other 53 52 early 1960s Masoretic apparatus Other Hebrew manuscript33 symbols 7 7 Net subset totals 90 Extra symbols for regional Jewish languages Arabic34 6 4 late 1960s35 Berber36 1 0 Persian37 3 0 27. I had difficulty finding material on symbols for several languages, e.g., Shua- dit (standard Judeo-Provençal, as opposed to Comtadin) and Krimchak (a Rabbanite Kipchak Turkish language, similar to Crimean Tatar). For Krimchak, see W. MOSKO- VITZ, “Krimchak Language”, Encyclopaedia Judaica Yearbook 1988/9, Jerusalem, 1989, p. 371. 28. Couting Hebrew symbols for computerization is an art, not a science. Except for di- graphs and trigraphs, this count is minimal. It used the “decomposed” method of counting Hebrew symbols, counting each diacritic once instead of multiple times with each pointed consonant. The “decomposed” approach has been successfully used in many library systems. However, the competing approach, the “composed” approach, where each digraph or “com- posed” consonant with diacritic has a code number, may have certain advantages for complex computer software. Complex software includes pointed Tanach texts of piyyu†im, lexical databases, and, possibly, Web pages. 29. This numer includes the complete set of extra symbols found in the subset. 30. This number is the net number of symbols after subtracting those found in more than one category. 31. Y. AHARONI, Arad Inscriptions, Jerusalem, 1986, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deciphering-Jewish-Gravestones.Pdf
    Deciphering Jewish Gravestones Philip Trauring Originally published on bloodandfrogs.com March 8, 2020 My 2011 article on Jewish gravestone symbols has long been one of the most popular posts on my web site. In that article, I discuss the symbols found on Jewish gravestones, but not the text. I wrote in the first paragraph that I will likely write about the text at some point in the future. Unfortunately, I waited nine years to do so, but here’s a look at some of the Hebrew text you might find on a Jewish gravestone, and how to decipher it. We should get some terminology out the way. We’re talking about Hebrew inscriptions on מצבה kever, and the gravestone itself a קבר gravestones. In Hebrew we call the grave a matseva (lit. monument). There isn’t a particularly good Hebrew word for epitaph (the the writing on the gravestone. We do use the word הכתובת על המצבה inscription), it’s just hesped for eulogy, and you can think of some of the inscription to be a eulogy. As this הספד is intended as an introduction to this topic, I’ll simply use the English terms most of the time. Let’s jump in with a gravestone I photographed in Warsaw in 2018. I like this inscription because it’s fairly clear and it duplicates almost all the information from the Hebrew in Polish, allowing everything to be confirmed. We have here a Professor Markus Zamenof, who was born in 1837 and died in 1907. I’ve underlined key parts of the Hebrew, and explain it all in the table below the photo.
    [Show full text]
  • Edmonton+City+1982+Mar+Sa+To+
    RUT-flYL EDMONTON 680 Riizyeki WA10546'8SAve.. ..3..... ..439-2435 'Rir^ 8602-1102099Ava. 488-9852 RYCON WASTE OIL CO LTD RiK^i.Z2lGardwCrShPk 464-4684 M101-1064579 Ava 433-5780 Spruca.Greve..962-3000 VVilliam J10940 7S Aw. 436^757 l6lZ3^SisU9918 ITIAAve 4584570 l^knM A11940141 St 455-9353 Rycroft K 311-15504 84 Ava..: 489-8809 ftutledg^madsaac M H RVmiPPLYLTD j^an^ J 9532lOOASt...:. 426-3131 l^croft SystemsLtd 246^14615101 S«.. 456^1242 1S740 Sbiy Rn Rd..'483^701 Mike 11317103St 474-1779 4 Unlhorpe RdSp Si .962-8235 Rutley Mrs B 419-T0160 isi St.......484-7682 42l099St 468-4294 l^'P53-2024 57a 462-2715 RydallWilliam6 AmhaistCra Mb....458-7241 Rutley Cflfford i(»6i i36Si...........4^2209 Rntdi^ Nick 9847 75 Ava :...... 433-0931 I^ P201-770498St 439-9504 Rydberg W112-87 StiiiingRd. t4Sif699B| Rutl9 0304-9210149St...' 484^^^^ Riris tu'n6il4 lOesi..... 438-1117 1^P16-10245116a 488-8994 l^eRAl151537AAve Rtttl^WssosilASt...;... 434-4434 R-W1yr;Pefsanh«ISeniices ' l^ai»;p14735 51Ava 435-5758 I^en Prank 9316161 a.... RUTLEY W BYRONLawyr 104-9924106St.. 423-9995 RyanPJ 20 GoodridgeDiaAlb...... 458^1574 5^enG152268t Ava.:..... '719-10136100§l.'.424-8830. RMrisibaDZA^t? 11281.. .*.•..'.'439-5760'^: l^tpj 109461583 489^4078 I^en Per8005162a:..!... 489^91 RutsatziK202-11S30124a...........455-1^ ^11^13943119Ava... .454^0165' Ryan PatlSSKomestaadCr... 475-7269 l^er-rSee also Rider • RlttSCllEl051374Ave '4^-1972 R^'DiriiniS njonrairmrrroresiuiDvestAlb.tba-Mia »ri mom lincM' RutschF 204-14507 77 a..... 473-3142 51SPaikiahdMead0««Sp6r.. 962-4766 RyanPatrickRyw Patrick77N7 ForestGalaxyGfove'aWay ShPk.Alb . 464-0254458-3415 5^!^nm nrf'n ^ Riitscb Ll03-l240982a..............474-9926 RyaUil006-44^i08a 434-1163 RyanPaui4l LomaCraAlb 458-6026 S2 S? .^.1 ROtscliLenhaitl'29Waiv»iokRd..,....456-1461 ^^1L40l-8920ieSa........484-0666.1^rPeiTyi08-ll24Sli7a 453-5219 52®'^! -^1 RutecbWalter - 'I^lsKen 13504136Ava 455-7648 Ryan-PeterDSSGraarCraAb.- 458-9150 •S'?' 166GraHdmeadowCr...463-7406463-7406 Ryan A301-10434125a 451-2090 Ryan RA1131157a ...
