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Les Robots & Nous Les robots & nous Extrait du PoBot http://www.pobot.org Les robots & nous - Documentation générale - Découvrir la robotique - Comment la robotique est apparue - Date de mise en ligne : vendredi 22 février 2008 Description : un tour d'horizon le plus complet possible de la robotique telle que nous la connaissons aujourd'hui : les origines, les robots domestiques, les robots humanoïdes, ... PoBot Copyright © PoBot Page 1/9 Les robots & nous Quelle peut bien être la raison impérieuse qui a poussé l'homme à inventer le robot ?? Le désir de soulager l'humanité de ses taches les plus pénibles L'envie de créer une entité à son image (et jouer à Dieu par la même occasion ?) Divertir les puissants par des mécanismes toujours plus complexe et astucieux Résoudre des problèmes insurmontables (pour gagner un concours robotique) Sommaire • L'Aube des Robots • Robots domestiques • Robots "geek", robots de (...) • L'avenir du Futur L'Aube des Robots En fait il y a un peu de ça et beaucoup d'autres choses (parmi lesquelles, séduire les femmes n'est pas une idée à écarter). L'Occident a connu les automates grâce aux Croisades (elles ont au moins eu ce mérite). Les Arabes en effet étaient les premiers à mettre en oeuvre les théories mécanistes d'un mathématicien grec : Héron d'Alexandrie. L'âge d'or des automates verra les réalisations de Jacques de Vaucanson (XVIIIe siècle) et son célèbre Canard ainsi que l'impressionnant Joueur de flute (onze morceaux différents sans les mains, chapeau l'artiste !). Copyright © PoBot Page 2/9 Les robots & nous Ensuite vint l'industrialisation et le Métier Jacquard (machine à tisser) en premier, puis toujours tiré par l'industrie, la réalisation de mécanismes asservis dans un contexte industriel, jusqu'aux bras robotisés des usines d'automobiles, les chariots automatiques des centres de stockage et d'usinage. En effet pendant longtemps les tentatives de créer des robots pour le grand public se sont heurté aux limites (faméliques) des batteries, ainsi qu'aux piètres performances des servo-moteurs disponibles (sans parler de leur poids). Encore récemment dans les années 90 (pour ceux qui s'en souviennent) les robots étaient extrêmement limités dans leurs déplacements et dans leur comportement « intelligent ». Depuis les capteurs ont été miniaturisés, ils ont gagné en précision, les batteries au lithium ont enfin donné une véritable autonomie, les moteurs et matériaux sont devenus légers et performants. Tout cela permit l'avènement de la robotique domestique. Robots domestiques Le coming-out de la robotique grand public se fit au travers de petites choses à roulettes essayant de se faire discrètes. Une véritable révolution sans cris, fureur et fracas, mais avec sobriété et efficacité. En 2002, la société iRobot [http://www.irobot.com] commercialisa le robot aspirateur Roomba, d'une redoutable efficacité (je le sais, j'ai le même à la maison et je ne passe plus l'aspirateur depuis 8 mois - nooon ! ma femme ne s'appelle pas Roomba). Depuis, bon nombre de sociétés lui ont emboité le pas, y compris des fabricants d'aspirateurs honorablement connus depuis des dizaines d'années (ex : Electrolux Trilobite [http://trilobite.fr.electrolux.com]). Copyright © PoBot Page 3/9 Les robots & nous ICLEBO-Li : aspire à la même notoriété que le Roomba ;) iRobot commercialise également un robot qui passe la serpillère : Scooba (je dois dire que je suis extrêmement tenté). On voit bien que la robotique peut en effet soulager l'homme de certaines taches pénibles, mais que ce n'est pas sa seule fonction : le robot se doit d'abord d'apprivoiser l'homme s'il veut réellement le conquérir. Il le fait déjà au travers de jouets toujours plus perfectionnés et d'animaux que l'on appelle maintenant des animatronics. Robots "geek", robots de compétition Pour les fans de gadgets tech idiots voici un panégyrique non-exhaustif : On commence par le plus petit robot marcheur du monde (100 Euros), j'ai nommé I-SOBOT de chez TOMY : 16,5 centimètres de haut pour 6,7 centimètres de profondeur, 10 centimètres de large et 350 grammes, il est capable de reproduire 200 mouvements grâce à 17 moteurs, incluant danses, imitations d'animaux, galipettes et acrobaties complexes et peut prononcer environ 180 mots. Il fonctionne à l'aide de batteries rechargeables et peut être contrôlé grâce à une télécommande et une dizaine de commandes vocales. Haut de 45 cm soit 12 de plus que son ancêtre, le Robosapien V2 : Copyright © PoBot Page 4/9 Les robots & nous Il possède des mains à taille réelle pour ramasser différents objets tels que sa balle, ses quilles ou d'autres objets que vous lui proposerez. Equipé de 14 moteurs, il sait marcher, danser, s'assoir, s'allonger et se relever. Sa tête tourne, ses mains s'ouvrent et se ferment, etc. Ses capteurs lui permettent de