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How Uniform Was the Old Norse Religion?
II. Old Norse Myth and Society HOW UNIFORM WAS THE OLD NORSE RELIGION? Stefan Brink ne often gets the impression from handbooks on Old Norse culture and religion that the pagan religion that was supposed to have been in Oexistence all over pre-Christian Scandinavia and Iceland was rather homogeneous. Due to the lack of written sources, it becomes difficult to say whether the ‘religion’ — or rather mythology, eschatology, and cult practice, which medieval sources refer to as forn siðr (‘ancient custom’) — changed over time. For obvious reasons, it is very difficult to identify a ‘pure’ Old Norse religion, uncorroded by Christianity since Scandinavia did not exist in a cultural vacuum.1 What we read in the handbooks is based almost entirely on Snorri Sturluson’s representation and interpretation in his Edda of the pre-Christian religion of Iceland, together with the ambiguous mythical and eschatological world we find represented in the Poetic Edda and in the filtered form Saxo Grammaticus presents in his Gesta Danorum. This stance is more or less presented without reflection in early scholarship, but the bias of the foundation is more readily acknowledged in more recent works.2 In the textual sources we find a considerable pantheon of gods and goddesses — Þórr, Óðinn, Freyr, Baldr, Loki, Njo3rðr, Týr, Heimdallr, Ullr, Bragi, Freyja, Frigg, Gefjon, Iðunn, et cetera — and euhemerized stories of how the gods acted and were characterized as individuals and as a collective. Since the sources are Old Icelandic (Saxo’s work appears to have been built on the same sources) one might assume that this religious world was purely Old 1 See the discussion in Gro Steinsland, Norrøn religion: Myter, riter, samfunn (Oslo: Pax, 2005). -
Gylfaginning Codex Regius, F
Snorri Sturluson Edda Prologue and Gylfaginning Codex Regius, f. 7v (reduced) (see pp. 26/34–28/1) Snorri Sturluson Edda Prologue and Gylfaginning Edited by ANTHONY FAULKES SECOND EDITION VIKING SOCIETY FOR NORTHERN RESEARCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON 2005 © Anthony Faulkes 1982/2005 Second Edition 2005 First published by Oxford University Press in 1982 Reissued by Viking Society for Northern Research 1988, 2000 Reprinted 2011 ISBN 978 0 903521 64 2 Printed by Short Run Press Limited, Exeter Contents Codex Regius, fol. 7v ..........................................................Frontispiece Abbreviated references ....................................................................... vii Introduction ..........................................................................................xi Synopsis ..........................................................................................xi The author ..................................................................................... xii The title ....................................................................................... xvii The contents of Snorri’s Edda ................................................... xviii Models and sources ........................................................................ xx Manuscripts .............................................................................. xxviii Bibliography ...............................................................................xxxi Text ....................................................................................................... -
The Divine Appearance of Härn