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendation on Minimum Receiver Technical Requirements for the Reception of DVB-T2 Signal in the Republic of Croatia1
    Recommendation on minimum receiver technical requirements for the reception of DVB-T2 signal in the Republic of Croatia1 Disclaimer Only the Croatian version of this document is to be considered official and used as a reference. 1 This document is a recommendation issued by the Croatian Regulatory Authority for Network Industries and it is therefore not binding. CROATIAN REGULATORY AUTHORITY FOR NETWORK INDUSTRIES Roberta Frangeša Mihanovića 9, HR-10110 Zagreb, Croatia / OIB: 87950783661 / Phone: +385 (0)1 7007 007, Fax: +385 (0)1 7007 070 / www.hakom.hr 2 List of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Scope ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4. Document History ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.5. References ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.6. Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Template CAJ/67 ENGLISH
    F CAJ/68/6 ORIGINAL : anglais DATE : 6 septembre 2013 UNION INTERNATIONALE POUR LA PROTECTION DES OBTENTIONS VÉGÉTALES Genève COMITÉ ADMINISTRATIF ET JURIDIQUE Soixante-huitième session Genève, 21 octobre 2013 BASES DE DONNÉES D’INFORMATION DE L’UPOV Document établi par le Bureau de l’Union Avertissement : le présent document ne représente pas les principes ou les orientations de l’UPOV 1. Le présent document vise à présenter des propositions relatives au programme d’améliorations de la base de données sur les variétés végétales (base de données PLUTO) et à faire rapport sur l’intention du Bureau de l’Union de réaliser une enquête auprès des membres de l’Union quant à leur utilisation des bases de données aux fins de la protection des obtentions végétales, ainsi que leur utilisation des systèmes de dépôt électronique des demandes. 2. Toujours en ce qui concerne les propositions concernant le programme d’améliorations de la base de données PLUTO, il est rappelé qu’une proposition faite durant l’exposé présenté par l’Office communautaire des variétés végétales de l’Union européenne (OCVV) à la soixante-septième session du Comité administratif et juridique (CAJ), tenue à Genève le 21 mars 2013, d’envisager la possibilité d’élaborer un moteur de recherche des similitudes pour l’UPOV à des fins de dénomination variétale, sur la base du moteur de recherche de l’OCVV, est examinée dans le document CAJ/68/9 “Possibilité d’élaboration d’un outil de recherche de similarité pour l’UPOV aux fins de la dénomination variétale”. Table des matières PROPOSITIONS RELATIVES AU PROGRAMME D’AMÉLIORATIONS DE LA BASE DE DONNÉES PLUTO ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Commercial Carbonaceous Anode with A-Si Layers by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Lithium Ion Batteries
    Article A Commercial Carbonaceous Anode with a-Si Layers by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition for Lithium Ion Batteries Chao-Yu Lee 1, Fa-Hsing Yeh 2 and Ing-Song Yu 2,* 1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Formosa University, Yunlin 632, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974301, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-3-890-3219 Received: 12 May 2020; Accepted: 9 June 2020; Published: 11 June 2020 Abstract: In this study, we propose a mass production-able and low-cost method to fabricate the anodes of Li-ion battery. Carbonaceous anodes, integrated with thin amorphous silicon layers by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, can improve the performance of specific capacity and coulombic efficiency for Li-ion battery. Three different thicknesses of a-Si layers (320, 640, and 960 nm), less than 0.1 wt% of anode electrode, were deposited on carbonaceous electrodes at low temperature 200 ◦C. Around 30 mg of a-Si by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) can improve the specific capacity ~42%, and keep coulombic efficiency of the half Li-ion cells higher than 85% after first cycle charge-discharge test. For the thirty cyclic performance and rate capability, capacitance retention can maintain above 96%. The thicker a-Si layers on carbon anodes, the better electrochemical performance of anodes with silicon-carbon composites we get. The traditional carbonaceous electrodes can be deposited a-Si layers easily by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which is a method with high potential for industrialization.
