' ·J~EPOR.T.··.ON· ' 'THE' _FOREST RESOURCES ,'-,< - -.. • "_' : " OF '

. , . KALAHANDI ~ DlSTRICT" ',OF . - . ··ORISSA ·STATE

!FOREST ~.U'tVEY · O~ · . . .. CENTRAL ZONE, .. ' NAGPUR

, ." . 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS ------Paragraph No. Contents Page No. ------~------1 2 3 ------Foreword Map of India showing Kalahandi Catchment Map of . Road map of Kalahandi district. CfMPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 General 1 1.1 Situation and Boundries 1 1.2 Administrative units and Area 1 Monthly vari ~ ation of temperature and rainfall'(facing page 2). 1.3 Climate 2 1.4 Topography 2 1.5 Drainage 4 1.6 Geology 4 1.7 Soi 1s 5 1.8 Minerals 6 1.9 Landuse pattern 6 1.10 Socio-economic condition 7 1.11 Infrastructure 8 Classification of roads in Kalahandi distri'ct. (Table No. 1.1) 9 1.12 Forest Industries 11

CHAPTER ~ l!. THE FOREST

2.1 General description 12 2.2 Oamage to the forest 13 2.3 Rights and concessions 14 2.4 The Forest Types 14 2.5 Present Forest Management 21 2.6 Wild-life Management 24 CHAP TEl< .:. l.l!. RESOURCES SURVEY METHODOLOGY. Diagrams showing layout of plots(between page 24-25) 3.1 Objectives 25 ------1 2 3 ------~------3.2 Area considered for survey 25 3.3 Inventory design 25 3.4 Format for data collection 26 3.5 Field work 28 3.6 fv1aps 28 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

4.0 Samp 1 i ng des-i gn 30 4.1 Oat a 30 4.2 Data processing 30 4.3 Area 31 4.4 Volume estimation 31 4.5 Enumerated tree volume 33 4.6 Plot volume 33 4.7 Stand tables 33 4.8 Stock tables 33 4.9 Sampling error 33 4.10 Bamboo area 34 4.11 Clumps per hectare 34 4.12 Culms per hectare 34 4.13 Total number of culms 35 4.14 Bamboo weight (Green) 35 CHAPTER V INVENTORY RESULTS: AREA 5.1 Fo~est Area - Land uses 36 5.2 Area by crop composition 36 5.3 Area by topography and crop-composition 37 5.4 Area by crop-composition and soil depth classes 37 5.5 Area by crop-composition and canopy layer 37 5.6 Area by crop composition and top-height classes. 37 5.7 Area by crop composition and size classes 38 5.8 Area by crop composition and slope classes 38 5.9 Utilisation patte~n of government forest land 38 5.10 Plantable area in govt. forest 38 5.11 Soil Erosion 38 5.12 Regeneration 38A 5.13 Fire incidence 38A 5.14 Grazing incidence 38A TAeLES AND MAPS PERTAINING TU CHAPTER V

1.1 Break-up of Area by land·use classes 39 1.1 r..., 'ilap. showi ng 1and -use classes 39 A 1.2 Break up of tree vegetated area into 40 dlfferent crop composition classes. 1.2 1'-1 Map showing crop compOSition 40 A 1.3 ~reak-up of tree vegetated area under different crop compositions by topography 41 classes. 1. 3 1'1 Map showing general topography 41 A 1.4 KHHk~M~X®f x iKRex¥ Break up of tree vegetated area (Land use) under different crop 42 compositions by soil depth classes. 1.4 H Map showing soil depth 42A 1.5 Break up of tree vegetated area under 43 different crop,compositions by canopy layer/storey. 1.6 Break up of tree vegetated area under different crop compOSitions by top height classes. 44 1.6M Map showing top - height 44 A 1.7 Break up tree vegetated area under different crop compositions by size classes. 45 1.7 r>1 Map showing size classes. 45A 1.8 Break up of the vegetated area under different crop compOSitions by slope classes. 46 2.0 Govt. forest land utilisation pattern of 47 Kalahandi district. 3.0 tstimated plantable area in the govt . forest land. 48 5.11 IVI Map showing Soil erosion 48A 5.12 f"j Map showing regeneration 48B 5.l3 1"1 f"'lap showing fire incidence 48C 5.14 M Map showing grazing incidence 480 CHAPTER VI INVENTORY RESULTS: (GROWING STO CK(TREES). • 6.1 Total no. of stems and stems/ha. 49 - Stratum Teak 6.2 Total no. of stems and stems/ha. - Stratum sal 49 6.3 Total no. of stems and stems/ha. - S'Lratum Sal ai 49 6.4 Tota 1 no. of stems and stems/ha. - Stratum 50 Miscellaneous 6.5 Total volume and volume/ha. - Stratum Teak 50 6.6 Tota 1 volume and volume/ha. - Stratum sal 50 ------1 2 3 ------.~------6.7 Total volume and volume/ha. - Stratum salai 51 6.8 . Total volume and volurne/ha. - Stratum 51 Ivli sce 11 aneous 6.9 Abstract of growing stock (Tree vegetation) 51 6.10 Growing stock by Forest type with standard 52 error. TABLES ANO MAPS PERTAINING TO CHAPTER VI 6.1 A Total no. of stems(OOO) - Stratum Teak 53 6.1 8 Stems(ha - Stratum Teak 54 6.2 A Total no. of stems(OOO) - Stratum sal 55 6.2 B Stems/ha. - Stratum sal 57 6.3 A Total no. of stems (000) - Stratum salai 59 6.3 B Stems/ha. - Stratum Salai 60 6.4 A Total no. of stems(OOO) - Stratum Misc. 61 6.4 B Stems/ha. - Stratum Miscellaneous 63 6.5 A 3 Total volume (OOO)t,f - Stratum Teak 65 6.5 B Volume/ha M3 - Stratum Teak 66 6.6 A Total volume (OOO) M3 - Stratum sal 67 6.6 8 Volume/ha M3 - Stratum Sal 69 6.7 A Total volume (OOO)M3 - Stratum Salai 71 6.7 1:3 Volume/ha. M3 - Stratum Salai 73 6.8 A Total volume (OOO)M3 - Stratum Misc. 75 6.8 1:3 Volume/ha. M3 - Stratum Miscellaneous 77 6.9 Abstract of growing stock (Tree Vegetation) 79 6.9 M Map showing distribution of volume/ha. M3 in 79A Kalahandi district. 6.10 Growing stock by Forest type with standard error.80 CHAPTER VIr INVENTORY RESULTS:GROWING STOCK BAMBOO 7.0 Growing stock - Bamboo 81 7.1 Bamboo forest area 81 7.2 Clumps per ha. by quality and size'class 81 7.3 . No. of culms by soundness, quality and clump 81 sizes 7.4 Bamboo we; ght . 82 7.5 Air dry weight 82 TABLES AND MAPS PERTAINING TO CHAPTER VII 7.1 Break up of Bamboo area 83 1 2 3

7.2 Mean number of clumps/ha. by ~amboo quality and clump size classes. 83 7.1 M Map showing otcurrence of Bamboo (by density classes). 83 A 7.3 A Tota 1 number of cu lms. in (000) by soundness of culms by Bamboo quality and clump size classes 84 7.3 B Mean number of Bamboo cul~s/ha by soundness of culms by Bamboo quality and clump size 85 classes. 7.4 A Bamboo (green) stock in tonnes by age of culms and' soufidnes 5 by bambm qua I ity and clump size 86 7.4 B B=aln'bsosoes('green) stack in tonnes by soundness of clumps by bamboo quality and clump size 87 classes. 7.4 C Green bamboo stock (in tonnes) by bamboo quality, clump size classes, age, soundness and 88 diameter classes. ·7.5 A Bamboo (dry) st~k in tonnes corresponding to bamboo (green) by age of culms and soundness by bamboo quality and clump 89 size class. 7.5 B Bamboo (dry) stock in tonnes corresponding to bamboo (Green) by soundness of culms by bamboo quality and clump size class. 90 Annexure. 1. List of Officers/staff associated with the 91 inventory.

2. Bib I i~raphy 92 FOREWORD

It gives me great pleasure in releasing this report dealing with forest resources of Kalahandi district of Orissa State. This report is the result of intensive field work done by the staff of the Central Zone of this organisation during February - May, 1984. Kalahandi district of Orissa is reported to have more than 50% (53% according to Orissa For~st Department) area under forest cover and slightly less than 50% population consists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. As is common over the entire country, the t~ibal population of this district is economically very backward and depends heavily on the forests for their livelihood. Shifting cultivation has been the mode of their life for centuries and even now part of the tribal population in this district survives on shifting cultivation. This has caused considerable degradation of forests in this district. There ;5 hardly any industry worth the name in this area which can help in relieving the pressure of population on the forests. According to the survey conducted by this Organisation, ~~c: area actually covered by vegetation forms only 40.45% of the total geo­ graphical area of Kalahandi district. Thus, it appears that rapid destru­ ction of valuable forest~ of this district is taking place mostly due to cultivation, encroachments and illicit fellings. Forest fires which are quite common have also added to the depletion of forest resources. This district has high potential for forestry development as there are valuable Sal and Teak forests in this area. However, pro­ portion of Teak and Sal in these forests is getting reduced as a result of heavy ill icit cutting. Nearly 75% of the forest cover can be assigned to miscellaneous forests as per the survey conducted. Nearly 25% forest cover is under Sal and Teak (Sal 22.4% and Teak 1.9%). Teak forests seem to be losing ground tomisce1laneous forests due to selective illicit fell ings. Teal< forests are now confined to central part of the district mostly on hilly areas away from habitations. Most of the forest area, which is at present degraded, was found to be plantable by suitable species. This, coupled with the easy accessibility of the forest areas, makes most of these areas potentially productive sites if plantations of suitable species are raised and proper protection is provided to these fares ts. Average growing stock in all the forest areas of this district has been ass,!=ssed as 47.76 iyP per hectare. Sal forests have comparatively better stocking and volume of 66.122 M3 per hectare. Teak forests have the lowest volume of 35.197M3 per hectare. Nearly 28% of the total forest areas are very much degraded having total growing stock of less than 10 M3 per hectare. Total growing stock of the forest areas of the district comes to approximately 2061 x 10 M3, 67.41% of which is contri­ buted bymiscellaneous forests. Thus, Kalahandi district presents a picture- of potentially very good forest area which is losing its productivity due to shifting cultivation, illicit cutting and forest fires. In or~er to res.tore the forest wealth of this district to its earl ier glory, prograrmnes for control of shifting cultivation, better forest protection and reha­ b; 1itat ion of degraded forests should be undertaken without loss of time. Moreover, the tribals need to be weaned away from practice of shifting cultivation and heavy dependance on forests by providing them with a1ternat4ve means of livelihood. Encouragement to cottage indus­ tries and tribal crafts would be of much help. These forests are exibitin g red signal indicating danger to forests and the environment. Let us hope that we are not too late in our actions to ti It the delicate balance of nature in our favour.

J.B. lal Director Forest Survey of India Dehradun. MAP OF INDIA SHOWING KALAHANDI CATCHMENT

SCALE!-- I: le,OOO,ooo

AREA COVERED IN THE REPORT MAP OF KALAHANDI CATCHMENT OF ORISSA STATE

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i IS R A I PU (tA . P) 14 'BALAN6IR ,/

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12 • .1

8ASTAR (N.P.) ®

•

INDEX~

STATE BOUNDARY -- .' -"~ DISTRICT BOUNDAfft

KALAHANOI CATCH~T . . -----1----..--· __.. _--4----- [ -----..

K MAP OF KALAHANDl

SCALE"" I; I,OOOtOOO

64L 15

----..-

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INDEX - ,I ._ _.. _-- ..-- -.--~ -_._----_ .. -... _.•.. STAT E BOUNDARY DISTRICT BOUNDARY . _._....- DISTRICT H. Or. • ROA[\ I ~t CLASS(m~lalltldl W' w·o.' " " {O'

II 2od.. (unm~tall~)

.. 3rd II (1rack) RAILWAY -,...... ~ ___ __. __ .._ __ . _____._-t- -.-- --L.-.---.+------t--- C HAP T E R - I

INTRODUCTION. ------1.0 General.

Thcugh scientific forest managerr.ent hilS ccmpleted mQre than 100 years of its existence in this ccuntr y, nct all fares t areas have been brought under its purvi ew. Moreover; intensity of forest manage~ent varies from place to place cc~si­ derably. M~ny of the forest areas have been brought under the managereent of Forest Department only after merger of princely states ar~ zamindaris. Forest in Kalahandi district have long beEn under the and hcve ceme under the central of scientific forest management quite late. Rising pcpu1ation and lack of strict control over the forest areas have taker: a hE:dVY toll of the forest wealth of Ka1ahandi district and therefore assessment of valuable forest resources of this district was felt absGlutely necessary. Tho~gh Working Pl ans exist for forest areas included in this district the information available is net enough to give ace~uate idea of the forest rEsource~ of this district. ThE task of preparing inventory of forest resources of Ka 1 ahandi d i stri ct was gi yen to the Fcrest Survey of Incia and accordingly Central Zone of Forest Survey of India undertook forest inventory wcrk of Kalahandi - district dL:ring February 1984 to May, 1984. This report is based o~ the data c~lected during the Survey and also on other pl.blished information in District Statistical Hand Bocks ar.d Fcrest department publications.

1.1 S ituat i on and boundar i es.

The present district of Kalahandi has its Head- qt.:arter at Bhavanipatna. In ancient times it formed a part of South Kosla Kingdom. It ccntinued as a Princely state u~to Ncvember, 1949 and ther: merged with Orissa state. Present district of Kalahandi was carved out from the ex-princely state of Kalahandi with addition of ex-zamindari areas of which formerly WEre a part of Samtalpur district. In 1962, areas coreing under jurisdiction of Kas;pur Police Station of former Kal ahandi state wt:re me·rged with Kcraput district.

