エメックス国際セミナー

日時：2014 年 2 月 28 日（金）13：30～16：30 会場：ラッセホール 2 階 ルージュローズ

資 料

１ 第 10 回エメックス会議（EMECS10-MEDCOAST2013 ジョイント会議）の成果報告 P １ エルダール・オザーン MEDCOAST 財団会長、ムーラ大学教授

２ 気候変動と統合的沿岸域管理 P ９ 渡邉 正孝 慶應義塾大学大学院特任教授

３ ロシアにおける海域環境 テーマ１：東フィンランド湾：管理のための概念、法、そしてツール P１４ ジョージ・ゴゴベリゼ ロシア国立水文気象大学副学長

テーマ２：東フィンランド湾（バルト海）の海洋地質 －堆積過程、人為的影響、汚染の歴史 P２１ ダリア・リャブチュク A.P.カルピンスキーロシア地質調査研究所主任研究員

４ 環境および健康アセスメント －タイ国憲法に明言されている環境と健康保護のツール P３５ ピアムサック・メナサウェイド タイ国独立環境・健康保護委員会委員長 タイ・チュラロンコン大学教授 Report on Tenth International Conference on EMECS 10 –MEDCOAST 11 Environmental Management of JOINT CONFERENCE Enclosed Coastal Seas

Prof.Dr. Erdal Özhan Ptesident, Mediterranean Coastal Foundation Eleventh International Conference on Professor of Coastal Eng. & Management, the Mediterranean Coastal Environment Mugla Univversity, Turkey

GLOBAL CONGRESS ON ICM. Lessons Learned to Address New Challenges

30 October – 03 November 2013 Marmaris, Turkey

1 ORGANIZERS

•MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL FOUNDATION

•INTERNATIONAL EMECS CENTER

2 SPONSORS & SUPPORTERS SPONSORS & SUPPORTERS

Mugla University Springer Science + Bussiness Media

Rep. of Turkey Promotion Fund EU FP7 PEGASO Project

• Asia‐Pasific Network • EU FP7 MARLISCO Project • for Global Change Research

PARTICIPANTS PARTICIPANTS

• Over 300 participants from 40 countries, including politicians, scientists, administrators, NGO members and sector representatives

3 TECHNICAL PROGRAM SPECIAL SESSIONS

• Opening / Keynote Session • Oral Presentation Sessions • Special Sessions • Poster Sesion Satoumi • Student‐ School Partnership (SSP) Program • Closing Session

SPECIAL SESSIONS SPECIAL SESSIONS

Estuaries ICM in the of the World Mediterranean & the Black Sea

4 SPECIAL SESSIONS ORAL PRESENTATION SESSIONS • ICM and Country Experiences Marine Litter • Coastal Management Tools and Development Issues • Education and Awareness • Legal and International Issues • Participation in ICM • Chesapeake Bay,

ORAL PRESENTATION SESSIONS ORAL PRESENTATION SESSIONS

• Coastal and Marine Ecosystems(3) • Coastal and Marine Modelling • Coastal and Marine Protected Areas • Shoreline Management • Coastal Landscapes • Climate Change Issues • Coastal and Marine Pollution Management • Remote Sensing • Wetlands and Estuarie • Coastal and Marine Databases • Water Quality • Coastal Engineering and Geology

5 PROCEEDINGS STUDENT – SCHOOL PARTNERSHIP (SSP) PROGRAM • SSP Oral Presentation Session 51 papers • SSP Posters • Visits to Marmaris Bay and Mugla University • SSP Declaration 135 papers ‐ 1392 pages 51 papers– 02 pages

CLOSING SESSION SPECIAL JOURNAL ISSUES

• Jour. Coastal Conservation, Planning and Management ‐ Springer

• Marine Pollution Bulletin ‐ Elsevier

6 CLOSING SESSION CLOSING SESSION The Marmaris Declaration SSP Declaration “At the Crossroad” “Global Communication in Action”

CLOSING SESSION CLOSING SESSION

Best Poster Prizes Congress Wrap‐up

7 CLOSING SESSION PHOTOS

Next Conferences

Conclusion

What makes a good conference?

1. Scientific/professional quality of presentations. 2. Interesting / resourceful participants. 3. Quality of organization of the meeting. 4. Attractive venue (Town, hotel, surroundings) 5. Memorable social events Thank You! 8 EMECS International Seminar February 28, 2014 Annual ocean heat content anomaly for the 0-700m layer

Climate Change and Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Masataka WATANABE Keio University Chair, International EMECS Center Chair, UNEP-Asia Pacific Adaptation Network

Anomalies are computed relative to the 1955-2002 average (Source: Palmer et al. ,2010)

Impact of ocean warming Impact of ocean warming

• Sea level rise due to the thermal expansion of • The intensity of tropical cyclones were increased by the warming ocean water and melting ice increased SSTs. shelves and glaciers. • The potential for longer tropical cyclone seasons is • Intensified hydrological cycle due to enhanced caused by ocean warming, such as the Hurricane evaporation from the warmer ocean surface. Sandy on the U.S. East Coast at the end of October 2012. • Dominant drivers for large-scale variations in • Uncertain future of the marine ecosystem such as the climate system, such as ENSO (El Nino- corals or plankton due to ocean warming and ocean Southern Oscillation) or monsoon systems, are acidification due to rising CO2 concentration. affected by the warming of the ocean.