The divine appearance of Härn THE DIVINE APPEARANCE OF HÄRN Determining the identity of a Bronze Age metal hoard Magdalena This article aims to investigate the mysterious divinity Härn on the basis of a Bronze Age metal hoard from Forsgren Härnevi in Uppland. The premise is that this hoard rep- resents a cultural category that reflects a divine concept that must be investigated in order to understand the meaning behind the deposition. Through mythological parallels, Härn’s characteristics will be explored as well as the relation between the sun and fertility across time and space. It is suggested that Härn originally was a sun goddess emanating from the Bronze Age and related to the Norse goddesses Njärd and Freyja. Key words: Härnevi, metal hoard, Bronze Age, com- parative mythology, folklore, sun, fertility INTRODUCTION How is it possible to obtain knowledge about the characteristics of an unknown divinity such as Härn who only occurs in a few Swedish place names? The name Härnevi had attracted interest for a long time (Grau 1754; Ekblom 1872), but it was not until Hans Hildebrand (1899:6) drew attention to the sacral meaning of the second part of the place name that discussions started as to which divinity *Härn referred to; compound place names with -vi are usually theophoric. Magnus Olsen suggested in 1908 that Härn was related to one of Freyja’s second names, Hørn, mentioned in Snorre’s Edda. Nevertheless, it was Hans Sperber’s (1912) suggestion that Härn is derived from an old word for Current Swedish Archaeology, Vol 18, 2010 105 Magdalena Forsgren flax which drew the greatest support. -
THE NORSE Mythology
Sample file Sample file THE NORSE MYtHOLOGY The cosmology of the Norse mythology stands on nine realms: DFWXDOO\WKHÀUVWWRVHWWOHWRWKLVYHU\ODQG Asgard, Alfheim, Helheim, Jotunheim, Midgard, Muspelheim, There are many gods and goddesses in the Norse mythol- 1LÁKHLP6YDUWDOIKHLPDQG9DQDKHLP7KHVHUHDOPVUHVLGHRQ ogy. Yet, as Svilland is a place that is relatively new-settled by Yggdrasil, the tree of life. the children of Odin the Allfather, neither all the deities nor Asgard is the home of the gods. Odin and most of his pan- all the realms are known to them. There are 9 major deities theon reside here. The famous hall of Valhalla is in Asgard, in the pantheon. They have gathered up many believers and greeting warriors of worth to the endless feast. Alfheim is LQÁXHQFHWKHUHDOPGHDUO\ the realm of light elves. They are beautiful creatures ruled by Additionally, there are 4 smaller deities: Heimdall, Ran, JRGGHVV)UH\MD$OWKRXJK)UH\MDLVYHU\LQÁXHQWLDOLQ6YLOODQG Skadi, and Ullr. They have not gathered many followers yet there is no passage to Alfheim from this land. and thus have not established themselves or distinct domains Helheim is the realm of the dishonorable dead. Those who of divine power in Svilland. are not worthy of Valhalla come here when they die. Helheim Odin the Allfather is the god of gods. He rules over Asgard. is ruled by Hel. Jotunheim is the realm of giants, frost and Aegir is the giant-god of the seas. Balder is the god of poetry mountain jotnar came from here. and beauty. Fenrir is the son of Loki. He is the giant wolf god Midgard is the realm of mere mortals. -
"Frá Mínom Véom Oc Vǫngom" - an Examination of Literary Representations of the Mythological Figure of Skaði
Hugvísindasvið "Frá mínom véom oc vǫngom" - an examination of literary representations of the mythological figure of Skaði Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Sarah Welschbach September 2012 Háskóli Íslands Íslensku- og Menningardeild Medieval Icelandic Studies "Frá mínom véom oc vǫngom" - an examination of literary representations of the mythological figure of Skaði Ritgerð til M.A.-prófs Sarah Welschbach Kt.: 1107873249 Leiðbeinandi: Ingunn Ásdísardóttir September 2012 1 Introduction p. 1 2 Sources p. 3 2.1 Introduction to the sources p. 3 2.2 Literary sources p. 4 2.3 Archaeological sources p. 8 3 Etymology p. 10 3.1 Meaning and Interpretation p. 10 3.2 Eponym of Scandinavia p. 14 4 Placename-evidence p. 16 5 Skaði in Snorra Edda p. 18 5.1 Skaði's gender-ambiguity p. 18 5.1.1 Valkyrjur p. 20 5.1.2 Skaði and Hervǫr, the maiden warrior p. 23 5.1.3 Sami women p. 25 5.1.4 Skaði and the god Ullr p. 27 5.2 Skaði's retribution p. 28 5.2.1 Choosing a husband p. 28 5.2.2 Loki's trick p. 32 5.2.3 Óðinn's special retribution p. 35 5.3 Skaði's failed marriage p. 37 5.3.1 Gesta Danorum : Hadingus and Regnhilda p. 40 6 Skaði in the Poetic Edda p. 42 6.1 Skaði in Lokasenna p. 42 6.1.1 Skaði and Loki p. 42 6.1.2 Skaði's revenge p. 43 7 Skaði in Heimskringla p. 45 7.1 Euhemerism p. 45 7.2 Skaði's second marriage and offspring p. -