The di strict of Ka 1 ahandi forms SOL:t h-western region of Orissa state and lies between If 10' ar.d 21t>" 8' ncrU~ latitudes and 82° 20' and 830 45' east longitudes. It i~ bounded on the north by Bolangir district of Orissa and'scuth by district,on east by and Koraput dis ... tricts and on the WEst by Koraput district of Orissa ar.d district of Madt:ya Pradesh. 1. 2 AdE!2!'J~tra ti ve units 2il.9 ~!~_aJ~ This district has been divided into 3 sub divisions and further into 6 tahsils, with tahsil headquarters at Bhavani-

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-+ -I --I 1,----1---,-.1 ---I-----t---t'-- L1 GIl -¥ ~ u:;. • t; t. ~,~ ~ t t T EM pr- 1 ATURE (deQree In centiQrode) - 3 - the entire Nawapara sut-divisior. ar.d runs southward upto and then w~stward thrcush Junagarh ar.d Dharam·;arh and then further upto the district limits. Actua l ly plains cover about half of the total area of the district. Western pert of Nawapara ar.~ s(,uth - wE'stern pert of Bhawanipatna sub - divisions form tr.E hi lly regions of the district. Entire hilly re,;ions are ccveredwith dense forest.

Eastern and sGuth-eastern areas fY'orr, Bhawanipat na are hilly tribal area~ kno\\n locally as· 'dcngerla'. Chains and. clusters of hills rise to~ards·the so~thern higher plateau which ccntinues into Kcrap~t district forming pfrt of the easter~ ghats. Tel ar.d its tributaries Hati, Sunder 'and Udanti rivers fom a wide fertile valley attaining a hEight of zeo meters (654') on the wE:stern side. The donger 1 a in Macanpur - Rampur range. c 1us ter ·closer to the ncrth-east form the slow rising plateau attaining 300 - 5(,0 meters heig~t w~,ich ultimately merge with the Bc.lliguda plateau in the north-east. Maximum altitude in this region is between 800 - 9CO meters. Flat hi 11 tops kEown as mali arE the characteristic of this region w,ich rise above the general level of the valleys. The highest point in Kalahandi is 1298 meters (4259') on the Niyamgiri hills. Richly cultivable ar.d fertile plains known as Pahil­ pur region 1 ie to the west of Junagarh which covers nearly 120(­ 2 Kffi~ (403.32 mile ) of area stretching all the w~y to the ~istrict 1 imits in the SGuth-wEst. Hi 11 ranges of G~.cna, Pari agarh and Parigaon SEparate these plains frcm the ncrthern pl.t.s. '~e ~f'l: ~e .. s in Sahajkhol block are extension of the Kcraput plateau.

The plains between Tel and Sagarda rivers in the south Nawapara sub-division in the west, Bolangir district in the ncrth and the dcngerla in the east spread over Borda, Bhawanipatna, and Madan~-Ra~pur ranges upto Parkel which is the lowest point in the Kalahandi forest division (152 mtr. 499'). This area has scattered clusters' of hills and is slightly less fertile than the pahilpur regionmentioned in the preceeding para .

. The area of Khariar forest division is characterised by a series of long hill ranges running approximtely frail: north to south. In the WEst, the long impeneterable wall is formed by the hill ranges of Gatibeda, Patdarha alor.g with those of Koilakhola. Parallel to this r~n the hill ranges of Pati dcngar which meet the Gurudonger block and the Nimna-Adpita hills and finally the outer hill range.s ofKa il akho la, intercepted by the Udant i river. Th i s ccnstitutes the second longest high hill range in the wE'Stern part of the division. A third series of hi 11 range is formed by Chhata and Bajini hills and is joined by Pippalpani and Kumudi hill ranges ending near Bahebir, intercepted bj Ollar Jar in the southern outskirt. The fourth series of hi 11 range ;s" formEd bj Narayan d0ngri,. Kendumunda and Nagesh pahad and is perpendicular to the already described hill ranges. Thereafter, the Choura hills form the fifth series of hill rar.ges in association with the Khasbaha1 Bundiam Bijli t Budharya and Tandel hills. There are many prominent hills on the western boundary with height ranging frem 109 meters to 815 mEters. Besides, there are scattered hills and hill ranges throught the d i vi sian. 1. 5 .Q!_aJ!l_a_g~_.

ThE most im~(rtant river systerr. in this district is of Tel and its tributaries.' LargE nurrtEr of SIT,ell rivers ar.d strearr.s originating from hi 11s in South 1:C.st portion of Kalahandi and drain in to river Tel. After flowing along th'e border of I

The Cuddapah rocks are characterised by grey and choclate colour slates and white and buff quartzites is found in the hills of Sahajkhol block. This rock system on disintegration, produces very poor heavy clay soi 1. The rock types in Khariar area are granite gneiss calosi­ licate rocks, and highly metamorphosed and epidetised basement complex (peninsular gneiss and granite) consisting of rocks belonging to the Khandal i te group and Charrok ite group. The Khanda 1He group is composed of the garnet - sill imanitegraphite schists and gneisses with interbanded quartzites, sillimanite quartzites, crystalline lime stones calciphyres and calgranulites. The Charnokites are hypertenegranite gneisses which have undergone considerable retrogade metamorphism. These rocks are intrica~y folded and refolded and at places sheared.

The Padampur area is composed of course grained garne-tf ferous granite gneiss and migmatic gneiss with members of Khondalite series namely Khondalite, calosilicate rocks and quartzites developed on the surroundin.9 hills and mounds. The coarse grained garnite gneiss is generally nonfoliated and massive. The fine grained variation encountered in the drill cores is usually well foliated. Porphyritic granites is extensively developed and sheet like out crops are very common around Padampur, especially along the Koldi and Kumar; nadis. Lenticular zones and banks of hornble­ nde schists and amphibolites occur profusely within the zone of porphy­ r; te gran; te. 1.7 Soils. There are ma in 1y three types of so i 1sin th is area 1) Black cotton and black soils 2) Lateritic and Red ~oils and 3) Alluvial deposites. In the vicinity of mountaineous region,s the black cotton and black soils are intermixed with lateritic and red soils. Red loam and Lateritic soi 1 are characteristic in the border areas. Most of the cultivable lands can be classified as clay loams, which are rich ;n Aluminium, and Ferromanganese compounds and have high moisture holding capacity. The soil between the hills and the plains is argillaceous and contains high pe'"OO1tage of Mg 003

and on drying it d('vElop~ dE.q: crcck~. It cc'rtains irar., lime, Magne.siurT', AluminiurT" Pctash but poot' in Phcsphoraus. ThE ~ol pctcrES in Gc.tibEc'2, Pc..tdorhc· und AfT.cci have deEp sandy loam sc.il. Sucr. 5(,il is rr.ilinly ccnfinE:c tc palin~ fiat vallejoS ar.c' gutle SlOpES. ,Gc'c,d fertile sor.c'} loc,m ,c,llu,-ial sells occur in Jarr.likc~chhar, Chcr.c'kuanri~achhar, Raikccakccr.rar, Gc'rdt-.anakachhar ard Rc.'::nc.kc.c~har. Soil fcnncltiQn hUE takES plaCE by cc,r.stant inuncatior. and dq::csitior of Sandy Alluvial arc silt or: tcth thE bc.nks of the streclns arc the rivers. Succ£5sful luxuriart tE.t,k ~lar.tatiors hc.ve beEn raisE

SOIllf! corrl1 lE:rcially exploitable rr:inerals are fo~re' in hi lly arec:s of KalahClr.e1i district. Bauxite is found in GandhmClrdc:n platecu area on the interdistrict bc'rc'£r of Bc·largir and 5amt,alpl1r' districts, thE e$tim&te~ rESErve of which is o\er 2 millio~ tonres. In additio~ to this, Graphite and mc.n~anE5e are alsc, beiRg quarried for a long timE! in the district. Mica is alsG preSEnt. but is not ccrrmErcially exploitable. Shales and limE: stones OCCL:r as bands within the quartzi­ tes ard are found expo$ed in s(jrr:e~ areas.

1.9 _h.a_n_d ~_s_e F~_t_t~_r_!l.

ThE· extent of lar.d, appcximc.tely put to variOL!S • U~ES in the distrfcts indicatec in District Statistical Har.d Bcc,k 1978 - 79 is give.r. bE:lo\\ (In KmZ).. ' • ------_._------._------Total Forested Bad Land put Culti- Permane.nt Misce- Gene- Gec~ra- area lane to non- lJable pastures 11 ar. e - ral pH i ca I ' agri. ;,('ste. and gra- ous fa 11 area. uses. zing I and treE ows. creps and grasses. ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11580 ,._ 5eeo 30 310 70 570 350 260 . - 7 ------OthEr fallow Net areG. $(.o .... n 9 10 ------~----.--. ------~~ 5C 4BEO ------_------He'VIEver, thE total arec: falling in vo.rious larc' USES arc' the, gecsraphicc.l are.: sr.cv.r, here dCES net agree wi .th the actual gccgrapr ica l are a (118:3 5 s Cc • kIT:. ) of the dis t ric t. 1.10 Soclo-Econorr.ic conditior..

Solier.t features affecting the Socio eecnemic ccnci t ion in this district are :- 1) ConsidErable forest area affected by s~liftin9' cultivatior. 2) High perCEntage of tribel arc' scheduled ca~te pc'pLlatior. with 10 ... ' ".' . literacy· 3) Lack of a~equate emplo)ment facilities and high dEpenc'encE of tribal population on agriculture whicl': is underde.ve l or:ec. 4) Leck of adEquate corrnlunicatior. facilities

This district presents a picture of underdevelopTEnt ar.d econcrric pc,verty. Asriculture form.sthe b2Sic eccnorr:ic act ivity in this d~strict. Hc,..... E'ver, it h2.s remained undEr-dEveloped due to lack of education ar.d prevailing poverty. Pr actice of s hifting c~ltivation ~tic~ is in vcgue for centuries hcs prEvented statle agricultUrE ever larSE arE':: and kqt the pcpulation at subsister:cE level. Nearly 85 - 90% pClpulatior. deper.·ds uf:or. a£riculture o Errplo}fTlE'nt o~ ' pcrtur:ities in othE!r fields 1 ike indL:stries rE-me.in very much 1 imitec. Hcrdly 7.J7% of thE nE:t sown arEa has irrigation facilities. Olter mostofthe agricultural lar.e's only one crop is taken. Important crops of t his arez are Paddy , Wheat, M~ize, Ragi, Ja'A'or, Bajra. Sugarefn~, potato etc. .

Forest arEa thoL:gh c(OVE.n; 49.15% of the areG of the district dOES nc,t cor.tribute much to the improvement of socio-'€cc'nColTlic concition of the pe~q::le [f.{Iinly bEcaUSE of shifting CUltivation and lack of acequc.te in lie s tme n tin for est r'y • ThE following table gives SGrr'e: idea of the various sc.cio-economic features of the district:

------1. % of A9ricultural land under irrig~tion 7.17 2. % of Agrict.:ltural lane' cr'opped m(Jre the.1i one€' 27:81 3. Average yield of p2.ddjt in quintals pe·r hectare . 12.79 4. Total po~ulation as pe'r 1981 census 1329780 5. Urban population in percentage 5 6. RLiY'c.l pc'pulation in pE' rcentage 95 7. Population of Scheduled Castei in %(1971) 17~11 to total pcpulation of district. 8 . Pop~lation of Scheduled Tribes in %(1971) 29. 26 to total population of district. 9. Population density (1961) per sq.km. 11 2 ... 8 - 8 -

10. Percentage of male literacy 23.2 II. ~ercentage of Female litera.cy 4.1 12. Per capita land area 1n ha. 0.8900 13. Per capita. forest area in ha. 0.4374 .. ------It is reported during 1'77-78 that nearly 33000 persons . forming 3% of the district depend upon shifting cultivation. Total forest area affected by shifting cultivation was reported to be 1323.50 sq.km. which was about 23% of the total forest area of the district (source _ Statistical outl ine of Orissa .forests). During the present survey area under shifting cultivation was found to be much less (please see Tablell) and tendency towards adopting permanent cultivation wa~ observed.