9 UNEP-Global Adaptation Network Case of Shanghai

About 60% of water resources in Shanghai city depends on Qingcaosha and Chenhang reservoirs.

Ẽೃኚືᙳ㡪䛻ᑐ䛩䜛䝺䝆䝸䜶䞁䝇䛾ྥୖ䛸䚸⬤ᙅᛶ䛜㧗䛔䝁䝭䝳䝙䝔䜱䞉⤒῭䞉⏕≀ከᵝᛶ 䛾ಖㆤ䜢┠ⓗ䛸䛧䛶䚸㐺ᛂ䛻㛵䛩䜛ྛᆅᇦ䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䛾▱ぢ䜢䜾䝻䞊䝞䝹䝺䝧䝹䛷 ඹ᭷䛩䜛஦䜢┠ᣦ䛩䚹

䜰䝆䜰ኴᖹὒ㐺ᛂ䝛䝑䝖䝽䞊䜽䠄APAN䠅䠖http://www.apan-gan.net/ 10 Decrease in flow rate in the lower Yangtze river Increase in water intake in Shanghai city

Sea Qingcaosha level rise

Salinity intrusion during dry season in1999 Adaptation Options

(a)Construction of estuary weir in the northern branch at the upstream entrance (width = 2km), (b)Increase the Yangtze river flow rate during 1999.1.9 1999.3.25 dry season with the integrated Yangtze river watershed management and Three Gorges Dam, (c)Operation of high efficient desalination plant during dry season, (d)Introduction of water saving system in order to reduce water demand. (e)Real-time control of water supply-demand in the Yangtze river watershed and Shanghai. Changes in salinity at the intake of drinking water 11 Two typhoons in Oct. 6-8, 2013 and flood in Shanghai Fitow disaster (2013.10) Water lever change of Upstream of Huangpu River (㊣ ᐲstation ⑑ )

愥5 ৪৘நᲂດਜ਼駮ங裦 Historical MWL 10/7

Warning WL

10/7-8

10/7-8

250

200

สⓆ⛩ 150

100

50

0

Fitow typhoon䠄tropical cyclone No.23䠅landed to Fujian province on Oct. 8, 2013 ᶮ⊏ ᇍኡ హᇊ ෾४ 䰥㹼 䶂⎖ ጷ᰾ 䠁ኡ ཹ䍔 ⎖ь ޘᐲᒣ൷

Max precipitation(mm/day) Max

Possible adaptation options

• Prediction and early warning • Underground discharge channel or reservoir Fitow typhoon landed Factor causing flood 2FW 2FW 2FW 2FW 2FW Oct.11 • Integrated coastal zone management Wind including watershed management

precipitation

High tide

Rise of a river flow in upstream

Four factors caused flood in Shanghai Metropolitan area outer underground discharge channel in Kasukabe city, Saitama prefecture 12 Case of Thailand 2011 flood Possible adaptation options

• Unusual rainfall in the upstream due to climate • Need for integrated watershed management change such as La Nina and Indian Ocean Dipole • Meteorological and flood predictions • Geographical condition such as low stream • Balance between irrigation and flood control gradient and high tide in the downstream • Land use planning and protection of vital • Drought control is first priority and lack of flood economic areas control management • Infrastructure such as flood diversion channel • Finance mechanism and insurance

13 The development of human activities was associated with marine and ocean coastal zone for all time. Territorial development of economy and trade has been based in the coastal zones, for example through harbors and EASTERN GULF OF FINLAND: approach channels, like strategic elements of trade, which are situated in the coastal areas and adjacent waters. This zone is one of the most exploited and attractive investment areas in the world economy with a CONCEPT, LEGISLATION AND huge pressure on the environment. TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT

Gogoberidze G. & Co (RSHU) Ryabchuk D. & Co (VSEGEI) ICM system successfully develops and already gives serious benefits in most developed countries

«Coastal zone shall be taken to mean a geographical area covering both the For the achievement of sustainable management in the coastal zone the fundamental steps are: maritime part and the terrestrial part of the shore … ICZM shall mean • the laws that coordinate maritime and coastal activities with regard to the existing sustainable development and use of coastal zones…» regulatory framework, international law and other; Model Law on Sustainable Management of Coastal Zones • a special body, which is responsible for the implementation and coordination of the management of maritime and coastal activities; • use of the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) tools. In recent years, increasing attention is drawn to the question of planning of maritime activities ? development in general, and in the framework of this – Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) tool as one of the way to study of the coastal zone. “All marine water objects are the property of the Russian Federation” Different countries have already begun to implement plans in the field of MPS tool, at least in the Article 71(n) Constitution of the Russian Federation pilot mode. This approach is most effectively used in the management of marine protected areas - Article 8 point 1 of the Water Code of the Russian Federation Great Barrier Reef of Australia National Marine Park, the National Marine Sanctuary in Florida (USA), Tri-Partite area of Cooperation in the Wadden Sea (the Northern Sea region). In these projects, MSP tool was used to achieve the main goal – the nature preservation.

