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Environmental Hydrogeology of Lobatse South East District, Republic of Botswana

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Environmental Hydrogeology of Lobatse South East District, Republic of Botswana Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Geozentrum Hannover, Germany Environmental Hydrogeology of Lobatse South East District, Republic of Botswana by Katharina Beger, June 2001 Edited by Dr. H. Vogel Table of contents 1. Abstract.............................................................................................................................1 2. Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................1 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................................2 3.1.1. Project objectives .............................................................................................2 3.1.2. Background......................................................................................................2 4. Geography and geology of the project area .....................................................................4 4.1.1. Geography .......................................................................................................4 4.1.1.1. Location ....................................................................................................5 4.1.1.2. Morphology ...............................................................................................5 4.1.1.3. Climate ......................................................................................................5 4.1.1.4. Settlement, infrastructure and land use .......................................................6 4.1.2. Geology ...........................................................................................................7 4.1.2.1. Gaborone Granite.......................................................................................7 4.1.2.2. Kanye Volcanic Formation ........................................................................7 4.1.2.3. Lobatse Volcanic Group.............................................................................7 4.1.2.4. Transvaal Supergroup ................................................................................8 4.1.2.5. Waterberg Supergroup ...............................................................................9 4.1.3. Hydrogeology ................................................................................................10 5. Methods and materials ...................................................................................................10 5.1.1. Preliminary investigations ..............................................................................10 5.1.2. Identification of boreholes and groundwater hazards ......................................11 5.1.3. Groundwater sampling and field measurements ..............................................12 5.1.4. Hydrochemical analyses.................................................................................14 5.1.5. Map production..............................................................................................14 6. Results .............................................................................................................................15 6.1.1. Environmental hydrogeological maps.............................................................15 6.1.1.1. Borehole Location Map............................................................................15 6.1.1.2. Groundwater Hazard Map........................................................................16 6.1.1.3. Groundwater Flow Map ...........................................................................17 6.1.2. Field data .......................................................................................................18 6.1.2.1. Borehole depth and casing .......................................................................18 6.1.2.2. Groundwater levels ..................................................................................18 i 6.1.2.3. Field parameters ......................................................................................18 6.1.3. Hydrochemical data .......................................................................................19 6.1.3.1. Groundwater classification.......................................................................19 6.1.3.2. Nitrate levels............................................................................................20 6.1.3.3. Harmful substances..................................................................................21 6.1.3.4. Conspicuous boreholes.............................................................................22 6.1.3.5. Chemistry in borehole 4128 over time .....................................................22 7. Discussion and conclusion...............................................................................................24 8. References .......................................................................................................................25 9. Appendices ......................................................................................................................27 9.1.1. Appendix A: Borehole and groundwater field data..........................................27 9.1.2. Appendix B: Data of groundwater hazards .....................................................32 9.1.3. Appendix C: Water samples, field data...........................................................34 9.1.4. Appendix D: Water samples, laboratory data..................................................37 9.1.5. Appendix E: Collected data of borehole 3892.................................................42 10. Attachments 10.1.1. Attachment 1: Borehole Location Map 1:20 000.............................................43 10.1.2. Attachment 2: Groundwater Hazard Map 1:10 000 .........................................44 10.1.3. Attachment 3: Groundwater Flow Map 1:20 000 ............................................45 ii Figures Figure 1: Map of Botswana ..................................................................................................4 Figure 2: Location map of the project area............................................................................5 Figure 3: Climatic zones in Africa ........................................................................................6 Figure 4: Geological Map of the Lobatse area ......................................................................8 Figure 5: Trigonometric beacon for determination of altitudes ............................................12 Figure 6: Submersible pump MP1 ......................................................................................13 Figure 7: Pumping yield of the MP1 submersible pump ......................................................13 Figure 8: Borehole H6, windmill ........................................................................................16 Figure 9: Borehole H6, piston pump ...................................................................................16 Figure 10: Groundwater levels below top of casing...............................................................19 Figure 11: Hydrochemical classification of the groundwater (PIPER diagram) .......................20 Figure 12: Nitrate values in boreholes in Lobatse town .........................................................21 Figure 13: Nitrate values in boreholes outside of Lobatse town.............................................21 Figure 14: Borehole 3892, chemical constituents over time...................................................23 Tables Table 1: Lobatse water supply .............................................................................................3 Table 2: Stratigraphy of the Transvaal Supergroup ..............................................................9 Table 3: Classification of boreholes...................................................................................15 Table 4: Max., Min., and Mean levels of EC, pH and temperature of the groundwater. ......19 Table 5: Borehole 4128, chemical constituents in 1989 and 2000.......................................23 iii 1. Abstract An environmental hydrogeological study was carried out in the Lobatse project area of the Environmental Geology Division in the Department of Geological Survey (DGS) in Botswana. The study was carried out in co-operation between the DGS and the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in Hannover, Germany. Groundwater samples were taken from 55 boreholes. Most of the hydro-chemical results revealed natural groundwater of the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type. The groundwater in some boreholes - such as the ones at the site of the abattoir of the Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) - revealed human influence. They showed elevated concentrations of mainly nitrate, sodium, and chloride. Only in two urban boreholes (abattoir, brewery) were nitrate levels encountered that were above the critical health limit. Singular cases outside town with high iron and nitrite levels respectively appeared to be local exceptions. Besides these isolated cases the overall groundwater quality was good in late 2000. Three thematic environmental hydrogeological maps were developed from the field and laboratory data employing the ESRI GIS software ArcView, namely a Borehole Location Map, a Groundwater Hazard Map, and a Groundwater Flow Map. The Borehole Location Map depicts borehole conditions and their spatial distribution as per the second half of 2000. Close to 180 boreholes and wells were surveyed in an area of approximately 250
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