1.11 Infrastructure. Transport and comnlunication is one of the most important factor contributing to development of economy. This district does not have goc·d cOfllTlunications due to hilly tract and number of rivHs and streams. Railway line from Raipur to Waizag (~Jaltair) passes through Kesinga which is located in eastern part of Kalahandi district. Howeve~ road communication is comparatively more developed and has a length of only 70 Kms. in this district, than railway comrrunication. There is no national highway passing through the district. State highways are being maintained by various state authorities. There are ·1078 Km~ of surfaced (pucca) and 6770 kms. of unsurfaced (Kachcha) roads in this district. The following table gives the detai1s of roads existing in the district being maintained by various government departments. (9)

...... <;]'" ...... "0 ::0 M N 1'0 1'0 ...., ...... 0 co 0 ~ ...... <;]'" ~ 0 ...... co ...., ...... <.0 ...... 1'0 >, 0 0 1'0 .0 0 ~ 6 6 U~ 0"1 ~ C:::I'0 en L.(") :::l0 <;]'" -.:r ...., c.... c::: 0 0 U 0 0 l- I -+-> VI -+-> VII .~~ \.0 <.0 VI WI Ero ...... '~, 1'0 0 o::T -.:r V'! ...... '0 "8l c::: .0 , - "0 c::: ~t 1'0 L.(") 0 1'0 1'01 0.. L.(") 0 0 ~ ~ w, ro UVI ~I ,~~ ~ N N ro C:::I'0 ~ -...... -N ;:,.:: >, :::l0 CC 2:~ c:::

wVI~ ...... ~ J, .~f'... 0 I-~ 0 0 0 _g. 0 CC ~ ...... <:) ....,0 :::lcc c::: L.(") L.(") -.:r II) 0 I'O~ >, N ...... '" -.:r ... c::: .0 c:::l'0 Q):I: s... Q)~ :1 4-1'0 4- .~ ~ :C;-+-> (J) VI ~I 4- (J) ,>.:;:; .,... en (V') ...... 0 .oro VI 1'0 VI N <.0 en '0'" VI ~ "0 0) VI ro ~ 1'01 ...... <.0 M O. M I.D 0 ~I .~ +-I W > c::: I N M <.0 roU +-I'S: s...-+-> VI 0 0 C:::+-I 0) ...... "0 0 ...... '~ VI ~ VI ro <.0 .... ~ 0 CO 0 Eo 0"0 c::: N ...... N ,ro :3 ro',.... 0 co M ...... 0 .__.. ::;::a c::: ...... N c.. E >, ;:,.:: .0 0 0 0 OJ r-I 0 ...... "0 +-I ~ Vl ro en >, \.0 <.0 N 'r- ~ -+-> ro 0 ro V'! :r: 3: (V') M 0 - c::: ~I ~ ro >, 4- c::: ro 0 0 3: ..r:::. ~I .,...~ +-' en ...en ro·,... c::: I z :c OJ ...... I

Vl "0 ro 1'0 -~ "0 ro 0 u. 0 c::: ~~ c::: (lJU "Oro- uro 4- OJ U ro;:,.:: ...... I 0 U U '+- .__.. c:r:: ro :::l I- Vl I- 0) '+- c.. ::3 -0 0 0.. 1-- Vlro I- >, :::l c::: 0 I l- V'! _::) c::: - 10 The district Headquarter of ",lahandi is located at Bhawanipatna which is nearly 35 Km. from '2singa railway station. There were 29 bus routes in 1982. Various routes are indicated below:-

S.No. Name of the route Length of All weather the route or . in Kms. Fair weather ------~ -- 1 2 3 4 ------~------1. Bhawanipatna - Kesinga 35 All weather 2. ldo­ - 78 -do­ 3. -do- - Oaspur 98 .-do- 4. -do- - Khariar 73 Fair weather 5. -do- - Sinapl i 108 -do- 6. -do- Jaipatna via Oharamgarh 104 -do- 7) Bhawaniptna - resida via Kharlamunda 87 Fair weather 8. -do- - 85 All weather 9. -do- - via. Malapur 88 Fair \'Jeather 10. -do- - t~ohang i r i 90 -do- II. -do- - Parlakhemundi 215 All weather 12. -do·· - 178 -do- 13. -do- - Boden 94 -do- 14. -do- - Behere 66 -do- 15. -do- - Kalarr.pur 64 All weather 16. -do- - Kegaon 85 Fair weather 17. -do- - Jaipur 162 All weather 18. -do,,: - 491 -do- 19. -do- - 477 -do- 20. -do- - 360 -do- 21. -do- - Sarrtalpur 448 -do- 22. -do- - Tel river 53 -do- 23. -do- fl'1!s 45 -do- 24. -do- - Junagarh Mis 26 -do- 25. -do- - Singaright 72 Fair weather , 26. -do- - ,69 -do- 27. -do- - Goudchhendi 50 -do- 28. -do- - Risida via Belkhandi 84 -do- 29. -do1- - Raigarh 187 -do------...... 11 - 11 -

1.12 Fore$: Produce And ~orest Based Industr ies:

The important forest produce of Kalahandi are timber , fuelwood and bamboo ...,hile others include Tenduleaves, Charcoal, bramgrass, I~lahua f lowers and seeds etc. . Average out turn of timber and fuelwood in Kalahandi district is 20000 Wand 40000 M3 (stacked .volume) respectively. An estimated 10 mill ion bamboo per antm are harvested per year. There are no major forest based industries in the district. Orissa Edible Oil mill located at Kesinga (35 Km from Bhawanipatna) is a solvent extraction plant set up for extraction of oi 1 "mos t ly based on sa 1 seeds. Besides this there are 8 saw mills in the district in which 126 persons are employed daily. C HAP T E R - II

THE FOREST.

2.1 General Description.

The forest of Kalahandi district correspond to "Tropical forests" accor.ding to Champion's classification. These forests depict generally two main types, viz; moist and dry deciduous, which cover different reyions of the tract and indicate the origin of a broad pattern very much in consonance with the configuration and geology of the tract and also to a large extent with its climate and rainfall. The pecuUar situation of the tract,the "Tension Zones" between the Northern and Southern Indian form, represented by sal and teak respectively, is'again an interest i ng feature of the tract. Although, as would be expected, local variations due to edaphic factors is quite COrTmon in each of the general formations much cf th€ originality in considerable portions of these forests, has been lost due to continued biotic influence, the most deciding of which has been shifting cultivation, locally known as Podu, practised in this tract since many years. Indulged in moderate proportion.this practice has hastened the formation of sal forests which are generally taken as climax types. But when'podu is prolonged and over done, the result has been rapi d retrogress i on and appearance of secondary sera 1 types of much poorer forests. This is amply evident by comparison of similar areas inside reserved forest, protected from podu during the past nearly half a centuary, and those outside reserved forest under active expanding podu. The "Moist sal forests" are found in luxuriant climax patches o;ten showing pure pockets of quality class II and I, sheltered inside reserved forests. The entire region of the tract lying on the east a,nd stretching from the north-eastern end of the tract to the southern most limit of the south~rn high lands, had at one time, most certainly been covered in large continuous stretches by moist deciduous forests predo~;nated by sal. Natural Teak forest is interspersed with big chunks of dry deciduous miscellaneous forest in some forest blocks where patches of sal are alone present in the vicinity. Podu had a considerable hand in shap in9 the fores,ts of this region before the advent of Forestry. With the beginning of forest consciousness in the ex-state regime, man~ of those forests, generally less disturbed by podu, got r~5e .. ved. These form now the control to assess the extent of re~~gression that has been the result of repeated podu. The usual process ;s passage through secon­ dary seral type of dry deciduous forests, often gradually changing to pure bamboo brakes, which again is replaced by dry scrub jungle area~ and finally became waste land and hill slopes of which large areas are seen in the southern high 1 ands. The transition from the Northern to Southern Indi an form is seen in between the "I'loist Sal" in the eastern part of the tract and "Dry Teak" in vlestern bOlrder. In this zone in some isolated pockets sal and teak are seen growing together. The transition from "Moist Sal" to dry mixed deciduous forests is of both, northerrr and southern form. I n the southern hi gh 1and a 1so the trans it i on from the northern to southern form is indicated by increasing occurence of various species more akin to South Indian flora. Repeated annual fires and heavy grazing is the common experience in many of the reserved forests.

...... 13 - 13 -

The regeneration is adequate in Sal - Jreas whereas it is inadequate in teak forests where the area is subjected to annual fires. The coverage of grasses varies depending upon the crop density and other environmental conditions. For all practical purposes thE:~ is no humus in the tract except along some nala be.lts in Sal forest are as. The soil is exposed in many places specially in dry teak areas and in the areas ,.,here podu is continously practised.

2.2 Damaoe to the forest. The damage to the for'est i s caused mainly by human interference. The origin of the damage even by other natural agencies can be in most of the cases, reckoned with some human activi ty. The forests are affected to very less extent by natural agencies. Hmvever, the damage by human beings is conspicuous, In the forests of Kalahandi, damage to forests is mai n ly due to the following factors. a) Shifting Cultivation (Podu).

As stated above in para 2.1, podu cultivati on. is the common characteristic of tribals in Kalahandi d i s t rict with reo;> ," ,j their cultivation practices. Large areas of forest are affec~' I I I~ practice every year which is continued in~ational ma nner. Uj d~upting this practice not only forest is destroyed but extensive soil erosion also takes place. b) Illicit felling. Besides podu cultivation i l licit felli ng of forest in the tract is very common. The loca 1 peopl e fe 11 the trees for the purpose of their house building, agricultural implements and fuel wood. In certain areas where the forest is very thin, they go to the extent of cutting t!ven regeneration for fir" ·'''.~,d . qtl<;ides their own use they bring fire wood by head load to the flear""" .. olace for selling. This is because they have least opportunity of t:1 •. ~ .. ?nd as such this practice has becomE a n'ecessity for their survival.

c) Encroachment.

Encroachment of forest land for the cultivat j on purpose is also very common. The tribals select some place in forest along the nalas where water to irrigate such land is available. They clear off the forest vegetation in the neighbourhood and cultivate the area.

d) Gr~l i ng. Grazing is another important factor fou nd responsible for extensive damage to vegetation in the district, particularly the forest which is at regeneration stage. The regeneration of fodder species is normally browsed by the animals as such the condition of farest becomes gradually degraded. Because of this the forest near by the habitat ion has been mostly under heavy degraded condi tion. e) Fire.

Frequent annual fires have caused considerab le damage to the forest and hardly any forest area is left which is not being burnt every year.

, .... 14 - 14 - 2.3 Rights and Concessions. The reserved forests I1f the di str i ct are free from any rights to the local people. However, some concessions I ike controlled grazing have been allowed on' payment in such forests also. The rights and concessions for removal of fire wood, minor forest produce, bamboos are allowed to the local people from the forests 6ther than the reserve/ Zamindary Zapti forests. As per Kalahandi State forests rules, the "Cess" paying t81ants are allowed free removal 'jf unreserved species. For the reserved species like Teak, Sal, Bija, Sisso, Kendu, Saja, Khair, Harra, Kusum, Sundri, Tentuli, Achar, Palas, Amb, Mahua, Lodha, , Halland, Ohaura, Senha, rYlundi, Rohini etc •• ,the tenants have to pay royalty at the rate revised as per schedule of forest produce rules (Orissa) 1977 for agricultural and domestic purposes. In Khariar division the rights and concessio(ls are still allowed as per the rules which were prevailing in Khariar Ex-zamin­ dary and Ex-zamindary. Accordingly, people have no right over timber, fuelwood, grazing in the so-called Zamindary Zapti forests and whatever rights and concessions are allowed to them they are confined to village forest only. The right over timber is allowed for only unreserved species ,below 2' girth and fruits and flowers from the trees but they cannot sell or barter such produce. The grazing fee is linked with the payment of land revenue. Shifting cultivation is confined to protected forests.

2.4 The Forest Types. The forests of Kalahandi district formed under local conditions and influences of several factors, can be classified under the folllowing types and sub-types according to Champion's classification. Kalahandi Division. Northern & Tropical Group C - 1 81 Moist Peninsular sal r"1oist Deciduous 82 Supekar Sal E4 Northern India(Climax) moist deciduous forests. E5 Northern Indian Moist Terminalia forests.

Q!:.t Trop i Cd 1 • Group 4A C1 Dry Teak C2 Southern Indian 'dry deciduous forests. Group B C1 Northern dry mixed deGiduous forest. C2 Dry Sal. Subsidiary Edaphic Type: E4 Boswellia E12 Dry Bamboo brakes. Secondary seral type: 25/1 Secondary dry deci­ duous forests. 2 5/2 Dry deciduous scrubs .

. . . . . • 15 - 15 -

Kharidr Division. Northern tropical C2 Northern dry mixed dry decia'6us . Group 5 B deciduous forest. C16 Dry s~l forest (dry peninsular types) Southern tropical Group 5 A Clb Dry teak 'rarest 900 to dry d.:ciduous 1300 mm rainfall. Clc Dry teak forest upto 900 mm rainfall. Subsidiary Edaphic type E2 Boswellia forests. E9 Bamboo brakes. rtoist peninsular Sal. This type is found through out the eastern part of the tract rising upto nearly 700 metres (2,296.6') elevation in the southern plateau. The characteristic feature of this type is generally luxuriant close forests of which sal constitutes more than two thirds of the crop, generally of O.C. III and often reaching Q.C. II & [. In the southern and south eastern parts of the tract this type shows pure patches of usually higher qual ity (Q.C. I I & I) sal with very few associates. The stand in this region consists largely of poles, with only sprinkling of large sized trees, indicating an origi-n from comparatively more recent podu. Bamboos are practically absent. 1n the northeastern region, on the other hand sal constitutes generally between one third to two­ thirds of the crop with some patches of pure even aged stands as in the southern part. The crop here unusually has a preponderance of higher girth classes and over mature trees. Sahaj, tangan and bija form the most numerous associates. Salia bamboo is often found marking its way into the less congested stands. The species found are as follows. Top storey Shorea robustft, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia belerica, Xylia xylocarpa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Lagerstroemia parviflora, r'1ytragyna parvifolia, Lannea coromandelica, Garuga pinnata, Stereospermum suaveolens, Cordia myxa, Salmalia maibaricum, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Madhuca indica, Albizzia amara, Dalbergia paniculata, Oalbergia latifolia, Gmelina arborea, Anogeissus latifolia and Schleichera oleosa. Confined more to the m~ister pockets and nala sides are Syzygium cumini, Mangifera indica, Oillenla pentagyna, Terminalia arjuna, Anogeissus scuminata and Vitex pedancularis. In the southern plateau, especially in liliguma block, some Albizzia stipulata, Michelia champaca, Cedrela toona are found. Under Storey. Ougeinia oOJelnensis, Emblica officinalis, Cliestanthus collinus, Bridelia retusa, Careya arborea, Buchanania lanzan, Bauhinia recemosa, Bauhinia retusa, Morinda, tir.r::toria~ Chloroxylon swietenia, Gardenia latifolia, Randia uliginosa, Gre'wia tiliaefolia, Zizyphus gl aberrima, Mi I iusa velutina, Zanthoxylum retusa, Samecarpus anacardium, Cassia fistula, Aegle marmelos, Ficus glomerata, Ficus infectoria, Mallotus philippinensis, Feronia limonia, Oiospyros peregrina and usually in open clearance Trema orientalis. - 16 - Supekar hl:. These occur in flat hill-tups above 900 metres invariably characterised by laterite caps of varying depth upto d metre, locally known as Pat or mali. These normally carry extensive grassy blanks ~... ith scattered and very stunted trees, ger:erally with groups of sal hardly 10 metres (33.0') high. The usual associates of sal in these open forest are Terminalia tomentosa, Terminal. 1 chebula, Pterocarpus marsupium, Xyl ia xylocarpa, Bauhinia retusa, CJreya aroborea, Emblica officinalis, Gardenia latifolia, Grewia tiliaefo1ia, Erhetla laevis and Syzygium cumin;. .