In the Russian Federation MSP tool begins to develop actively (Atlas of Biological Diversity in the seas and coastal areas of the Russian Arctic, as a basis for planning of environmental activities in the sea and in the coastal zone). However, this tool has not yet received a legitimization and that Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) ideas and tools complicates the process of its use in practice. 14 GOVERNMENT OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION GOVERNMENT OF LATVIA

Basic legislation documents LEVEL 1. Strategic planning of the marine activity policy of the Russian Federation LEVEL 1. Strategic planning Governments of marine Subject Novad Administrations National Marine Policy LEVEL 2. Tactical planning State policy of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation Regional (Area) Administrations LEVEL 2. Tactical (local) planning

LEVEL 3. Local planning Parish Administrations Coastal zone Local Municipality Administrations Coastal territories Coastal territories

Marine Doctrine of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030; Federal Law “Maritime Activity”; Strategy of the National Security of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020; 1 1 Strategy of the Maritime Activity development in the Russian Federation for the

period until 2030; 2 Concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 3 2020; … 2

Government of Russian Federation

GOVERNANCE LEVEL 1. ICM Strategic Planning Government of Russian Federation

Main documents – Marine doctrine of Russian Federation, national legislation. MSP and Strategies Operate level – National (Federal Government), Marine Collegiums. of the coastal subjects Tasks – assimilation of areas and resources of the coastal zone, including the definition of the LEVEL 1 priority direction of the ICZ processes. Strategical Planning of the coastal territories of the Russian Federation (Geo-regions) Governments of the Subjects Governments of the coastal subjects As a result the following logic of the Russian Federation GOVERNANCE LEVEL 2. ICM Operative Planning numbers for process of coastal zone management is received by: MSP Main documents – National legislation (RF) and Regional legislation (Subjects of the RF), Plans LEVEL2 of the coastal areas of Strategic Development of Subjects of the RF. Tactical planning of the coastal territories Operate level – National (Federal Government of the Russian Federation) and Regional - hierarchy of the coastal zone of the Russian Federation (Government of the Subjects of the RF). (Geo-areas) Tasks – on basis of the Government Plans of Development of the Subjects of the RF, - elaboration management: of the Strategic Plans of the ICZ Development of the Subjects of the RF, determination of priority directions of the development of coastal zones of marine Subjects and Regions of the RF, search the state – regional – local; Authorities of the coastal area municipalities ways for decision of the strategic ICZ tasks and aims for the Subjects and Regions of the RF. of the Russian Federation

Regional (Area) Governments (Administrations) - hierarchy of decided problems: strategic – operative – tactical. LEVEL3 MSP and territorial planning GOVERNANCE LEVEL 3. ICM Tactical (Local) Planning Local planning of the coastal territories of the local coastal territories of the Russian Federation Main documents – National legislation (RF) and Regional legislation (Subjects of the RF), (Geo-points) decisions of the Regional (Area) Administration etc., Plans of Strategic Development of the Subjects of the RF, Cadastre of the coastal zone. Authorities of the coastal local municipalities Operate level – Regional (Government of the Subjects of the RF) and Regional (Area) of the Russian Federation Administration. Tasks – on basis of the Strategic Plans of the ICZ Development of the Subjects of the RF, – search the ways for decision of the strategic ICZ tasks and aims for the Subjects and Regions of the RF, elaboration of the plans for realization of the tasks and aims of the local coastal zone sustainable development. Spatial hierarchy of the Marine Spatial Planning Local Municipality Governments (Administrations) for coastal territories of the Russian Federation 15

State Cadastre of the Marine Coastal Zone of the Russian Federation (RF SCMCZ) is methodologically orderly accounting, systematic set of data, including qualitative and Coastal Zone Cadastre is made by the regional quantitative inventory of the objects or phenomena and their economic evaluation, systematic principle. Cadastre division is by the Cadastre Rules of collection of information, both quantitatively and qualitatively characterize the natural the Russian Federation (Government of Russian resources. Federation, N 660, 06.09.2000). This document is created and is being for: -state, regional and local coastal resource management, 1. Cadastre Federal Level - Cadastral Area - -state control over the use and protection of land and water resources on the coastal areas, transition zone from land to water area within the -measures aimed at preserving and enhancing the of resource values on the coastal areas, administrative boundaries of the Subject of the -economic evaluation of land and water areas of the coastal areas, Russian Federation with adjacent inland waters. -establish reasonable fees for the coastal areas. 2. Cadastre Regional Level - Cadastral District - transition zone from land to water area within the The Cadastre Regional Level – Cadastral District and Cadastre Local Level – Cadastral administrative boundaries of the district if Subject of quarter requires the following information sections: the Russian Federation with adjacent inland waters. -nature geographical information, -administrative and legal information, 3. Cadastre Local Level - Cadastral quarter - -geomorphological information, transition zone from land to water area, -resource information, characterized by unity of geological structure and -economic information, geodynamic processes, as well as technogenesis of -environmental information. the coastal zone