    [Show full text]
  • Babel, a Multilingual Package for Use with LATEX's Standard Document
    Babel, a multilingual package for use with LATEX’s standard document classes∗ Johannes Braams Kersengaarde 33 2723 BP Zoetermeer The Netherlands [email protected] Printed May 28, 2005 Abstract The standard distribution of LATEX contains a number of document classes that are meant to be used, but also serve as examples for other users to create their own document classes. These document classes have become very popular among LATEX users. But it should be kept in mind that they were designed for American tastes and typography. At one time they contained a number of hard-wired texts. This report describes babel, a package that makes use of the new capabilities of TEX version 3 to pro- vide an environment in which documents can be typeset in a non-American language, or in more than one language. Contents core of babel and the lan- guage definition files 11 1 The user interface 5 6.1 Support for active char- 1.1 Languages supported by acters . 13 Babel ............ 6 6.2 Support for saving macro 1.2 Workarounds . 7 definitions . 13 2 Changes for LATEX 2ε 7 6.3 Support for extending macros . 14 3 Changes in Babel version 3.7 8 6.4 Macros common to a number of languages . 14 4 Changes in Babel version 3.6 9 5 Changes in Babel version 3.5 10 7 Compatibility with german.sty 14 6 The interface between the 8 Compatibility with ngerman.sty 15 ∗During the development ideas from Nico Poppelier, Piet van Oostrum and many others have been used.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 9.2, Arabic, Section 9.3, Syriac and Section 9.5, Man- Daic
    The Unicode® Standard Version 12.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2019 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 12.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-22-1 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Template TC/48 ENGLISH
    F CAJ/66/4 ORIGINAL : anglais DATE : 20 septembre 2012 UNION INTERNATIONALE POUR LA PROTECTION DES OBTENTIONS VÉGÉTALES Genève COMITÉ ADMINISTRATIF ET JURIDIQUE Soixante-sixième session Genève, 29 octobre 2012 BASES DE DONNÉES D’INFORMATION DE L’UPOV Document établi par le Bureau de l’Union 1. Le présent document a pour objet de faire rapport sur les faits nouveaux concernant la base de données GENIE, le système de codes UPOV et la base de données sur les variétés végétales. BASE DE DONNÉES GENIE .............................................................................................................................2 SYSTÈME DE CODES DE L’UPOV...................................................................................................................2 BASE DE DONNÉES SUR LES VARIÉTÉS VÉGÉTALES ...............................................................................2 GÉNÉRALITÉS ....................................................................................................................................................2 VERSION WEB DE LA BASE DE DONNÉES SUR LES VARIÉTÉS VÉGÉTALES (SECTION 6 DU PROGRAMME)...................3 Informations sur la dernière date de présentation par les fournisseurs de données................................................... 3 Règles de recherche................................................................................................................................................... 3 Fonction de sauvegarde des paramètres de recherche.............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
    Bel ieve in Inno vat ion ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING Alifax clinical susceptibility testing is the unique test that gives results in only 3 hours In cases of serious bacterial infections the timely administration of an effective antibiotic therapy is associated with an increase in disease resolution and subsequent patient survival. For this reason, the microbiology laboratory has to provide "clinically useful results" in order to guide the clinician to choose the most appropriate antibiotic therapy as soon as possible. Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) results facilitate effective treatment, reduce the number of laboratory tests ordered, days of hospitalization and Public Health costs. In addition, they are useful to monitor the evolution of resistant bacteria. LIGHT SCATTERING TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING EACH ANTIBIOTIC IS INDIVIDUALLY MARKED* Sidecar, Alfred 60AST and HB&L are EUCAST LYOPHILISED ANTIBIOTICS Code CLSI LYOPHILISED ANTIBIOTICS Code conceived in order to properly monitor 1 AMIKACIN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 956-AMK 1 AMIKACIN SI 801-AMK the turbidity levels of the samples 2 AMIKACIN PSEUDOMONAS NN) SI 978-AMK 2 AMOXICILLIN-CLAVULANATE STAPHYLOCOCCI SI 802-AMC simultaneously to the culture test. 3 AMIKACIN STAPHYLOCOCCI SI 981-AMK 3 AMPICILLIN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 803-AMP 4 AMPICILLIN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 954-AMP 4 AMPICILLIN ENTEROCOCCI SI 804-AMP Positive samples are fl agged when the 5 AMPICILLIN ENTEROCOCCI SI 955-AMP 5 AZTREONAM ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 805-ATM turbidity reaches the 0.5 McFarland by 6 AMPICILLIN-SULBACTAM ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 997-AMS 6 AZTREONAM PSEUDOMONAS SI 806-ATM McFarland Monitor. Monomicrobial 7 AZTREONAM ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 957-ATM 7 CEFOTAXIME ENTEROBACTERIACEAE SI 807-CTX samples can then be tested with a 8 CEFOTAXIME SI 959-CTX 8 CEFOXITIN STAPH.