Northern Indian (Climax) Moist Deciduous Forests. This type occurs in the generally small, undisturbed shelte­ red pockets bordering or within the "Moist Sal" in Urladani Taprang, Raul, Dulma, Jhimiri, Bori, and Machul blocks. The species found here are as follows. Top storey Shorea robusta (sporadi c), Pterocarpus marsupi urn, Ad i na cordifalia, Terminalia tomentosd, Salmalia malbaricum, tvlangifera indica, Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Lannea coromandelica, Oalbergia paniculata, Stereospermum suaveolens, Madhuca indica, Lagers­ tromia parviflora, Grewia tiliaefolia, [';litragyna parvifolia, Garuga pinnata, Spondias mangifera, Schrebera swietenioides, Boswellia serrata (on open rocky hills). Under storey. Ougeinia oOjeinensis, rlorinda tinctoria, Casearia tomentosa, Emblica officinalis, Zizyphus spp., Buchanania lanzan, Randia uliginosa, Antidesma diandrum, Kydia calycina, Cleistanthus collinus, Mallotus ,hilipp;nensis.

Northern Indian.Moist Terminalia Forests.

Terminalis generally predominate in patches of heavy soil of flat ground as is often seen in the valleys of Raul and Uta; rivers. Elsewhere also in .pockets, in the moist sal lone, it is met with usually in depressions. The species found in this type are generally:- Top storey Terminalia tomentosa, Term;nalia belerica, Terminalia .~rjuna, Shorea robusta (sporadic), Lagerstroemia parviflora, Oalbergia paniculata, Lannea coromandelica, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordi­ folia, Salmalia malabaricum, Albizzia 9deratissima, 6aruga.pinnata, Madhuca indica, Syzygium cumini.

Under Storey. Buchanania lanzan, Gardenia latifolia, Cleistanthus collinus Stereospermum suaveolens, Zizyphus glaberrima, Soyamida febrifuga, Mi 1 iusa velutipa, Chloroxylon swi .:tenia etc. Southern Tropical Secondary Moist Decicl6us forests. This type is usually found in most of the blocks in the southern plateau in close proximity of other "Moist Sal" area. As stated earlier.the ruling factor in the creation of these forests was podu. - 17 - The spec i es genera 11y met with are:­ .!2E storey.

Xylia xylocarpa. Pterocarpus marsupium~ Oalbergia latifolia, Albizzia oderatissima, Albizzia stipulata, Albizzia procera, lannea coromandelica, Mangifera indica, Adina cordifolia, Oillenia pentagyna, Sa"lmalia malabricum, Vitex penancular'is, Syzygium cumin;, Terminalia tomentosa, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Gmelina arborea, Ailanthus excelsa, Trema orientalis in open patches and in the higher southern plateau, especially in Laliguma block, sporadic tedrella toona, Michelia champaca. Bischofia javanica, Anthocephalus cadamba and Artocarpus lakoocha occur. Under storey. Cassia fistula, Norinda tinctoria, Antidesma diandrum Kydia calycina, Bauhinia purpurea, Casearia tomentosa, Mallotus phi]i­ ppinensis, Semecarpus anacardium, Pavetta indica, Zizyphus glaberrima, Ci trus spec les, -Macaranga peltata, Murraya exotica, Caryota urens, Varletia strigosa, Actinodaphne angustifolia, Celtis tetranda, Phoebe­ lanceolata, Calycarpa arborea, Litsea polyantha.

Dr~ Tropica 1.

~Teak:- Teak occurs in considerable proportion in the stands with salai as its most prevalent associate. The forests are generally open and of low quality. Quality of teak averages all India Q.C . IV. On clear fe.ing, usually the regrowth here tends to be pure teak. The species genera lly met wi th are:-

~~ storey. Tectona grandis, BO$wellia serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Anogeissus latifolia, Dalbergia latifolia, Oalbergia paniculata, Stereo­ spermum sUdveolens, Sterculia urens, Adina cordifolia, Terminalia to~~~tosa. Pterocarpus marsupium, Madhuca indica, Lagerstroemia parvi- flOl·<..I. "

Under storey. _ Careya arborea, Grewia tiliaefolia, Chloroxylon sw;eten;a, Cleistarthus collinus. Zizyphus glaberrima, Buchanania lanzan, Ougei­ nia oojeinenis. Southern Indian..Q.!::..lmixed Oecio'i>us forest. This type bo-rders the dry teak forests mentioned above and spreads some distance north aloniJ the river Tel. It is characterised by scattered teak in the crop. Here also, in "Dry teak" mentioned above, clear felling is followed by an increasingly higher percentage of teak in the regrowth. The species usually met with here are as follows • .!££. storey. Scattered Tectona grandis, Boswellia serrata, Sterculia urens, Lannea coromandel ica, Diospyros melanoxy1on, Dalbergia latifolia, Oalbergia panicul~ta, Anogeissus latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Gmelina arborea, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia belerica, Mitragyna parvifol ia, Lagerstroemia parviflora. Under store.l.!_ Gardenia latifolia, Soymida febrifuga, Cochlospermum: .. . .. 18 - 18 - relig;osum, Sc"rebera sl'lletenio{des, Chloroxylon swietenia, Acacia catechu Zi zyphus -glaberrima, -Ae91e marmelos-;-R'andi'a-trl"tgtlltJS !,-Emtrtica offici"na.;;---- lis, Clehlanthus collinus, Buchanania' lanzan, Ougenia oojein-ensis, CareJ~ orborea, Morinda tin~toria, Bauhinia recemosa, Bauhinia retuso, Grewia tiliaefolia.

Northern Dry mi xed dec iduous fores ts. Thi s type cevers practically the entire re9ion of the tract stretching from the northern ~d of the north-western plains to the southern most part of Pah i 1pur. In its eastern extent it enters into the "Moist sal zonett and generally covers the drier hill slopes. In the transitional zone between sal and teak the inter-mingling of southern and northern forms of dry deciduous forests are very common and where teak or sal is absef')t practically no distinction between southern from the northern is poss i b 1e because genera 11y the same spedes are found in both. ~he following species are generally found: ..!2.2. storey. Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia belerica, Xylica xylocarpa, Sterculia urens, Garuga pinnata, lannea coromandelica, Dalbergia paniculata, Dalbergia 1atifolia, Adinacordifolia Anogeissus latifolia, Mitragyna parvifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Sa 1ma 1 i a ma 1 abar i cUln Under storey. Stereospermum suaveolens, Cleistanthus collinus, Morinda tinctoria, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Acacia catechu, Aegle inarme10s, Zizyphus glaber:rima, Cochlospermum religiousum, Buchanania lanzan, Semecarpus anancardium, Casearia tomentosa, Randia uliginosa, Careya arborea, Terminalia chebula, Cassiafistula • .!!!:t Sa 1. This type is generally met with in the western fringe of the plateau and the dongerl a formi ng a be 1t in between the "Moi st sa1" and Dry mixed deciduous forest. It also occurs in drier edaphic conditions in "Moist sal" and favour patches in 'Dry mixed deciduous forests. The sal here is hardly Q.C. IV and often below Q.C.IV. The usual species found'are as follows: Top storey. Shorea robusta, Pterocarpus marsupium, AnogeissuS' 1 atifo­ lia, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Bridelia retusa, Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia paniculata, Xylia xylocarpa, Lannea coromandelica, Albizzia melanoxylon, Sal.malia malaberic.~."Boswel1ia serrata, Madhuca indica, Schleichera oleosa.

Under storey. Buchanania lanzan, Gardenia latifolia, Cleistanthus call inus, Randia ul i9inosa, Stereospermum suaveolens, Zizyphus glaberrima Acacia catechu, Soymida febrifuga, Chloroxylon swietenia, Cochlospermum religiosum, Ougeinia oojeinensis~ Miliusa velutina, Aegle marmelos, Semecarpus anacardium, Nyctanthes arbortristis.

Subsidiary Edaphic~. Boswe 11 i a forests:- This edaphic type is characterised by preponderance

..... 19 - 19 -

of Sa1ai almost to the extent of pure crop usually on hi 11 tops and drier r~gions in the western boarder. It is generally. foun~, i~F,('~~s~ersed Wl th 6 r near the II Dry teak II fares t and d 1 so e 1 sewhere-·l-s -the . ~r.YAcrec 1 duou-s" forests. It is generally an open type of forestr,. Top storey. Boswellia serrata (80 to 90%), Terminalia tomentosa; Anogeissus latifo1ia, Lannea coromandelica, Sterculia urens, Oiospyros melanoxy1on, Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia paniculata. Salmalia malabaricum, scattered teak in the western part of the tract. Middle storey.

Buchanania lanzan, Cochlospermum religio~sum, Ougeinia oOJelnen-sis, Randia uliginosa, Emblica officinalis, Stereospermum suaveolens, Aegle marmelos, Chloroxylon swietenia,._ .Q.l:.l bamboo brakes. The bamDoo brakes of Dendroca1amus strictus~ which are found in the tract, a lthough governed to some extent by edaphi c influence have more often originated as a result of repeated podu. Most of these should, thus,. be actually secondary seral types which have apparently remained in a stable form on account of podu or heavy grazing and fire which result'in gradual impoverishment of the soi 1 and establishment of bamboos almost to the exclusion of all tree species, which when seen are very much scattered. It is more extensive in the protected forests including many in the northern dongerlas which have been demarcated for reservation. The scattered tree species found in this type are as f 011 ows : .!£e storey. Salmalia malabaricum, Kydia calycina, Garuga pinnata, Zizyphus xylopyra, Schleichera oleosa, Lannea coromande1ica, Mangifera indica, Dalbergia 1 atifol ia, Oalbergia paniculata, Pterocarpus marsupium • Terminalia belerica, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia chebula, Anogeissus latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Adina cordifolia, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Madhuca indica, Diospyros melanoxylon, M;tragyna parvifolia, Shorea robusta.

~iidd1e storey.

Milliusa velutina, Emb1ica oficinalis, Grewia tiliaefolia, Aegle marmelos, Buchanania lanzan, Semecarpus an~ ..:.cardium, Ougenia oOJemensis, Butea monosperma, Cassia fistula, Wendlandia exerta, Syzygium cumin;, Careya arborea, Bauhinia retusa, Salmalia malabaricum, Cleistanthus coll inus, Glochidion velutinum. Seconr.Jry Dry decidous forests. Typical of this type is seen in the Kandbindha, a retro­ gression of moist deciduous forests to dry deciduous by repeated podu. It is also found, in pockets, in other mixed miscellaneous forests blocks in the moist zones and is hardly distinguishable from the'climax type dry deciduous forests. Further retrogression from this type results in the northern part of the tract, generally in dry bamboo brakes. The usual species m~t with in this type are as follows: l2.2 storey. Boswel1ia serrata, Lannea coromandelica, Chloroxylon, Swietenia, Termina1ia tomentosa, Oiospyros melanoxylon, Anogeissus latifo1ia, Salma1ia malabaricum, Erythrina variegata, Cochlospermum religiosum, Aeg1e marmelos, Buchanania lanzan-, Sch1eichera o.leosa, - 20 -

Lagerstroemia parviflora, Varidelia retusa, Pterocarpus marsupium, Adina cordifolia, Mytragyna parvifolia. Middle storel'

r-'Iorinda tinctoria, Zizyphus glaberrima, Cochlospermum religiosum, Cassia fistula, Antidesr,la diandrum, Ougeina oOjeinensis. ~ dec i duous scrubs.

These are usually bl.,hy forests where the cover is kept .\'iithin a metre or two high from the ground level by constant ha'cking, heavy grazing and annual fires. These are ar~as where there has been heavy degradation of the soil surface by heavy grazing and annual fire which have created considerably more xerophytic conditions than was originally 'prevalent in the dry mixed deciduous forests here. Thus the general cover has scattered trees consisting largely of salhe., mode, serna 1 , kendu, Dhaura etc. and a bushy ground"cover preponderated by thorny species. Khariar Forest Division. Northern~mixed deciduous forests. . This type is seen invariably in major parts of the division. The top canopy of this forest type is open and irregularly frequented with numerous large gaps. Trees in this type of forests have relatively shorter boles and poor form. The trees under this type remain completely leafless for a period of about 4 months beginning from the month of February to the mid-June. With the onset of monsoon, the forest change their appearance with green fol iage on their crown and moder.ltely dense under­ species.growth. In this forests the top storey consists mainly of the following

Terminalia tomentosa (alata) Groe'l ina arborea Anogeissus latifolia Xyl ia xylocarpa Pterocarpus me 1 anoxyl on Ad ina cor d i f 0 1 i a . Mi tragyna parvi fol i a Schleichera oleosa Dalbergia latiflia Lannea coromande 1 i c a Terminalia chebula Terminalia belerica Dalbergia paniculata Stercul ia urens Syzygiumcumini (along the nala bank) Terminal iaarjuna (. -do- Boswellia serrata (At places occurs almost pure, par ti­ cularly on the hi 11 s lopes. Extensive patches of Clefsta­ nthus collinllS and Diospyr.s melanoxylon are found in this type).