Cadastre Federal Level - Cadastral Area is realized mainly on the principle of the comprehensive indicator system that combines the subsystem: -nature-ecological indicators, -socio-economic indicators, -politic-geographical indicators, -military-strategic indicators.

Marine Economy Potential estimation for Baltic Geo-Region 16 Krasnoyarsk Krai Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Chukotka Murmansk Autonomous Okrug Oblast Arkhangelsk Region

Republic of Karelia

Kamchatka St. Petersburg Krai Region

Kaliningrad Magadan Oblast Khabarovsk Oblast Krai Rostov Astrakhan Oblast Oblast Comprehensive value , 2006 Sakhalin Oblast

Republic of Krasnodar Kalmykia Krai Primorsky Krai

Republic of Dagestan

Marine Economy Potential estimation for Black Sea Geo-Region Comprehensive value of the socio-economic development level of the coastal regions of the Russian Federation, VC, 2006

Krasnoyarsk Krai Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

ia Chukotka n h Murmansk t Autonomous Okrug o B Oblast Arkhangelsk f The prototype of Coastal o Region lf Gu - â Zone Cadastre is developed è ë à ÔÈÍ Ëß Í ÄÈß - FINLAND ç é è ê ñ as an information system on å ÷ è í ò Republic of î ØÂÅÖÈß Á geological structure and Karelia SWEDEN Finland ÍÎÐÂÅÃÈß NORWAY mineral resources as well as Kamchatka coastal nature and socio- St. Petersburg Krai Ôèí ñêèé çàëèâ Region Gulf of Finland economical situation of the Kaliningrad Magadan ÐÎ ÑÑÈ ß RussiaRUSSIA Russian sector of the Baltic Oblast Khabarovsk Oblast Krai Sweden ÝÑÒÎ Í È ß EstoniaESTONIA Sea which would consist the Rostov Astrakhan Oblast Oblast Comprehensive value , 2011 Ðèæñêèé çàëèâ Eastern Gulf of Finland and Sakhalin Gulf of Riga Oblast the Kaliningrad area ËÀÒÂÈß Republic of LatviaLATVIA including their coastal zone Krasnodar Kalmykia Krai Primorsky (10 km inland) at 1:500 000 Krai scale. Republic of LithuaniaËÈÒÂÀ LITHUANIA Dagestan ÄÀÍ È ß DENMARK Ãäàí üñêè é ÐÎ ÑÑÈ ß çàëèâ RUSSIA Gulf of Gdansk Russia Comprehensive value of the socio-economic development level of the coastal PolandÏ Î ËÜØ À - POLAND regions of the Russian Federation, VC, 2011 ÃÅÐÌ ÀÍ Èß - GERMANY 17 Principal scheme of the Cadastre of the coastal zone Operational system interface

Panel of the window “Vector maps and layers”

The window “Cadastre Structure” 18 Estimation of the human impact assessment (HIA) for coastal local municipalities

Estimation of the nature-ecological state of the coastal local municipality, the opportunity to show hierarchy of the municipalities, assess their human impact and vulnerability and the opportunities for further development

Nature-ecological state of the coastal local municipality

Example of short information about Cadastre Object

Factors of estimation of the nature-ecological state of coastal local municipality: CONCLUSIONS • Indicator of environmental protection costs, IPC; • Indicator of enterprises with stationary sources of atmospheric pollution, IE; • Indicator of emitted to atmosphere, IEA; There are features of marine activities management which adaptation to the Russian Federation may • Indicator of the protected area, IPA; improve to its marine activities management. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) in the Russian •Indicator of the coastal population density, I ; PD Federation is a new and rapidly developing tool, but do not forget about the fact that its tool has not yet •Indicator of marine infrastructure, I . MI received by regulatory consolidation, that is complicated the process of its using in practice.

State Cadastre of the Marine Coastal Zone of the Russian Federation (RF SCMCZ) as one of the MPS tool is methodical orderly, systematic set of data, including qualitative and quantitative inventory of the objects or phenomena and their economic evaluation, both quantitatively and qualitatively characterize Integrative indicator the particular type of natural resources. It’s possible to view the RF SCMCZ on three spatial levels: (I ) of the nature- C •Cadastre Federal Level - Cadastral Area, ecological state of •Cadastre Regional Level - Cadastral District, coastal local •Cadastre Local Level - Cadastral quarter. municipality (or The prototype of RF SCMCZ is developed as an information system for the Russian sector of the Baltic estimation of human Sea which consist the Eastern Gulf of Finland and the Kaliningrad area including their coastal zone impact assessment (10 km inland) at 1:500 000 scale. (HIA) for local municipalities) is For the analysis of the comprehensive situation in the coastal regions it's justified to use the indicator calculated as an system for the marine economic potential assessment. This method allow to create a dynamic database average of the 6 on the basis of parameters characterizing the different changes, as a tool for decision-making support in indicators. environmental management of coastal areas.