Gods & Goddesses
GODS & GODDESSES LOH-HAGAN OF THE ANCIENT WORLD Drama, passion, murder, and treachery—the ancient world of GODS & GODDESSES had it all. Gods could be fair and just or jealous and cruel. Temples were built in their honor and sacrifices were made to ensure they would bestow good fortune on mortals. Explore the whole series and get a glimpse into this thrilling ancient world! AresBooks Baldur in thisHeimdall Series Odin THOR Artemis Freya Hel Poseidon Athena Frigg Hera Thor Demeter Hades Loki Zeus 45thHigh Parallel interest topics with Press accessible reading Features levels Considerate vocabulary Engaging content and fascinating facts Clear text and formatting Compelling photos ThorVIRGINIA LOH-HAGAN www.cherrylakepublishing.com Page intentionally blank GODS & GODDESSES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD Thorby Virginia Loh-Hagan Gods and goddesses were the main characters of myths. Myths are traditional stories from ancient cultures. Storytellers answered questions about the world by creating exciting explanations. People thought myths were true. Myths explained the unexplainable. They helped people make sense of human behavior and nature. Today, we use science to explain the world. But people still love myths. Myths may not be literally true. But they have meaning. They tell us something about our history and culture. Published in the United States of America by Cherry Lake Publishing Ann Arbor, Michigan www.cherrylakepublishing.com Content Adviser: Alexandra Krasowski, Worcester Art Museum, Harvard University (Extension School) Reading Adviser: Marla -
Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun
Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun On the absence of the sun in Nordic saga literature Lan Wang Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 28, 05, 2017 Freyja and Freyr: Successors of the Sun On the absence of the sun in Nordic saga literature Lan Wang Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 28, 05, 2017 Summary Comparing the sagas and those two Eddas, there is a significant difference that the Sun is only regarded as a physical object in sagas, while many narrations of the goddess Sól exist in both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, though far less frequent than that of those main gods, such as Freyja, Freyr, Odin and so on. Here comes the question why the Sun is missing in Nordic saga literature, considering its vital role in the religious life in Bronze Age North. By investigating the sun worship in the Bronze Age, as well as those historical and legendary works, such as Germania, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, and Ynglings Saga, and so on, I conclude that there is a strong connection among the Sun, Nerthus-Njǫrðr, and Freyja-Freyr. Nerthus travels on her wagon and brings peace and good seasons to people, while Njǫrðr, the male counterpart of Nerthus, was worshiped as the protector of maritime. Both of these two features could have been derived from the course of the Sun through the sky during the day on the sun-chariot, and through the underworld at night, maybe on a ship, which can also be interpreted as a metaphor of the regeneration of plants and crops, and even connected with the journey from This World to the Other World. -
Norse Mythology