...... 21 - 21 - Hiddle storey ~ formed ~ the following species: Phyllanthus emblica --~-.- Gardenia latifolia Ougania ooje';nensis . Cas s i a f i s-t u 1a Acacia catechu Chloroxylon swietenia Soymida fabrifuga Zizyphus xylopyra Q!1 Peninsular Sal forest:

This type of forests is found in ~mall pockets of ·the division inwhichSal is'predominating (over60%ofthecrop). Theassocia­ tes of the sal in top canopy in this type are Terminalia tomentosa, Anogeissus latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Largerstroemia parviflora, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia arjuna, Lannea coromandelica, Adina cordifolia, rvlitragyna parvifolia,Schrebera swietenioides, Diospyros mel anoxylon and Careya arborea. The tree species in the middle canopy of this type are Careya arborea, Oalbergia latifolia, I"'orinda tinctoria, Cochlospermum gossipium, Buchanania lanzan, Cleistanthus collinus, Soymida febrifuga, Gardenia latifolia, Dendrocalamus strictus, Bridelia retusa and Acacia catechu. ~ teak forest: Teak occurs naturally in , Khariar and Nowapara ranges. The proportion of teak is 5 to 30%which is mixed with miscellaneous 'species like, Saja, Bija, Dhauda, Kendu, Mundi, Salai, Karla, Bandhan, Kasi etc. The original natural teak forests are no longer to be seen as they are mostly worked out. And in other areas devastated by the local villagers following heavy illicit fellings. In some small pockets natural teak forest exists in association with sal with adequate regeneration. Boswe 11 i a Forest. This edaphic sub-type is found in most of hill slopes and down to the plains constituting more than 50% of the crop in the top storey in association with other miscellaneous species like Kendu, Dhauda, r"lai, Behera, Asan. Dhobin and Kumbhi etc. The Salai trees generally go up to height of 15-20 meters and become leafless in winter upto May. Natural ~'egeneration of salai is insignificant. Bamboo forests. . Dendrocalamus strictus is prominently found in some maJor areas where as Bambusa aurandinacea is seen in scatte~ed patches along nala banks and in some depressions. Besides these tw~ species, reed bamboo (Polystachium pargracile) is also seen. The bamboo forest is almost degraded due to high incidence of illicit felling and removal of young shoots by vi 11 agers. 2.5 Present Forest management. Themain objectives of forest management are:- 1. To meet the growing demands of the local population in respect of forest prodllce, especially in regions of inadequate forest and denser populatlon. . .• 22 - 22 - 2. To provide sustained supplies oP forest produce to meet the demand of outside markets to the extent which the forests are capable of providing without their deterioratioll... _ _ ._~ 3. To conserve and improve the forest and' increase its capital value byrep1acing the e~isting d~graded miscellaneous species of lower value, wherever possible, with plantations of economically valuable and quick growing species by adopting sceinti!ic management. 4. To maintain a covering of vegetation on all hills and more especially on the steeper slopes in order to check run ~ffs and to prevent . denudati on and consequent soi 1 ero= i on, wi th a view to conserve the water supply and preserve the fertility of the agricultur·al lands to the maximum degree possible. 5. Consistent with the above, to obtain the highest possible sustained financial returns from the forest. Keeping in view the above broad objectives, the forest of Kalahandi district has been put under operation of the following working circles indicated in the working plans of respective forest divisions:- A. Working circles of Kalahandi forest Division are as given below:- 1) Selection \vorking circle. The regions covered under this working circle· are compa­ ratively inaccessible from where the extraction of large sized trees alone will be marketable. This working circle covers practically all types of forests indicated in para 2.4 above, except dry teak ~nd dry scrub forest .. 2} Coppice working circle. This working circle covers most of the forest blocks in and around the densely populated western and north-western plains of the division with a view to cater the demands of local people. It also covers a number of blocks mostly nearer to the rail heads for the commercial marketing of firewood and small timber. It practically covers all types of forests. 3} Plantation working circle. This working circle covers those areas which i} Miscella­ neous forest deemed to. be convert~d to more va 1uab 1e teak forest i i) eroded and denuded areas with very open cover and xerophytic plants in order to minimise eros~ion and also get some financial return by planting khair and sabai. iii) those denuded forest whose cover has disappeared or has been reduced to bushes by constant hacking in the areas of overwhelm­ ing pressure of local demands which has increased considerably due to increase in population. Such areas are to be planted with fast growing spec.~es to meet the general need of small timber of local people.

4) . 8am,b~o.. Wo rk 1"9 i Co; roc: 1. ~;: _ , This is an overlapping working circle and it overlaos the se1ection-cum-improvement, coppice and plant}~i(}n ~q.r!< .1ng. . c1rcle,,, where the inc idence of Dendrocalamvs stric.tus (sa 11a barvboo) occurs.

$) Prot~ctionWork.ingCircle .. : .; .~' . . ! .. It covers the areas where the forest has been adversly affected and put under degraded condition by podu (shifting cultivation). B. \obrking circles in Khadar ForestDivision are given be10w:- 1) Selection working circle. All the teak, sal and valuable miscellaneous forests - 23 - situated in remote andinaccessible areas and on the steep hill slopes containing trees of various age c1 asses tn a mixed composition with adequate established natural regeneration and advanced gr.owth and .capab1e_ of producing bigger sized timber are wO,rked under this working circle. 2) Teak improvement working circ.le: Natural teak forest have been degraded considerably so much so that teak is on the verge of disappearance in most of the blocks of Khariar division due to indiscriminate felling in the past. The teak forest now present in most of the blocks is mostly havi~J malformed and defectiv.~ stems with occassional mature and OVt:r' mature trees but adequate natural regeneration exists underneath in form of poles, saplings and seedl ings. These aegraded teak forests are worked under this working circle wherein malformed and defective stems are removed to make way for future regeneration to come up in different stages which are subse­ quently nursed and tended suitably with proper pescription in order to improve the forest. 3) Plantation working circle. The forest areas containing mostly the miscellaneous crop of inferior species but capable of producing valuable stands are replaced by the plantation of valuable species like teak and Khair etc. under this working circle. Forests situated near the rail heads in thickly populated areas where there is heavy demand for small poles and fire wood are very much degraded without any coppice regeneration. Their restocking will take lot of time. In such areas requirement of local people will be met to some extent from the plantation areas which will be clear felled before planting. 4) Rehabi 1 itation \-Jorking circle. Forest areas devoid of any vegetation and eroded ~reas are treated wi th, suitable soil tonservati on l'IIeasures and planted with suitable species of economic value under this working circle. The areas ':Ihich were under the coppice working circle and which are severely degraded ::.nd now without any susta'ined fares:!: growth are ~lso worked under this working circle. . . 5) Salai Overlapping working circle. \ The Boswellia forest which forms higher composition of the crop are worked sep~rately under this overlapping circle along with its i.ntimate associate Mode (Lannea coromandelica). This working circle overlaps the selection working circle, teak improvement working circle. . 6) Bamboo overlapping working circle.

The barnboos t mainly Dendrocalamus strictus, are worked out sep~'ately to meet the requirement of local people and paper mills under this working circle. This is an overlapping working circle. 7) Minor Forest Produce overlapping working circle. All the minor forest produces (besides Kendu leaves and bamboos) are worked separately under this working circle wherein the provision for plantation of valuable Minor Forest produce species (not available in this division but has good foreign market) are made. 8) Protection working circle. Under this working circle a portion of Gandhmardan block in the upper reaches of Kapildhar forming its catchment has been included for the perennial flow of Kapi ldhar. Further, Amodi block •••••. 24 - 24 - containing pure sal of qual ity III/lV lacking adequate sal regeneration is also included in this working circle which forms preservation plot under the stc}te silvicu)turist f c/ study of sayregeneration. A portion of Patarha block near ehitarma and Ghatmal containing sal and teak togetner is also included in this working circle for preserving the same and to study regeneration of sal and teak in the same area. 2..6· Wild life Management. Forest areas of KalahaliJi district were once abundant inwild lifewhich at present has mostly disappeared primarily d'ue to wanton destruction of forests, pastures, loss of fodder and depletion of water resources. In addition to above factors, crop protection guns issued to farmers, open i n9 of roads; n fares t areas and unres tri­ cted movement of vehicles on the roads duriny night has facilitated po a chi n 9 of wi 1dan i ma 1 s. . Tlier are two wilde life sanctuaries in Kalahandi district i) Sunabeda ,in:: KharfarForest division and ii) Karlapet wild life sanctuary in Kalahandi Forest division. Flora of Sunabeda sanctuary has dry mixed deciduous forests dominated by Terminalias, Cleistanthus collinus, Madhuca latifolia, Buchanania lanzan etc. Fauna comprises of some rare species such as wi ldbuffalo, Barsingha, Leopard, besides common species of Tigers, wild bears, Nilgai, wild boar, Hyaena, chital, Bark i ng deer etc. wi th monkeys, panthers, wi ld dogs and a variety of birds.

Karlapet wild sanctuary has forest cove~ of sal, moist mixeG deciduous species and bamboo. The fauna is composed of Tiger, panthers, Elephant, Bison and spotted deer. The maximum concentration of wild life generally exists at the border between clear felled or open areas and dense forests which provides plenty of fo"dder in the former and effective ' shelter in the 1 atter cases. Common species of wild life do exist in other forest areas of Kalahandi district also but in diminished numbers. 23• ~. - -- - -OIAGRAM-l DIAGRAM SHOWING ""vo..o IDENTIFICATiON OF GR'~ , ON l: 50.000 OR I :63~ z, o4 r---- -SCALE TOPOSHEETS

GRID NO.O~ PI 0 03 - •

02 ---

Ot . . 23 ~T 02 03 04 05

DIAGRAM-2 04~---r------f- DIAGRAM SHOWING LAY-OUT 1 OF PLDr IN 2 1/2IX 2 1/2 GRID

IXJ a 'Y ARE THE O'STANCES AlONG 'x' a ''I' AXES WITH SW CORNER

01 ORIGIN \ . X~,. OIAGRAM-S "0 DIAGRAM SHCMING LAY-OUT OF PLOT C HAP T E R - III RESOURCES SURVEY ~ETHODOLOGY.

3.1 Objectives. Objective's of Forest Survey in Kalahandi district ...Jere :- 1. To assess the total growing stock in the forests in terms of species, volume in cubic metres and total number of stems. 2. 10 classify forest land in to areas und·!' dense forests, open _ forests, scrub forests, barren lan~ ' , etc. and to assess the extent of each type. - 3. To assess the area of forests under shifting·cultivation, permanent agriculture etc. 4. To est imate areas under various forest types depending upon domi na­ nce of importnur oghvbho jbph Yhnp. Vn/. Vn/nb. Fnxweeo hrv$ 5. To find out:..the potential of the area to supply bamboos for industries and other areas. 6. To study locality factors like topographical features, soil condition, biotic interferences etc. and their effect on forests. 7. T6 estimate area of the degraded forests and their plantability. 8. To collect data on accessibility of forests in order to facilitate preparation of logging plans by the Forest Department. 9. To find out natural regeneration status of the various forest areas in the district. With these broad objectives in view the itiventory of total for~st resources, land and wood, giving details of land utilisation into categories 1 ike dense forest, open forests, scrub forests·, barren 1 and, both p 1 antab 1e and unp 1antab 1e and wood resources etc. was undertaken. This data base would act as a benchmark and would fac; 1i tat monitoring the changes in·respect of these resources in future, and also serve the data needs of development planning. 3.2 Area considered for survey. In this inventory survey work, the forest areas depicted in the toposheets ·by dotted line, spotted line, pillar line or shown as a green wash (~ither inside or outside these lines) and those areas shown as forest in any manner I" : 1 mile or 1: 50,000 topographic . map sheets publ ished by Survey of India have been considered and reco- gnised to be forests for the purpose of survey work. The surveys conducted have been confined to forest areas only. 3.3 Inventory Des i gn . The inventory design adopted for the survey has been evolved in consultation with the Central Statistical Organisation. Accordingly a grid formed by 2 1/2' x 2 1/2' latitude and longitude marked on each toposheet was taken as a basic unit for the survey. ,Such grid covers about 20 sq.km. area on the ground. Two sample square. plots each of 0.1 ha in area from each grid ~"ere surveyed. Thus, sampling intensity works out at 0.01%. The first plot was randomly selected with the help of random numbers and was marked on the to po sheet with the help of its X and Y coordinates and the location of second plot was linked with that of the first. The second plot was located by joining the centre of the first plot with the respective grid centre and extending' the 1 ine equidistant in the opposite direction. The method of locating the plot centres within the grid is given below: 26 -