For the Leningrad Oblast coastal local municipalities based on the indicator method it is possible to make recommendations to reduce the human impact for coastal local municipalities. 19 Thank you for your attention!

20 Daria Ryabchuk, Vladimir Zhamoida, Mikhail Spiridonov, Nina Malysheva 1. Introduction. Methods 2. Study area. Geology of the Gulf of Finland 3. Late Pleistocene and Holocene geological Marine geology of the Eastern Gulf of history of the Eastern Gulf of Finland Finland (Baltic Sea) – sedimentation 4. Modern sedimentation processes processes, anthropogenic impact, 5. History of anthropogenic activity and pollution history sediment pollution history 6. ICZM perspectives for the eastern Gulf of Finland and its coastal zone A.P.Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Set of State Geological Map of the Eastern Gulf of Finland (scale 1:200 000)

60 0 45'

60 0 30'

60 0 15'

60 0 00'

59 0 45'

- 1984 - 1990 - 2003 - 2004 - 1985 - 1991 - 1992 - 2005 - 1986 59 0 30' - 1987 - 1993 - 1988 - 1999 - 1989 - 2000

59 0 15' 0 0 0 30 30' 26 00' 0 0 0 0 30 00' 26 30' 27 00' 27 30' 28 0 00' 28 0 30' 29 0 00' 29 30'

Methods of geological marine and coastal research 21 Methods of geological marine and coastal research Methods of geological marine and coastal research

Multibeam echosounding Submarine videosurvey

Video ROV “Gnom” with GoPro camera

22 Geological history of the Gulf of Finland

PreQuaternary deposits

Amantov, 2011

Palaeovalleys

Geological history of the Gulf of Finland Miettinen, A., Savelieva, L., Subetto, D. A., Dzhinoridze, R., Arslanov, K. & Hyva.rinen, H. 2007 (October): Palaeoenvironment of the Karelian Isthmus, 16 000 15 000 14 000 the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland, during the BP BP BP Litorina Sea stage of the Baltic Sea history. Boreas, Vol. 36, pp. 441-458.

Harff, 2011 12 000 11 000 BP BP

Rosentau, A., Subetto, D., Letjuka, N., Kriiska, A., Lisitsyn, S., Gerasimov, D., 10 000 9 000 Nordqvist, K. Holocene water-level BP BP changes of the Baltic Sea in Narva-Luga klint bay area and its relations with stone age settlement pattern, 2010

Amantov, Fjeldskaar, 2011 23 84-536 80-316 10 000 1 Пт Baltic Ice Lake 1ПГ 3 Г BP lgIII 6 Г bl 5 Г lgIII bl 8 Г 11 Г 8 АГ 14 Г 10 АГ 16 Г lgIII os 20 Г 22 Г 14 АГ lgIII os 25 Г П А Г 0,01 0,001 40 60% 40 60% 0 0,5 1,0 19 АГ Md ( мм ) <0.01 мм < 0,001 мм Ал / Гл 0,003 0,005 50 70 % 20 40 % 0 1.0 П А Г Md (мм ) <0.01 мм <0.001мм Ал/

25 мm

Marine Littorina transgresion 8.5 – 7.6 cal.BP

Gulf of Finland

Neva Bay

Submarine sand terraces 24 7300 cal ka BP 5500 cal ka BP

6000 cal ka BP

Rosentau, A., Subetto, D., Letjuka, N., Kriiska, A., Lisitsyn, S., Gerasimov, D., Nordqvist, K., 2010

Surface sea bed sediments

25 1991 Pock-mark Pock-mark

Boulders

Pock-mark

Boundary of clayey mud

Submarine gas or groudwater seepage

1 – Litorina mud anc clays; Key-area «Vyborg2- Ancylus Bay»clays; 3 - Baltic Ice Lake clays;

2012

4 - glacial till (glacial-fluvial) ridges; 5 – Fe-Mn concretions areas; 6 – pock-marks; 7 – tectonic fault (?) 2008

300 m 26 9th Baltic Sea Congress, 26-30 August, Klaipeda, Lithuania Rate of spherical Fe-Mn concretions growing 0.013 – 0.014 mm/year

2 1 Samples 3 from Sample from 180 mm exploration not touched Rate of discoid Fe-Mn crust growing 0.033 mm/year. area area

1. In the areas of Fe-Mn concretion exploration (2006-2007) Coastal slope morphology and dynamics the surface concretion layer is absent; 2. Most part of shperoidal concretions are located in the sediment layer 5-10 cm and looks like stable or dissolving (not growing); 3. According to concretion layer location the sedimentation 50 m rate should be very high (at least about 1 – 1.5 cm per year). After concretion excavation the sedimentation conditions has drastically changed; 4. All studied sites are characterized by oxic surface condition; oxic/anoxic boundary is located at the core depth 5 m 10-15 cm 5 m 5. It can be predicted the dissolving of buried Fe-Mn concretion layer and future growing of new concretion fields around modern silty-clay accumulation zone.