N O R S E M Y T H O L O G Y N E I L G A I M A N W. W. NORTON & COMPANY Independent Publishers Since 1923 New York • London FOR EVERETT, OLD STORIES FOR A NEW BOY. C O N T E N T S An Introduction THE PLAYERS BEFORE THE BEGINNING, AND AFTER YGGDRASIL AND THE NINE WORLDS MIMIR’S HEAD AND ODIN’S EYE THE TREASURES OF THE GODS THE MASTER BUILDER THE CHILDREN OF LOKI FREYA’S UNUSUAL WEDDING THE MEAD OF POETS THOR’S JOURNEY TO THE LAND OF THE GIANTS THE APPLES OF IMMORTALITY THE STORY OF GERD AND FREY HYMIR AND THOR’S FISHING EXPEDITION THE DEATH OF BALDER THE LAST DAYS OF LOKI RAGNAROK: THE FINAL DESTINY OF THE GODS A Glossary A N I N T R O D U C T I O N It’s as hard to have a favorite sequence of myths as it is to have a favorite style of cooking (some nights you might want Thai food, some nights sushi, other nights you crave the plain home cooking you grew up on). But if I had to declare a favorite, it would probably be for the Norse myths. My first encounter with Asgard and its inhabitants was as a small boy, no more than seven, reading the adventures of the Mighty Thor as depicted by American comics artist Jack Kirby, in stories plotted by Kirby and Stan Lee and dialogued by Stan Lee’s brother, Larry Lieber. Kirby’s Thor was powerful and good-looking, his Asgard a towering science fictional city of imposing buildings and dangerous edifices, his Odin wise and noble, his Loki a sardonic horn-helmeted creature of pure mischief. -
Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes
Norse Mythology Legends of Gods and Heroes by Peter Andreas Munch In the revision of Magnus Olsen Translated from Norwegian by Sigurd Bernhard Hustvedt New York The American-Scandinavian Foundation 1926 vii CONTENTS PAGES Translator’s Preface xi Introduction xiii I. MYTHS OF THE GODS The Creation of the World — The Giants — The Æsir — Men and Women — Dwarfs — Vanir — Elves ……………………… 1 The Plains of Ida — Valhalla — Yggdrasil …………………….. 5 Odin ………………………………………………………………... 7 Thor ………………………………………………………………... 10 Balder ……………………………………………………………… 12 Njord ……………………………………………………………….. 13 Frey ………………………………………………………………... 15 Tyr ………………………………………………………………..... 16 Heimdal ………………………………………………………….... 17 Bragi ……………………………………………………………….. 18 Forseti ……………………………………………………………... 18 Hod — Vali — Vidar — Ull ………………………………………. 18 Hœnir — Lodur …………………………………………………… 19 Loki and His Children ……………………………………………. 21 Hermod — Skirnir ………………………………………………… 25 The Goddesses — Frigg — Jord — Freyja .…………………... 25 Saga — Eir — Gefjon — Var — Vor — Syn — Snotra ………. 28 Idun — Nanna — Sif ...…………………………………………... 29 The Norns …………………………………………………………. 30 Familiar Spirits — Attendant Spirits ……………………………. 31 The Valkyries ……………………………………………………... 32 Thorgerd Hœlgabrud and Irpa ………………………………….. 34 The Forces of Nature — Ægir …………………………………... 34 Night — Day ………………………………………………………. 37 viii Hel …………………………………………………………………. 37 The Giants ………………………………………………………… 39 The Dwarfs ………………………………………………………... 41 The Vettir ………………………………………………………….. 42 The Heroes and Life in Valhalla ………………………………… 48 Corruption -
Bk Harp 005696.Pdf
NO T E S The Poetic (or Elder) Edda is a collection of anonymous poems in Old Norse, some mythological and some poetic. The most famous and most important of these poems is the Voluspa, sixty-six stanzas long. In it, a gigantic woman, a prophet and seer, imparts everything she sees to Odin. Snorri’s Edda, known as the Prose, or Younger, Edda, was writ- ten around 1200, and is in three sections: Skáldskaparmál, a book of instruction and explanation for skalds about the art of poetry and ways to use language in Norse poetry (which also contains a number of stories), the Háttatal, a catalog of 102 different poetic meters, and the Gylfaginning (“the fooling of Gylfi”), in which Gylfi, a Swedish king, travels in disguise to Asgard and meets with its rulers, who call themselves High, Just as High, and Third, and asks questions, and receives many of the stories in this book as answers. The Prose Edda was written by Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241). He was twice the Icelandic Law Speaker, the highest political office in the land. He lived as a politician and statesman, and was mur- dered at the age of sixty-two, by his son-in-law, for political reasons. He was also a poet and a historian. His most important works are 1 NorseMythology_txt_pbk.indd 285 1/16/18 9:08 AM NO T E S the aProse a