Each side of the square plot having an area of u.1 t1a. is worked out to be 31.60 metres on the ground which c~'rrespol1ds to 0.6324 rom. on 1:50,000 toposheets and 0.4990 mm. o'n I" : 1 mi Ie toposheets (1:63,360). Further the sides of the ~rid (a1ong X axis and Y axis) were measured in-milimetres and the same were divided by the factor gi.ven above (repre­ senting the length of the side of the plot) and the quotient thus obtained rounded off to find out the nurnber of such plots falling along X axis and Y axis. Obviously, the product of these two number- (i.e. the plots along X lxis and Y axis) will give the total -lmber of such plots falling in eacii grid. Out of these plots, the fir'st sample plot was required to be selected randomly. To obtain this, three random number were taken from Random Number Table for each axis. If the random number so taken is less than the quotient obtained above, the same is retained and if it is more than the quotient, the same is divided by the quotient and the remi Mer is taken for the purpose of mak i ng the coordi nates. further,. the two number so obtained for X axis and Y axis are rnultiplied by length of the side of the plot '.{ i.e. 0.6324 or 0.4990 mm. as the case may be depen­ ding on the scale of map) to obtain the exact X and Y coordinates of the first plot. The origin of the coordinate is south west corner of each grid. The centre of the first plot was marked at the crossing of these coordinates. For locating the centre of the second plot, the plot centre of the first plot and its grid centre were joined and the line further extended to the same distance in the opposite direction beyond grid centre. The point so reached was the centre of the second plot. The location of the second plot was thus linked with the first. rts position varied from grid to grid, depending upon the pOSition of the rando~~y selected first plot. The layout of 2 1/2' x 2 1/2' grid and plot is shown in the diagram. Th~ plots 1 and 2 were marked in each 2 1/2' x 2 1/2' grid on Survey of India toposheets. The plots falling within the forest areas as mentioned in the preceding para were allotted to the crew for field ',Iorkk and those falling outside the forest areas as revealed from toposheets -were ignored from the scope of this survey. The inventory crew made efforts to tackle all such forested plots allotted to them, by planning their camps so as to cover maximum plots from each camp. To approach in each sample plot they located some prominent features' (reference point) near the plot centres which was clearly identified both on the map and the ground. from these reference paints, one for each plot, the parties measured the bearing and the distance to the plot centre on the map and traversed the dist ance in the same bearing with the help of Silva Campass. While traverSing, they had to take account of magnetic variations in the locality as indicated ('."1 the map, by adjusting the campass bearing and further accounted for s lope CC.. l'ect ions along the hilly tracts. After reach i ng the p lot centre, a square plot of 0.1 ha. area was laid out and inventory data on various field forms recorded. All the trees having diameter 10 em. and above were enumerated in the plot and height, clear bole, bark, thickness, defects, form etc. of those trees falling in North West quad~ant of the plot were measured. The bamboo clumps were also enumerated .a10ngwith the trees and their further analysis in respect of age and sizes together with the weight measurements were taken as prescribed in the field mannual. 3.4 Format --for ---Data -----'---Collection. The description of each of the forms used for field survey is given below. Oetailed instruction for filling up of the forms are given in the Manual of field instruction prepared by this Organisation which can be referred to if required. - 27 -

S.No. Form. 1. Plot Approach Form 2. Plot Description Form 3. Plot Enumeration Form 4. Sample Tree Form 5. damboo Enumeration Form 6. ~amboo Enumeration Form (For non-clump forming Bamboos) 7. Bamboo weight Form 8. Herbs and Shrubs Oata Form.

In order to mainta;'n the uniformity in data collection ·and to facilitate the transference of the data on punch cards for computer analysis, codifying method of data collection has been embodied in the i"1annual of Field Instructions. Plot Approach Form • .As the title suggests, the form is a record of approach to the plot centre from the field camp of a crew. It is fi lIed in by the crew leader as he sets out for the plot and returns to the camp. Wi th t he help of informa­ tion recorded therein it ;s possible to carry out time study and it also helps in re-1ocating the plot at a la-ter date. The information recorded is not coded but is in the form of description by words. The form is not meant for any computer ana lys is. ----Plot Description.. ---'------Form. The form is designed for recording qualitative description of a 2 ha. area around the plot centre. The information regarding admi ni­ strative unit, legal status, land use, topography, soil, vegetation, bamboos, regeneration status, biotic influence,etc. is recorded. The recording is done by means of codes transferable on punch cards for computer analysis. Plot Enumeration Form. ~ In this forrp trees~10 cm d.b . h.(ob) and above occuring ~vithin the plot of 0.1 ha. are recorded specieswise. Sample Tree Form. Detailed information regarding the species, dbh(ob), height, bark thickness-:aomTnance, clear bole, defects etc. of all the trees species­ wise occuring in the Northwest quadrant of the plot are recorded on this f orrT!. Bamboo Enumeration and Clump Analysis Form. In this form the data of individual culms occuring in the selected clumps bearing serial numbers 1, 9, 17, 25, 33 etc. i.e. the first and every eigth clump, is recorded. The culms are recorded by thdir age, soundness (dry or decayed) condition. . Bamboo Enumeration Form (Non-clump forming). This form was not used sir1ce non-clump forming bamboos' are not found in the area under survey. Bamboo Weight Form. This form is designed for collecting data for determining the green weight of bamboos and further for establishing relationship between - 28 -

grten and dry we i gh t Of a bamboo cu 1m. Oata is r:eCJJrded_ in ro.spec t of green weights of two ~elected culms and the y':,;ghts of th·e 50 cm long sub-samples, each taken from the bottom, the middle and the top portion ofJ the culm respectively.' The weight of these samples are recorded after drying the samples in air and finally in oven. Herbs and Shrubs Data Form. ' . -r-- Data regard i ng the shrubs and herbs occur; '..19 in 4 sq. meter (~2) i'.rea around the plot centre is'recorded ~n this form. 3J5 Field Work. I ~e field work of Kalahandi district was started in February, 1~84 (soon after the completion of field wo.rk in Koraput district) with b~se camp at Kutri Khai near Bhawanipatna. Eight crews, each headed bJ a Junior Technical Assistant, were deployed for this work. The o~her. m~mbers of the crew ~ere a Deputy Ranger and two Fieldmen. The field c~ecking was carried'aut by a Senior Technical Assistant and surprising ctiecking was done by the Deputy Director and Joint Director. The field wOrk was completed in May, 1984. 3.~6 Maps. 11 ~ The following topographical map sheets cover the entire ~tea of Kalahandi district which was surveyed during February - May, 1984. The scale of the concerned map sheet and its year of Survey is indicated below:- f~ Kalahandi District. "Ii ,~------;------~~e_~~~~~_~2~ ______~~~1~ ______~~~~_2f_?~ry~t~ __ _ U . ey~ K/12 1:50,000 1977-78 'fi • 54 L/5 1:63,360 1937-38 64 l/6 1:50,000 1978-79 ~ 64 L/7 1:50,000 1978-79 •• ~4 L/8 1:50,000 1978-79 ~4 L/9 1:50,000 1978-79 I, 64 Ll10 1:50,000 1978-79 M 64t, LIll 1:50,000 1978-79 64 L/12 1:50,000 1978-79 *64"L!l;5 1:50,000 1978-79 r ~ . - 64 L!lG 1:50,000 1978-79 64 P/4 1:50,000 1964-65 64 PI? 1:50,000 1964'-65. 64 P/8 1:63,360 1J60-63 :64 Pill 1:50,000 1965-66 64 P/12 1:50,000 1966-67 ,. , ·65 1/9 1:50,000 1967-68 65 1110 1:50,000 1967-68 65 Ill) 1:50,000 1968-69

•• * •• 29 - 29-

------~------Map Sheet No. Scale Year of Survev ------~------~------65 1/13 1:50,000 1968-69 65 1/14 1:50,000 1968-69 65 IIl5 1:50,000 1968-69 65 1/16 1:50,000 1968-69 . 65 M/1 1: 63,3(;0 1936-37 65 M/2 1:63,360 1936-37 65 ("il3 1:63,360 1935-36 65 M/4 1:63,360 1935-36 65 i-1/S 1:63,360 1936-37 65 M/6 1:63,360 1936-37 65 Ivl/9 1:63,360 1935-36 ------Thus, in all 30 toposheets were used during survey, out of which 9 sheets were• old I" = 1 mile i.e. (1:63,360) sheets. The old map sheets had to be used since the new map sheet for these areas on 1:50,000 scale were not available with Survey of India. C H A P_ T- E R - IV. DATA' ANALYSIS

4.0 Sampl ing design., Grids were marked at 2 1/2' x 2 1/2' interval in green waih area of Survey of India map sheets relating'to the area falling in Kalahandi district. Two sample plots were laid in each grid, one at random and the other linked to the first in the vpposite quadrant at a~ equal distance from the grid centre.· The plots were squafe in shape having an area of 0.1 ha. each. ' 4.1J)ata. The basic data of the inventory were collected in plot description fom, plot enumeration form, Bamboo enumeration form and sample tree form. The field forms were pre-coded so that. the data are transfered on to the card directly. There were in all 2443 field forms which involved punching of the following number of cards in each card design. Card des i gn No. of cards.

1. Plot description 586 2. Plot enumerat ion 1610 3. Samp Ie tree 2377 4. Bamboo enumeration 470

Total 5043

4.2 Data Processing. The data· processing involved the fo11owing operations. i) Manual processing: The field forms received in the Data Processing Unit were checked with the list supplied by the zone. Entries of the field forms were made in the register regarding the number of field fonms relating to each map sheet, grid and plot. The total number of cards to be punched in ~ach card design were also estimated and indicated in the register for future reference, Job number, card design and left hand zeros wherever missing were fi lled up in the field forms. Each entry of the field forms was checked for consistency in the data. The main checks applied were the range check for codes -an.":! logical check for interrelation between the entries for t~wo and - more fields. Listings taken out of the data loaded on tape/disk were checked to ensure complete loading and proper sequence of data. Sample statistics were calculated and checked with the computer output to see if the calculation on cOqluter are correct. These involved volume of enumerated tree from local volume equation, plot volume and standard error. . Intermediate and final computer outputs were checked for consistency and relevance of the results. Area tables were prepared manually. i i) Process ing on Unit Record MaChi nes. The data of field forms was punched on cards .~:i.~~3Iard - 31 -

punching machine. The punched data were varified to detect punching mistakes with the help of card varifier. The cards were then scTted out for proper input to the computer.

i i 1) Proces s i n9 .Q!!. E1 ec tron i c Compute~ . The punched data on cards after varification and sorting were loaded on magnetic tapes/disk and listings of the loaded data taken out to check, if compl eted data have .been loaded in proper sequence.

Volume of each enumerated tree w~s estimated from the local volum..: equation used for the species.' . Con-tribution of the volume of each enumerated tree towards per hectare volume was derived and a tree/plot volume file created for further process i ng. . Using the tree/plot volume fi 1e, growing stock tables. were prepared"and standard error of the estimate of growing stock in· each forest type ca lcu1 ated. The data of this survey was mainly processed on 332 system of NFCC, FRl. The computer has the following configuration; 1. Memor¥ 256 K bytes 2. Card reader 1 3 .. Tape drives 2 4. Diskdrives 2 5. Line pr inter 1 4.3 Area. Area figures were not available from interpreted aerial photographs. The geographical area given in the Statistical Nand 800k of Ka1ahandi for the year 1978-79 was taken as correct and the - weightage of each plot was calcu1a~ed on the basis of total plots falling in the total Geographical area. The total forested area was calculated on the above basis and classified by landuse class and given in Table 1.1. The area falling in landuse dense tree forest, moderately dense tree forest, open'forest, young plantations of forestry species and young crop of natural and artificial regeneration was considered as tree vegetation cover and was classified by crop composition (Forest Types) classes and given in Table 1.2. The ar:ea under each crop composition (Forest type) was • further classified by Topography (Table 1.3), soil depth (Table 1.4), Canopj layer (table 1.5), Top height (Table 1.6) Size class (Table 1.7), Slope % (table 1.8), Government forest land utilisation pattern (Table 2.0) and Estimated plantable area in Government forest land (Table 3.0). However, it may be noted that in many cases the areas are based on a few sample plots, therefore these tables should be considered indicative only and used with due caution. 4.4 Volume estimation. Felled tree data for developing general volume equations and estimation of cull, utility and bark volume were not collected during inventory as it was noticed that volume equations were already available with the Forest Survey of India from an adjOining area of Phulbani, Orissa having similar crop pattern. Therefore, the following ...... 32 - 32 - local volume bquations availab,'e from Orissa survey were used for estimating the volume. J/ Adina cordifo1 i a (98) V = - 0.153360 + 2.802965 0 2/ Ano~e;ssus latifolia (7~8) II V/O = 9.656667 - 1.0 0606/0 - 0.045731/0~ • or V = 0.045731 - 1.020606 0-+ 9.6j6667 DOl 3. I Bombax eei ba J1!l ~ V/Oa = 10.156600-2.07640/0 + 0.136196/02 4. Boswel1ia ser.rata (151) ~ v ~ 0.188655 + 3.021335 0 5. Bridelia retusa (165) ~V/O =_ -0.839708 + 8.157614 D + 0.035142/0 or V = 0.035142 - 0.839708 0 + 8.157614 02 6. Cleistanthus collinus (673) ~V = 0.030925 - 0.567037 0 + 5.709471 02

7. Dio~pyros melanoxylon (389) ~V/D = - 0.494103 + 7.610416 0-0.009124/0 or V; -0.009124 - 0.494103 0' + 7.610416 02 8. Garuga pinnata (139) ViD ; -1.481043 + 9.797028 0 + 0.77965/0 ~r V = 0.077965 - 1.481043 0 + 9.797028 02 9. lagerstroemia parviflora (185') ~·V = -0.153687 + 2.975938 0 '/ 10. Ougeinia oogeinensis and lannea coromandelica (252) ~vrv ~ 0.057A24 - 1.153088 D + 8.542648 02 -11: Pterocarpus marsup;u~ (400) ~vl' = 0.058424 - 1.233468 D + 9.433633 02 12. SHore a robusta (1545) ~/D = 1.804754 + 10.297714 0 + 0.109884/0 V = 0.109884 - 1.804754 D + 10.297714 02 13. Syzygium cumini (221) J log V = 2.132776 .. 2.479397 Log' 0 14./Terminalia crenulata and Terminalia belerica (575) ~'V/O = -1 .684599 + 10.107586 0 + 0. 109884/0 .• 33 • 33 - or V = 0.103171 . 1.684599 0 + 10~l075~6 0· 15. ~ of species (lJ59)- V/U - -1.449l36 + 8.760534 0 + O.08dU74/ 0 . . or V • 0.088074 - 1.449236 0 + 8.760534 0· (N~. F1lJures tn brackets against the name of speci.es denote the number of trees on MInich the equat1~n·5.are based.) 4.5 r,lulflerated tree volume. • An est11l14te- of the volume of each enwnerated tree was obtained from the breast heignt over- .ark. dhmeter of ths tree clnd the loc-al volume equation used for the species. The enwnerated tree volumes ~er~ converted to per hectare volun~ and stored in a tree/plot voluma ffle together with species code, tree di~leter, par~Deter$ of the plot des­ cription form, per hectare stems and volume in ·the plot. Tnis ftl,e' hel~~d in the tabulation of results by spec1es.and diameter clas$ for different forest types. 4.6 Plot volume. The estimated volumes of each enumerated tree when added up over the whole plot gave plot volume. These ~ere also stored in tr~1 plot volume fl1e. The plot volumes in the form of per he.c;.Lare helped to t!stlmate per hectare volume in d1fferentclasses. The plot volumes were also used to esttmate the ~alllp11n9 error of the growing stoc-k. for each forest type. 4.7 Stand tables. Tne elements of the tree/plot volume were utilhed to classify the trees. Estimates of·number of stens per hectare 'alU:J total stems by species and diameter class were obtained for eac~ forest typefl • These are 9iven in Table 6.1 A & 6.1.8- to 6.4 A and 6.4 B. .