27 Water depth 8-9 m Md 1-2 mm 15 cm Water depth 6 m 50 cm Md 0.2-0.5 mm

45 45 40 40 35 35 30 GFR-1 GFR-3 30 GFR-4 25 GFR-7

25 GFR-6 % GFR-9 GFR-8 20 GFR-16 % 20 GFR-13 GFR-17 15 GFR-14 15 GFR-15 10

10 5

5 0 >2,5

0 <0,01 2,5-2,0 2,0-1,6 1,0-0,8 0,5-0,4 0,1-0,08 1,6-1,25 1,25-1,0 0,8-0,63 0,63-0,5 0,25-0,2 0,2-0,16 0,05-0,04 0,04-0,01 0,4-0,315 0,125-0,1 0,08-0,063 0,063-0,05 0,315-0,25 0,16-0,125 >2,5

<0,01 мм 2,5-2,0 2,0-1,6 1,0-0,8 0,5-0,4 1,6-1,25 1,25-1,0 0,8-0,63 0,63-0,5 0,25-0,2 0,2-0,16 0,1-0,08 0,4-0,315 0,125-0,1 0,05-0,04 0,04-0,01 0,315-0,25 0,16-0,125 0,08-0,063 0,063-0,05

мм

Hydrometeorological factors controlled extreme coastal December 1, 2011 November 24-28 W erosion wind 20-21 m/s; water level +190 cm above normal Severe coastal erosion takes place in case of coincidence of: (i) long-lasting western or south-western storms that bring high waves, “Berit” storm (ii)high water level (more than 2 m above the mean level as measured by the Gorny Institute water level measurement post, (iii) absence of stable sea ice 28 Pollution history of the bottom sediments December 26-28 W wind 25-28 m/s; Length - 21 km; Maximal wideness - water level +235 cm 15 km; above normal Water surface area - 329 km2; Water mass volume - 1.2 km3 ; Surface water current - up to 10 The Neva Bay cm/sec; Maximal natural depths – 5-6 meters; Salinity - 0.3 – 1.0‰. 17 artificial islands (fortresses) have build since 1704. In 1885 the Marine Ship-Channel (12 m deep) was constructed.

1903 1903 1924

Catastrophic floods 1777 (3.21 meters) 1824 (4.21 meters) 2005 1924 (3.80 meters) 1824 1955 (2.82 meters) 1967 29 Flood Protection Dam project (F.Bazen, 1825) Map of the bottom sediments of Neva Bay

2007

F Flood Protection Facility (1972-1992, 2008-2011)

Fragment of the map of the Neva Bay Page of the published in 1805 hydrographic According to observations of 1751 – 1 - sand with gravel; 2, 4, 5 , 7 - sand. journal with bottom sediments description

(skippers Vasily Karpov and Mathew Verhovtsev, vessel «Rak», 1751)

30 Comparison of 1920-1923 expedition results with modern data sand 1 - boulders, pebbles, gravel; 2 - sands with gravel; 3 - mixed sands mainly coarse-grained; 4 - mixed sands, mainly fine-grained; sands: 5 - coarse grained, 6 - coarse-medium grained; • -7 -medium-fine grained; 8 - fine- grained; 9 - very fine grained; 10 - silty- sands; 11 - sandy- silts; 12- clay sands, 13 - sandy-clay silts; 14 - silts; 15 - sandy- silty clays; 16 - silty- fine clay mud; 17 - outcrops. Circles - sand sediment types according to 1920- 1923: 18 - sands with gravel; 19 - sands; 20 - sandy-clay; 21 - silty-clay mud; 22 - outcrops; 23 - number of stations. Fragment of the nautical chart of the Neva Bay, 1860.

Zone of modern silty-clay accumulation in the Neva Bay in 1923 and 2003 Modern silty-clay mud of the Neva Bay 1 - silty clay mud; 2 - other sediment types.