détecter les mouvements, les sons mais aussi un visage, une main ou ses propres jouets. (parfaitement rasoir) Plus innovant, les japonais du Robo-Garage [http://www.robo-garage.com/english/index.html] de l'Université de Kyoto, ont développé une série de petits robots très designs, dont une petite robote très sexy : FT ! Kyosho commercialise un de leur robot : Manoi PF01 Humanoid Robot Kit. Ce robot de 40 centimètres de haut environ pour 1.4 kilogrammes possède des capacités de mobilité intéressantes telles que se maintenir sur un pied, se relever après une chute ou même effectuer des gestes de Taï-Chi, tout cela dépendant de la programmation des 17 servo-moteurs du robot. Prix :1899$ Sony commercialisait il y a encore peu AIBO un robot chien qui servait en autre à la coupe du monde de football Robonova de chez HITEC (fabricant de radio commande) Dimensions : 310 x 180 x 90 mm Poids avec accu de série : env. 1,3 kg Nombre de servos : 16 Prix : 800Euros. On trouve ce genre de robot marcheur chez d'autres constructeurs : Graupner, Futaba, Kyosho, BIOLOIDE Basé sur des servomoteurs uniques en leur genre, le Bioloid Comprehensive Kit permet d'assembler aussi bien un Copyright © PoBot Page 5/9 Les robots & nous humanoïde qu'un chien, un dinosaure, une araignée ou simplement un bras-robot industriel. 18 servomoteurs AX-12 1 module capteurs AX-S1 1 module de contrôle CM-5 105 éléments de montage de formes diverses batterie et chargeur 4 roues et leurs pneus 1 module de connexion prix : 800 Euros Un kit très intéressant ! Lego Mindstorms NXT Apprenez à construire des robots performants, avec Mindstorms NXT. Doté d'un processeur 32 bits et de plus de mémoire, le cerveau de vos robots Lego va piloter les robots les plus fous que vous puissiez imaginer. Libre à vous de les programmer via l'USB ou sans fil, grâce au Bluetooth intégré. Le set comprend plus de 500 pièces de Lego Technic auxquelles s'ajoutent les capteurs les plus courants du monde de la robotique : un capteur de contact un capteur de lumière/couleur un capteur de distance ultrasons un capteur de son (micro) prix : 300 euros Spykee est originellement un jouet pour enfants proposé par la firme Meccano (tout le monde a encore en tête les nombreuses heures à assembler des pièces avec son petit frère) se présentant sous l'agréable forme d'un robot hi tech sur chenille. La présence d'une carte wifi, d'une webcam, d'un lecteur mp3, d'un micro et d'un haut parleur en font un jouet un peu singulier... et comme tout bon passionné de technologie qui se respecte, vous allez être comme nous interloqués par la bête mécanique. prix : 250 Euros Fischertechnik Robo Explorer est un kit de construction de robots programmables extrêmement complet pour créer de multiples modèles autonomes et appréhender de manière ludique et concrète les grands principes de la mécanique, de l'électronique et les bases de la programmation. prix : 179 Euros Copyright © PoBot Page 6/9 Les robots & nous HITEC MA-Vin Atmega32 programmable avec un langage graphique à base de blocs, il accepte également la programmation en langage C via l'outil GNU WinAVR. A la base, le robot est équipé de : 3 capteurs de suivi de ligne 3 capteurs de détection d'obstacles 1 micro 1 récepteur de télécommande 1 afficheur LCD prix : 149 Euros Des petits modules, fournis dans le kit, permettent d'étendre les possibilités du robot. N'oublions pas les outils de développement, tel celui de l'université Cal. Poly. de San Luis (US) avec son outil de développement complet Roborodentia pour microcontrôleur ATMEL ATMEGA32/64. Associé à un brain board performant a base atmega32/64 la polybot board. (gratuit) Microsoft se lance aussi dans la bataille : baptisé Robotics studio, cet outil de développement est pour l'instant offert gratuitement aux développeurs intéressés en allant sur le site de l'éditeur. Chris avait été un des premiers à le manipuler et à documenter un article sur notre site web : Microsoft Robotics Studio (VF) Pour Tandy Trower, responsable de ce produit chez Microsoft, ce logiciel doit « rendre plus facile pour quiconque d'écrire des programmes pour robots qu'ils soient simples ou complexes. Avec ce produit, Microsoft a construit une plate-forme qui permettra à l'industrie d'intégrer les éléments qu'elle développe » NAO d'Aldebaran robotic : le meilleur pour la fin ! Le projet a été lancé début 2005 et vise à mettre à la disposition du grand public, pour un prix abordable, un robot humanoïde disposant de fonctions mécaniques, électroniques et cognitives dignes des prototypes de recherche (voir graphique ci-dessous). Livré en standard avec des comportements de base, le robot sera dés sa commercialisation le support idéal pour s'initier à la robotique puis, enrichi de nombreux comportements, il deviendra un compagnon autonome pour toute la famille.
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