4.8 Stock tab les. Estimates of volume per hectare and total.yolume by species' and di~eter class were obtained for each forest type from the tree/plot voluille file and are given in Table 6.5 A'& 6.5 S to 6.8 A and 6.8 8. 4.9 Sampling error. The sample plots were considered to constitute a sill\>le random sample of unequal clusters, because in many grids only one plo~ .was en~merated. The s~l1ng error was estimated as follows. . ,. let· n - Total number of cluster~ (grids) in the s~le. Y-t,,' - The total of per hectare volwnes tn the 1th cluster. • )'l X =- i~i :Xi Yl = Ave"(a~32 00. 4 ptt)t-~ pe.y clusrer-,

1\ _~_ooc-'" '-'AO R. C. :-1 1 ... (. Jir0nl"~ ,f"1'\~tt. ~uJat-tc)~ c.orr-ecH?ri {a,_r)

1 'n " 1'\ I\.'l- -n 1)' : nCy,·-t) ~i (~~''6,.l-l.~ ~~ Xi~\;+ "ti Xi A E ~~ mat~ of -the ,&ta'nda-rc::l e.t'ro"r of R. /,\A 5£ V~)

_S_x~E__ X '00 R.

Standard errors nave been estimated for the estimate of each forest type and are given in Table No. 6.10. . 4.10 Baroboo Area. The occurrence of bamboo ·was examined in an area of about 2 ha. around the centre of, each sample plot and its density and quality recorded in the plot description form. , This information was utilised to estimate the area under bamboo in the absence of area figures from interprete'd' aerial photo­ graphs. (Table No.7 .1). 4.11 Clumps per hectare.

All bamboo clumps occuring in each sample plot wer~ enumerated by species and tileir diameter recorded in plot enumeration form. Oendrocalamus strictus was the main species with only sporadic occurance of other specie~ for. which no separate estimates were derived. Measurement of clump diameter provided an estimate of the number of bamboo clumps per'hectare by clump diameter class (clump size class). However, to estimate the number of clumps per hectare by.denslty and quality, the data of plot description form was merged with the data' of plot enumeration form. This provided an estimate of the number of clumps per hectare by density, quality and clump size class. These are given in Ta b1 e No.7. 2. 4.12 Culms per hectare'. Estimates of the number of clumps per hectare and the number of culms per clump provided an estimate of the number of culms per hectar~ in different categories. These are given in Table 7.3 B.

. ..•.• 35 - 35 -

4.l3 Total number of culms.

Est imate of the number of cu lms ~.... ~r hectare and the est imate of area were used to estimate the total number of culms under various classes. These are given' in Table 7.3 A.

4.14 Bamboo weight (Green).

Green weight of utilisable (Illm in each diameter class 2 to S C/D, 5-8 cm and 8 em and above were I·ecorded in Bamboo weight form by (elling mature culms from first clump in each plot. This data' was used to estimate the average green weight of bamboo culm under each culm diameter class. The average green weight of mature culms in 2-5 cm. and 5-8 cm. class were 3.668 kg and 10.828 Kg respectively. The following facto'rs were used for different categoriEs of culms to obtain green equivalent weight for thOat category.

Dry sound (~ - .... 2.0 o , / Dry damaged - 1.0 Green sounq - 1.0 Green damaged - 0.5 Rotten g! decayed - 0.0 Using the above factors, culm weight and number of culms, total bamboo stock in tonnes (Green) was estimated. These are given in Tables 7.4 A, 7.48 and 7.4 c.

. ...•. 36 C HAP T E K - V INVENTORY RESULTS - AREA.

The forest resources infor',nation of Ka1ahandi district has been compiled 'based on 586 plots falling within the green wash forest area as indicated on the Survey of India toposheets by random selection. Various parameters have been calculated on the basis of number of plots falling in each cate_gory and'the data which was collected during the course of field work. Area in each .cateogry was calculated by giving weightage to each plot o~ the basis· of total plots falling in the entire geographical area (11035 sq.k",,) of Ka1ahandi district.

5.1 Forest area_: Land uses. Table no. 1.1 gives the picture of how the forest land of Kalahandi district (including private forest) is being used. This clearly indicates that about 41.8% of the.total forest area is covered under dense and moderate ly dense forest (dens i ty above 30%). About 23.5% of forest area is under open forest (density between 5 to 30%). In all 72.1% of forest land is under vegetation including scrub and Bamboo forest and the rest is being used for non-forestry purposes. The major factor responsible for diversion of forest land to non-forestry purposes is the agriculture which shares 18.2% of the forest land on account of shifting cultivation, encroachment of forest land for agri­ cu lture etc. Out of 72 .1% of the vegetated 1and, -about 7.3% of the area is covered by scrub forest consisting of inferior tree growth mainly of small or stunted trees with canopy density less than 5% asso­ ciated with bushy growth. Areas falling outside the forest boundary and green wash on Survey of India toposheets have ~0t been taken into acc.ount here. A map No. l.lM indicates areas under different land uses based on classification of sample plots falling in various areas. This can be used· only to have an indication of locality in which such forests exi st. Th i s map does not depict the exact extent of a part icul ar land use, because two plots each having 0.1 ha. area represent a grid of 20 sq.km. area. The map shows that north-western and north eastern parts of Kalahandi district have dense and moderately dense forests having density above 30%. The scattered patches of such forests exist in south estern parts also •. Southern parts of the district are badly affected by shifting cultivation. 5.2 Area.21 crop composition. Table no. 1.2 gives clear picture of tree forests under various crop compositions/forest types. This indicates that the major (72.34%) tree forest areas are covered bymiscellaneous forests followed by sal forests (22.46%). Teak forest and salai forest types contribute very little i.e. just 1.89% and 3.3% respectively. The forest areas fall ing under various forest types are shown in map no. 1.2 M based on sample plots falling in various forest types. The extent of forest areas occupied by different forest types are not delineated here. Only an occurrence of such forest type has been shown to have an over all picture of the crop in this district. The map indicates that the major. forest area (about 72.34%) has miscella­ neous forest scattered allover the district. The second forest type is sal (22.46%) which is mainly concentrated in North eastern and south eastern parts. Teak and salai forests have negligi ... ble coverage. Teak forests occur in the central part of the district mostly on hilly areas. . ... 37 - 37 -

5.3 Area ~ topography and crop composition . . Table 1.3 shows distribution at vegetated forest area under different forest types by topographi ccl asses. It i ndi cates that mi see 11 aneous and sal forests whi ch form maj or part of the vegetat i on exist mainly in hilly terrain. However, they ar:e sparingly present on undulating and gently rolling areas. The flat lands are generally devoid of vegetation due to excessive felling and biottc interferences. The map no. 1.3 (Vi shows the uistribution of vegetation in various topographic classes. This map indicates that the southern and western parts of the district are hilly which support the maximum vegetation (78% forest area) in the district. The plain and undulating (gently rolling) are.as support little vegetation (22% forest area). Entire forest area is accessible for working and ex~loitation. There is a good net work of forest roads for extraction and transportation­ of forest material from any part of the district. 5.4 AreaE..l: crop composition and soi 1 depth clas·ses. Table No. 1.4 indicates the distribution of vegetation by forest types supported by various soil depths. It shows that the soils which have depth of 30 em and more support maximum vegetation. However, the miscellaneous forest is supported even by the soil whic~ has depth between 15 cm to 30 cm. Most of the vegetated areas have 50il depth more than 15 cm. Map No. 1.4 M indicates the distribution of various soil depths in the tract, based on the data of sample plots falli~g in whole of the forest areas. This indicates that 85.67% of land has soil depth medium or ~eep (i.e. having depth 30 em and above) which is capable of supporting any vegetation. Only 1.66% of forest land has soil depth below 15 cm. which normally exists in rocky areas . . 5.5 Area~ crop composit.ion and canopy layer.

r~ost of the vegetation of Kalahandi district has one storey forest. Table No. 1.5 indicates the distribution of vegetation by forest types and storeys. Amongst the Sal and miscellaneous forest types t here is adequate representation of young crop also which has not yet attained any canopy.

5.6 Area!!l crop composition and topheight classes. Table No. 1.6 gives distribution of vegetated area by crop composition and top height classes. It indicates that the miscella- ·neous .orest type which accounts for most of the vegetative cover has top height between 10-20 mete~s. The representation of trees in higher class is less in miscellaneous forest type whereas in sal forest type the representation of trees is more in higher height classes which means that miscellaneous forest is of moderate height mostly between 10-20 meters whereas Sal has height between 10-30 meters. Teak forest is also of moderate height 1 ike that of miscellaneous forest. ", Map No. 1.6 M indicates the top height of crop in the Kalahandi district. It indicates that the maximum forest (63.59%) has moderate height i.e. between 10-20 meters. However, about 12.77% of forest has height upto 30 meters which is mainly confined to north eastern part of the district. About 23.64% of forest has poor growth hav i ng top he; ght upto 10 meters. - 38 -

5.7 Area Q1 crop composition and size classes. Table no. 1.7 gives the dis ibution of vegetation by crop composition and si,ze classes namely regeneration crop (below 10 cm. d.b.h), Pole crop (lO-20 cm d.b.h.) small timber (20-30 em d.b.h.), big timber (30 cm d.b.h. and over) and mixed sized crop. It indicates that major part of the vegetation is of mfxed sized having no marked dominance of any particular size class, follow~d by pole crop 31% an~ then the small timber 16.,55% fol1o,,":od by regt:!ileration crop(lO.64%} . . dig timber contribute just 2.84% to the total vegetation.

5.8 Area ~ crop composition and slope classes.

Table no. 1.8 shows the distribution of vegetated area by different forest types and slope classes. It indicates ·that the vegetation mainly exists on moderate slopes less than 60%. The hilly terrain of Kalahdndi has moderate slopes where most of the vegetation grows.

5 .9 Uti 1 is at ion Pdt tern .2i governmen t fares t 1 and. Out of 586 plots under various land uses which represent tot~l forest area of 591749.9 ha. in Kalahandi district only 527 plots representing 532171.0 hd. "fall in government forest land as calculated on the basis of the plots falling in the forests of various legal status. The remaining forest land 59578.9 ha. (about 10%) is under private occupation presently being used mainly as cultivation. Table no. 2.0 gives picture of the dis' ~ibution of the gover:nment forest land under various ut i 1 ity pattern. As stated in para 5.1 most of the forest vegetation is moderately dense or open tree forest having density between 5% to 70l. Out of total government forest land about ,79% is under tree vegetation and about 7% is under scrub forest (denSity less than 5%) and about 11% of government fGrest land is under agricultural use including shifting cultivation. 5.10 Plantable _areai!! government forest. For the purpose of calculating plantable area in the govern­ ment forest land of Kalahandi district the area which has vegetation with less than 30% density or which was devoid of any forest cover was taken into consideration. Table no. 3.0 indicates the distribution of plantable areas in government forest 1and whi ch dre present ly under poor vegetat i on such as open forest scrub forest, shifting cultiVation, agricultural . r:rop land, Agricultural tree lands and the barren lands etc. It further indicates that a 11 those government forest 1 ands which are under­ stocked or devoid of vegetation cover or presently being used for non-forestry purposes, are almost p 1antab le. 5.11 Soi 1 Erosion

From the inventory 'results, it is noticed that about 85% of the area is subjected to mild soil erosion and 14.36% area suffers fr~m moderate Sail. erosion. There is very negligible area,only 0.69%, WhlCh has heavy so11 erosion. Thus soi 1 erosion is not a major problem faced by the tract. The mild and moderate soil erosions can be checked easily b~ planting the affected areas with fast growing speCies and by checklng any further indiscriminate exploitation of vegetation

• - •••. JQA - 38-A -

from vulnerable areas. A map indicating the condition of soi 1 erosion in the district is at No. 5.11 M. 5.12 Kegeneration.