Results of joint Russian-Finnish Project SAMAGOL 31 Cadmium of the fine clayey mud concentrations in cores 05-NG-10, 3 and 9

Results of joint Russian-Finnish Project SAMAGOL

Space image of the Neva Bay 5.06.1989 LANDSAT-7/ETM+, 18.05.2000

32 Patterns of suspended sediments distribution in the Neva Bay in 2007

Project of new Harbour of St.Petersburg

MODIS 17.06.2006 MODIS 19.08.2006

September 5, 2007 August 8, 2007 MODIS 23.08.2006 Data by Dr. Leontina Sukhacheva, NIIKAM

о о о о о о 30 08 о 29 58 30 00 30 02 30 04 30 06 30 10

о 60о 01 60 01 Условные обозначения NaturalТипы поверхностных sediments осадков: - пески-1 с гравием и галькой Aqua/MODIS - пески-2 средне-мелкозернистые - пески-3 мелкозернистые

о - пески тонкозернистые о 60 00 -4 November 2007: 60 00 Olgino - алевриты-5 песчаные - алевриты пелитовые Suspended matter Lahta -6 - обнажения леднково-озерных concentrations: глин-7 о 59 59 о Technogeic 59 59 Поверхностные техногенные 1 – very high; отложения, сформировавшиеся в 2006-2008sediments гг.: - слой алевроглинистого наилка 2 –high; мощностью<5 cm менее thick 5 мм - слой> алевроглинистого5 cm thick наилка о мощностью от 5 мм до 5 см 3 –medium; о 59 58 59 58 4 –low; 1 – sand with gravel; 5 –clouds; Масштаб, км 0.00 2.00 4.00 2-4 – sand; 5 – silt; 6 6 –shadows of Scale in Kilometers

о о о о о о о clouds. 29 58 30 00 30 02 30 04 30 06 30 08 30 10 – mud; 7 – outcrops;

Data by Dr. Leontina Sukhacheva, NIIKAM 2007 2008 33 Conclusions

1. The sea-bed surface bottom of the Eastern Gulf of Finland are mostly covered by clastic sediments. The clayey mud accumulation takes place within the bottom depressions at the depth from 5-6 m (in the Neva Bay) to 30 m deeper in the western part of studied area. Special type of sediment is represented by Fe-Mn concretions. 2. Sedimentation processes in the Easterb Gulf of Finland have changed during last centuries. Sedimentation is under the great antropogenic load. 3. Chemical analyses of the silty-clay mud sediments have shown that the pollution by heavy metals has been large or very large during the last century until our days 4. Even though the surface sediments now are clearly cleaner than during the worst days of the last century there is still a need for further decrease at least of cadmium, zinc and copper. Additionally there is a need for control observation of the suspension flows during dredging and similar actions in the Neva Bay as there are very strongly polluted sediments lying on depths of 15-25 centimetres only in the sedimentary column.

“Saint Juda” hurricane 29.10.2013

Thank you for attention! 34 Environment and Health Outline of Presentations Impact Assessment : a tool for 1. Background Environmental and Health 2. Environment and health as specified in the Protection as Stated in Constitution 3. Independent Commission on Environment and Thailand Constitution Health (ICEH) 4. Ministerial Announcement on types of the projects or activity which may seriously affect Prof.Dr.Piamsak Menasveta the community in the quality of environment, Chair, Independent Commission on natural resources, and health Environment and Health (ICEH) 5. List of projects that have been studies and Bangkok, Thailand given opinion by ICEH 6. Conclusion

Map of Thailand

1. Background

35  Several environmental issues was recorded since 1985 .

These included :

 Benzene* rising

 1,3-Butadiene* rising

 Ethylene oxide* rising

 Mercury rising

*Agent classified by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic to humans

36 Mercury concentration (µg/g wt.) in cobia (Rachycentron canadus) caught in different areas of the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea in 1998.

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2 Total mercury (ug/g wt.) 0.1

0

a ri se bu arat an on m tforms am Ch am d e Th as Pla An sala G g onsri Ban kh Na Natural

Mercury rising

Mercury rising

37  With the lessons learnt, the legislature incorporated certain sections into the Constitution (2007) with the aim for environmental and health protection. 2. Environment and health as specified in the Constitution.

Part 12 Community Rights Part 12 Community Rights

 Section 67  Section 67 (Paragraph 2) (Paragraph 1)  Any project or activity which may seriously affect the

 The right of a person to give to the State and community with respect to the quality of the environment, natural resources and health shall not be communities participation in the conservation, permitted, unless, prior to the operation there of, its preservation and exploitation of natural resources and impacts on the quality of the environment and on biological diversities and in the protection, promotion public health have been studied and assessed and a and preservation of the quality of the environment for public hearing process has been conducted for consulting the public as well as interested persons and regular and continued livelihood in the environment there have been obtained opinions of an independent which is not hazardous to his or her health and organization, consisting of representatives from sanitary condition, welfare or quality of life, shall be private organizations in the field of the environment protected as appropriate. and health and from higher education institutions providing studies in the field of the environment, natural resources or health. 38 Part 12 Community Rights

 Section 67 (Paragraph 3)  The right of a community to bring a lawsuit 3. Independent Commission on against a government agency, a state agency, a state enterprise, a local government Environment and Health (ICEH) organization or other state authority which is a juristic person for the performance of duties under this provision shall be protected.