    [Show full text]
  • Ii. Qc Summary E.P.A
    II. QC SUMMARY E.P.A. CASE NO. __i A. Surroaate % Recovery Summary • D, DFTPP Performance Summary B. Reagent BlanK Summary • E. BFB Performance Summary C. Matrix Spike Duplicate/ Recovery Summary 013247 A. Surrogate % Recovery Summary Surrogate compounds are added to each sample prior to extraction and analysis ol Its various fractions, Trie recovery ot surrogates la a measure ol extraction efficiency ol classes ol compounds, II surrogate recoveries are outside acceptance criteria, the logic applied Is described In I-D, Decision Tree Process, 013243 HP WII Bs* li PP-rii iW-^i'^*S?§*^^^S?'?^>?*ni F-i^^.rt-'jti"*.*-*^ i r r i> r r rr i1 ri;,'•*"*i i i* FI»I i« i* J——N Tpf i IA$,1^ vjrf US r >j '•«**! 311 • i ! *«« iM^M ssI'ls ifiq ?»!Sl!»i_ WF K nWte ii «4*v "" •••-•* *g '* M< 4> q sir ** > iiil VS v> ' VI \ in , !l|P / ?«'» ^ r «-, F- 013252 ss SB ' »!•» = ? * Sr a' ~ • i™ K 3 i i i to •* .,=> CTBJ«£i £.IT - ? ?«i* :"B (2 ;,|, I I -:,-;!: I . * :" 1 I 1 o II 3 S 11 x »3i r=n •0•2 (8 IPS m 0132157 C. Matrix Spike Duplicate/Recovery Summary Representative compounds lor each traction are spiked Into allquots ol samples selected lor spiking. The recoveries and precision lor these spiked compounds are calculated and reported on the EPA-deslgnated form, Corrections are made for dilutions and for non- standard sample sizes, An additional column has been added to the iiPA form to Include concentrations ol spike compounds In original, unsplked, samples; these are subtracted Irom the concentrations detected In the spiked samples, Associated samples are listed lor each spiked set ot sample fractions; these represent samples processed with the spiked set, at the frequency of one set for each fraction per case, or at least per 20 samples.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Install B. Hebrew Font (Mac)
    INSTALLING SBL HEBREW FONT (SIL) For Mac OS 1. Open Safari (or Chrome) 2. CLICK LINK Teaching Bible SBL HEBREW FONT Biblical Fonts Texts and Resources Bible Odyssey Font download (True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) Keyboard Drivers (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, SIL Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Driver, Tiro Layout (Windows) SBL Hebrew keyboard Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/OS X). PASSWORD User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) SBL Hebrew User Manual ... Login SBL Hebrew SIL Keyboard Driver Manual Create new 12assword SBL Hebrew Tiro Keyboard Driver Manual ForgQL'{.our12assword? Join SBL To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our Biblical Fonts FAQ. Please donate to support Font development and other SBL projects. 3. CLICK AND DOWNLOAD HEBREW FONT FOR MAC ~r.(True Type Font file, v1 .56a Build 016, updated 12/15/2010) rs (.zip files, updated 4/21/2008) fl r·,rrl r,-iur T' C,. I U"""-1 • -- - -- • /r" \ SBL Hebrew keY.board Drivers, SIL and Tiro (macOS/0S X). User Manuals (pdf files, updated 2/26/2008) !, ,L H- t-,-.!w L 1r'!" r,1c-,,-1..-- !, ,L H- t-""•w !, "'ry~o;. rrt >r.v---r, 1111 11 f, ,L H ~ • ,·J 1ro K .ybo·1rdL•r1¥1 r ' T' 1, 1 To decide which keyboard layout is best for you, consult the driver manuals. Having trouble installing or using the SBL Hebrew font? Please consult our r 1t"lic I r or•, r Af , , _or J to support Font development and other SBL projects.
    [Show full text]
  • (DVB); Subtitling Systems
    Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Subtitling Systems DVB Document A009 Nov 2017 This page is left intentionally blank 3 Contents Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................ 5 Foreword............................................................................................................................................................. 5 1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 2 References ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Normative references ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Informative references ....................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Definitions and abbreviations ................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]