Edd nd the Heimskringla, a history of the Swedish kings that delves back into mythological times. Edda is the Old Norse word for “Great grandmother.” So per- haps these are “grandmother’s tales.” There are other suggestions for the origins and meaning of Edda—that it comes from the Old Norse word for poetry, for example, or perhaps that that Edda means “The Book from Oddi.” (The Oddi in this case would be the farm that Snorri Sturluson grew up on.) Before the Beginning and After This is built up from the Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda, and also from the Poetic Edda’s Voluspa, Grimnismal, and primarily the Vafthrudnismal. -
As Below, So Above Skaði, a True and Mythological “Other”
Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Viking and Medieval Norse Studies As Below, So Above Skaði, a True and Mythological “Other” Ritgerð til MA-prófs í Viking and Medieval Norse Studies David T. Feldman Kt.: 090790-5529 Leiðbeinandi: Gísli Sigurðsson Maí 2015 1 Abstract Though she does not appear as often as other gods in Snorra Edda, the goddess Skaði causes a stir in the academic community whenever she does. The reason for this is due to how peculiar a character she proves to be, from her demanding compensation her for the death of her father to the matter of her very name and its masculine stem, not to mention the possibility of it being linked to Scandinavia itself, as the likes of Franz Rolf Schröder and Georges Dumézil have explored. Turville-Petre has also noted how Skaði’s similarity with the god Ullr is a point of interest. Skaði exhibits so many characteristics of an “other” figure, that it is hard not to see her otherness as being at the heart of her peculiarity as a goddess and a character in the myths. Focusing on Skaði and her significance as an “other,” this thesis will delve deeper into the nature of Skaði as a figure in the mythology as well as address the possibility of Skaði being an assimilated deity, most likely due to cross- cultural interaction with the Sami, the quintessential “others” of the Norse world, with whom Skaði is still most often identified. Keywords: Skaði, mythology, folklore, Ullr, Snorra Edda, assimilation, cross-cultural interaction, Sami, “others” Ágrip Enda þótt Skaði sé ekki jafn áberandi og önnur goð í Snorra Eddu veldur hún jafnan miklum úlfaþyt meðal fræðimanna í hvert skipti sem hún birtist í heimildum. -
Nordic Gods and Goddesses
Nordic Gods and Goddesses **The Aesir The Vanir** Gods Goddesses Odin, aka the Allfather Frigg(a) • King of the Aesir and Asgard. Travels around • Queen of Asgard; wife to Odin; highest ranking as Vegtam the Wanderer on Midgard. Married goddess to Frigg. • Goddess of: healing, medicine, love, marriage, • God of: victory, war, sovereignty, wisdom, fertility, motherhood, prophecy and sorcery, the magic, shamanism, poetry, and the dead; he home is the elite man’s man • Practitioner of seider (Old Nordic prophetic • Gave an eye for knowledge; is credited with magic) – essentially can see into and alter the the discovery of the Eldar Futhark Ruins web of life. This is reflected in her impressive • Has two Ravens – Hugin (Thought) and weaving skills. She is also a prolific healer. Munin (Mind) • Freya is arguably a facet of this goddess (in • Children: Thor, Vidar, Vali, the Valkyries, fact, all of the goddesses arguably are) Baldur, Hermond • Children: Baldur, Hord, Hermond (all by Odin) Thor Sif • God of Thunder and War, defender of Asgard. • Goddess of grain and fertility; vegetation on He is the warrior of warriors. Married to Sif. the surface of the earth • God of: war, lightning and thunder, hallowing, • Wife of Thor marriages, agriculture, fertility, protection, • Had golden hair that Thor adored and Loki cut confidence, comfort – he is the common it but replaced it man’s man • Children: Modi and Magni, Ullr (father • Miolnir – his hammer that only he can wield unknown) • Has a chariot with two goats that he can kill and eat and then