 With reference to Section 67 paragraph 2 of the ICEH responsibilities Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2550 (2007), The Independent Commission of 1. To give opinions prior to the execution of the project or activity that may seriously affect the community in the Environment and Health (ICEH) have been quality of environment, natural resource and health. established since 2010. 2. To promote and encourage people, interested parties, as well as other agencies to participate with us in public hearing on the forementioned project and activity.  The commission comprises of 6 members from Non-Governmental Organizations, and 6 3. To support education and understanding in the quality of environment, natural resource and health impact members from academic in the fields of natural assessment. resource, environment, and health. The 4. To give suggestion to the National Environment Board commission is chair by a person whom are in adjusting and modifying the types of the project and elected by the members activity to be classified as “seriously impact to health and environment”. 39 Flow Chart of Work Procedure Environmental & Health Impact Assessment (EHIA)

Screening 4. Ministerial Announcement on the

Public Scooping EHIA Report types of the projects or activity by a consulting which may seriously affect company under Assessing the authorization communities in the quality of ONEP environment, natural resources, Public Review and health. 1) ONEP- Group of Expert Decision 2) ICEH 3) The Authorized Agency

Monitoring ONEP & Authorized Agency

1. Coastal reclaim with the total area more than 48 ha.

 The National Environment Board chaired by the Prime Minister , came up with a resolution on 11 types of projects activity, deemed necessary for EHIA.

40 2. Mining : - All types of underground mining, 3. Industrial Estate. - Lead mining and zinc mining or mining require the use of cyanide and mercury in the process, - Offshore mining.

4. Petrochemical industry : 5. Smeltering : - Upstream, - iron ore -Intermediate - iron ore with coke production - copper, zinc and gold - lead ore

http://engineeringman.blogspot.com/2008/07/blog-post_4985.html 41 6. Production, processing, and 7. Wastes processing and land fill, including dumping radioactive materials. hazardous waste incineration and land fill.

http://www.oknation.net/blog/print.php?id=757877 http://www.secure-energy.ca/our-services/landfills

8. Airport with a runway of more than 3,000 meters. 9. Sea port with the berth -length of more than 300 meters., including the dredging of navigation channels.

http://www.eugenegoesthailand.com/?p=16114 42 11. Thermal Power Plants : 10. Dam or reservoir with water holding capacity of more than 100 - Coal fire power of more than 100 megawatt 2 million cubic meters and the surface area of more than 15 km . - Biomass power of more than 150 megawatt. - Natural gas power with combined cycle or cogeneration more than 3000 megawatt -Nuclear power of any size.

http://www.nst.or.th/article/article492/article49205.html http://www.tinitour.com/travel

14 projects that have been studied and given opinion by ICEH

1. The Production of Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Glycol Project. (TOC Glycol Co.,Ltd.) 5. List of projects that have been 2. The Production of Ethyl Benzene Styrene Monomer Project. (IRPC Co.,Ltd.) studied and given opinion by ICEH 3. Coal Fire Power Plant. (Gec-go One Co.,Ltd.)

4. Chemical Production of Mixed C4 . (Bangkok Synthetic Co.,Ltd.) 5. The Production of Propylene Project. (IRPC Co.,Ltd.)

43 14 projects that have been studied and 14 projects that have been studied and given opinion by ICEH given opinion by ICEH 6. The Production of Vinyl Chloride Monomer 11. Bangpakong Cogeneration Power Plant. Project. (Thai Plastic and Chemical Co.,Ltd.) (EGAT) 7. Gold Mining. (Akara Mining Co.,Ltd.) 12. The Production of Battery for Vehicle Project. 8. Iron Ore Smeltering Project. (NTS Steel group (Hitachi Storage Battery Co.,Ltd.) Co.,Ltd.) 13. Zinc Mining. 9. The Production of Phenol Project. (Padaeng Industries Co.,Ltd.) (PTT Phenol Co.,Ltd.) 14. IRPC Industrial Estate Project (Extension 10. The Production of Copper Wire Project. Phase) (SEI Thai Electric Conductor Co.,Ltd.) (IRPC Co.,Ltd.)

EHIA report briefing by project Site visit by ICEH and Staffs personals.

44 Visiting people in the communities near by Organizing the public hearing by inviting people all sectors in the project the project site. Collecting all in formation. area for instance villagers, government officers, academics, and NGOs.

EHIA report discussion, deliberation and conclusion.

 The conclusion of ICEH opinion will be delivered to the authorized agency and made it accessible by public through our web-site. 45  In the past, the execution of both public and private mega projects unavoidably violated the community property’s right and resulted in adverse impacts on the environment, natural resource and health of the community, and last but not the least the social conflict. Under such situation, the public decision mechanism in the form of independent organization is urgently needed. Therefore, the constitution of Thailand B.E. 2550 (2007) designates that an Independent Commission on 6. Conclusions Environment and Health (ICEH) must be established to protect and support the rights of community and people taking part in the preservation of the quality of environment and the sustainable management of natural resource.

 ICEH has been functioned for more than three years now. Our goal is to build trust between communities and industries, and eventually better environment and quality of life.

Thank you for your attention.

46