The State of regeneration was ob~·. erved during the inventory work on the basis of regeneration of commercially important species occuring in 16 Sq.~ area arounds the plot centre. Regeneration assessment was made by count; ng the number of seedlin~·::. of such spec ies fou in 16 sq. ·m. area. Commmercially i;,tportant species taken into cons ,deration for assessment of regeneration are: Acacia catechu, Adina eordifolia, Ailanthus excelsa, Albizzia spp., Anogeissus latifolia, Bombax malabaricum, Boswellia serrata, Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, Diospyros melanoxylon, Eucalyptus spp., Garuga pi nnata, Gme 1 ina arborea, t.agerstroemi a par"i flora, Lannea coromdnde­ lied, Mitragyna parvifolt.-.a, Ougenia dalbergioides, Pterocarpus marsupium, Shore a robusta, Syzigium cumini, Schleichera oTeosa, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia belerica, Terminalia cnebula, Termi­ nal ia arjuna, and Tectona grandis.

The assessment reflects that entire area is devoid of adequate regeneration. Quantum of regeneration of commercially important species is either in~dequate or damaged. Th i s is because of the fact that most of the forest areas adjoining thehabitations are subjected to heavy grdzings and annual fires due t o which the regeneration is adversely affected. A map indicating the state of regeneration of comercially ilT.portant species of the district is enclosed at 5.12 M. 5.13 Fire ·incidence; From the inventory results, it is revealed that about 52% area is subjected to occasional flres which occur almost over tF1e entire tract. The Western and South Central parts of the district suffer from moderate fire damage every yed~. Thus, about 82% of the forest area is affected by annual fires which are normally c;!used by the local people while doing shifting cultivat ion and collec:ion of minor forest produce from these areas. About 17.55% of the :::11 forest is left unaffected by fire incidence. ,AlJlap showing distributi!)n affire incidence in Kal 'ahandi district is appended at 5.13101. 5.14 GraZing incidence: From the lnventory results of Kalahandi district. was found ~ about-r9.84% of forest area is under heavy gr~l - ~ . 32.2r: c~ under moderate grazing, 27.90% under light grazing an; unaL 2cted by any grazing incidence. Thus more than three of the forest area is affected by grazing. These areas normall.J near human habitation.:- \·,f)ere ~omesticdted animals cross 0'1':; () the adjoining farEs!: ~I ~ """azing. 22% areas which a.re un,_! c' . ,d by grazing are the areas WI,.~ -.-""'!~ llv quite away from: . } i­ tations. Such areas have good '11;;:::;,-. -.., rlepicting tf- ling incidence in the forest drea of the al~L.. '''' ~Q"~""" .14 M. - 39 -

Tahle 1.1

Kalahandi Survey.

Lanu closs No. of plots Area (h~.) Xaye

Dense tree forest 6 6058.9 F 1.0 Mbderalely dense tree forest 239 241345.1 F 40.8

Open forest 138 139354 . 1 F 23.5

Scrul.forest 113 43421.9 7.3

Bamboo breaks 3 3029.4 0.5

Shifting cultivation (Kumri) 38 38J7?" 6.5

Barren Lan<.ls 1 1009.8 0.2 flyr·iC1J1t.ural land "'JHIIOIJt t.ree 24 24235.5 4.1 ill surround

A~ricultural land with trees in 43 ~3~21.9 7.3 surround

Habitation 2 20 19.6 0.3

'Water bodies 1 ]009.8 0.2

2 2019.6 0 .3

Y(JIlng crop 0 f nd Lura 1 and 40 110392.5 6.8 artificial regeneration

Inaccess ible 6 6058.9 1.0

Total: 586 _591 7 ~9.~/ _ _

-=---=-::'-=:-..; . - --="= - _-- :.. - -.------... ------'39-A NO. I • l M

LAND-USE tdAP OF' KALAHANOI DISTT. SG:ALE:- I: IPOO.OOO

7

II INDEX ~ . arGu DENSE FOH£S:r 3

A ...HlCULTURAL L"V\IW _ lllU!i!lrYlIU 2':.~ SIIIFTING CULTIVJ\TIOI~' UHI$. 65% - 40 -

Tab 1e 1. 2 Kalahandi Survey

13reuk ~ of tree veg_e~ated area into different crop compsotion classes.

(Land use code l~ 2+3+7+18)

------~------• lrop composition No. of plots Area (ha.) %age

Teak \J 8v'" 8078.5 1.89 Sal 95 95932.2 22.46 Sa 1 a i 14 14137.3 3.31

Misc. 3"06 3090u2.6 72.34

Total 423 427150.6 ------40-A

NO.- I· 2 M ."..... I~

CROP-COMPOSITION 'MAP OF . KALAHANDI DISTT. SCALE:- . I : 1,000,000

. ~ '-. 9 ) • ? ./" ,I • .. l""· ~

II

INDEX :- %AHSO

TtAK FORES'r_ Y7~1. I · 89% SAL FOREST - _ 1UUllUUlIlllU 2.2'46~~, -16 SALAI FORE~T_ _ pSiiii=":'-' 3.31% •

,- At

~ \0 1.0 .c N M ,.....- LO N 0 IO~ N ...... 0 U"l OJ M M 0 .-< +-'~."

I+- ,.....0 I/') 1.0 M ~ +-' LO "d" 0 N +-' • 0 co 0'1 ...-4 M ""d" o~.- ~ 0-

co 0'1 ...... , 0'1 co co _ C1J It:! 0 ,I U"'I 1.0 - 0 0 0 r- s....r::. 1.0 ...... s:: 0 .c .~ -~.- - +-' ~ .'- :I- +-' '0 E 0.- .-< 1.0 ...... 0 z c. u co "d" co ...... ~ 0'1 ...... co 1.0 1.0 ~ ~ co M -en M .-< +-' Q)~ 1.0 1.0 0 M 1.0 s:: s....c 0 II) 0 "d" N Q) ...... 1.0 N (V) >. ~- ~ r- Q) ..... I/') - l+- .... I+- C1J ~ '+- I/') OVl .-< M -0 I/') +-' LO 0 ~ N to '0 ...... 1.0 ...-4 N (V) M 0""" z: Co .-< ~ C1J -~c: ..0 I'CJ 10 .c T'- ~ I'CJ ~Io en 1.0 .... en co "d" I'CJ c: L.O 0 L.O !1 10 0'1 CJ'I 0'1 '<:T ~ ..- Q)tO 0 N N '<:T ...... s... ..c 0 -N 0 0 \.D 0 ct:- ..... N M L.O ...... ~ !~ ~ .- '+- .... 01/') II: +-' N 0 1.0 f II) • 0 N M ...... ~ 0,..... ~I z: 0. - 61 §i co ...... co r") \.D I~:;s... .s= Co 0'1 co 1.0 ]1 ".:(- 1.0 0 co ..... 0 0 0 ...... -J ...... -< 0'1 .-. fO ...... co ..._ + -- ...... 10- + 0 Vl ...... r") ....~ '0 - ...... -< 0'1 ..... C'...+ • o~ z: 0- .-+ C Q) 0 "0 0 +-' U III 0 Cl) c. Vl E c {...) "0 :::!. C ..... ~ r.: 0

MAP ·SHOWING GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY OF FOREST LAND OF . KALAHANDI DISTT. • SCALE ~ I: 11 000,000.

3

9

II 'Y~ Ate..:. PLAIN LAND • ~~ 4'C~,; UNDULATING LAND trllnllWIlIlJJmt 17·~.rr,: HILLY t:z?z:zl 1630', 16 VERY H ILLV . ' In'·:··,\·a '·6!)~ • ~2. I.C I.C to N CV') Q)tO W") N C> s.....s::: N ...... 0 II) ..:t;- CO CV') CV') C> .---1 ...... 0"1 ..... 0"1 ...... - C> II) q- 0 N ro '+- CO 0"1 .---1 CV') ~ Oil) """ 0 ~ I.C CV') ~ '0 II) 0 N 0..- CV') q- z c.. CO 0"1 .....""" cp ...... CV') CO (Y) N I.C ~I to N 0"1 CO .---1 <1J lU. (Y) C> (Y) ...... s... ..s::: (Y) 0 0"1 (Y) cl:- CV') (Y) ~ ~ ......

n '+-Vl Q) O.j-J Q) 0 CV') m (Y) 0 CV') ...... (Y) ...... o• r-c... z II) CO N .---1 -----1 ~ 0 ~ I m CO II) ...... to I CO II) en """CO II) Q)lU 1 W") II) C> 0 s... ..s::: 1 C> ...... C> 0"1 """I.C ~ cl:- 1 I.C U""l ...... ---1 N ~ 1 t:: I Q) s... Q) E '+- m N '+- ::l OVl ...... C> CO I.C '+- .j-J .1.0 U""l ....-t .---1 N ..... "0 "0 Q) 0..-• 0 :::E: _ 2:. Q...... C> 1.0 CV') q- ..-.. I.C II) to en en en 0"1 CO Q)ro ....-t CV') N I.C ...... s... ..s::: C> C> 0 ..... 0 il I.C r-.. !~ ~ 0<::(- I C> C> 0 0 I ....-t ...... CO ..- t ..... I ~I ro I ..s::: 1 VI 4- 1 01/) 1 .:>-...... 1 ~ • 0 1 ....-t ...... CO ~ Q) o ,_. 1 > Z 0- 1 1 1 ~I --1 to Q)ro s... ..s:::

.- ..... '+- 0 OVl I I/) ...... oW. WI s... 0 • .....0 ...... 0 Z 0- 61 z t:: g-j 0,...0 ...... II) ::l I/) 0 0

, ~IAp SHOWING 12 SOIL DEPTH OF KALAHANDI FOREST

S~ALE:- I: 1,000.000

16

..

• VERY SHALLOW O-I~C", deep ~ 1'66% I SHALLDW. 15-30CmdlMp mmm 12'6'1%

• MEDIUM. • 3O-90c.rdaep I¥:;~~: J Ei7·8!)~ , ~ DE E P 90-& 0'1.' 2'..tzA 27 ,e~ ~l N M LC') N -I N ...... C> rI:J • I CO M M C> Q) ~I ...... 0'1 ...... 0'\ ~...c::1 o LC') ot::t o -:x: -. CO 0'\ ~ M I I I I ~ I o VII ~I ·01 \0 0..--1 co LC') C> Z c...r 0'\ M r I r r -I '" • I Q) ~I ~ -'= r ~ -, I ,I ,I ~ I o VII ._, I ·01 0"-:-, Z e..,

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12 , MAP SHONI NG ( HBGHT CLASS OF 'KA LAHANDI FORESTS SCALE :- 1:" ,00 0.000

3

16

9

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I ., I I , I • , I I t • , ';j.. • I .p I I~ t . NO.- I :-, M . ·45-A

MAP SHOWING SIZE CLASSES IN KALAHANDI FORESTS SCALE:- I: 1,000.000

t6

,..-

3 .J? INDEX~ -I. Ar,a REGENERATION CROP~ IPDDJDnUllJ 10·64 % 16 POLE CROP . - ~ 3Q<.J.,uA. SMALL TIMBER _ r==r.:l lti'!ltiu/o

BIG TIMBER. % PI jI 2·tj4% MI~D SIZE .CLAS? 10//1$&1 _39.0096 46

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NO. 5 · 11 M.

,MAP SHOWING ' SOIL EROSION IN KALAHANDI FOREST

II

' '1 '>;.'1 • .~. ' !"! :.rfil 1,:;' INDEX:- , 16 MILO EROSION _' - '~·iO" - )Hmnmmml. l NODERATE EROSION 14-38% _ ~~ HEA'n EROSION- - . O· 80"_ fP'UlI2?k2!. __,t 48-B

NO. 5'12 M. O.,t<. ~ 12~',, .MAP SHO\VING REGENERATION IN · KALAHANDI FOREST.

3

~ . - - j 8 \ ~ (0 ~o..i .. - \ \~.

3

INDEX:­ INADEQUATE III II 11 I!Jllllllfilll1 16 ADa£NT OR DAhiAGED . ~:"T~~~.;.=~~~ I ~DEQUATE _. _ ~~i=i;:~3 t 48-G

NO.5·t3M 8 MAP SHOWING FIRE INCIDENCE IN KALAHANDIFOREST

1&

INDEll:- 16 HEAVY __ .__ 3'16~ _ ~Lk~!J#d· MODERATE -- 27·221. - 1, ---..~ .;~ OCCASTIOHAL a2'O"~ - - JIlllillHIlllU1L NO fiRE _ _ 17·011'1--- t;::::;;.:::; ;~j LJ&-D

NO. 5'14 M

. MAP SHOWING GRAZING INCIDENCE IN KALAHANDI FOREST

II :5 INDEX :- HEAVY 19'84·'" _ ~ :itH:x 16 MODERATE - 30~ ~ '. _ Olllll llUltnqUU LIGHT 27-90'10 _ r:;mz-r.'l2·w

j NO GRAZlNG- 22 ~ - C: • . -.' " I tHAPT~ -n

INVENTORY RESU~lS _ GROWING STOCK (TREES)

The forests of Kalahandi district have been identifi ed in four strata namely Teak (8078.5 ha), Sal (95932.2 ha.}, Salaf (14137-.4 hal and miscellaneous (309002.S hal based on dominance of each of these species observed in any particular area during field visits as already indicated ;11 table 1.2. The distribution of growing stock, total no. of stems, nv: of stems/ha, total volume and vol/ha. falling in each stratum have been calculated for various species with regard to their occurrence in each diameter class which are described below in detai ls:- 6.1 Total.!!.2._: of..?_tems_5l!1d sterns/ha. - Stratun~ - Teak. Table nos. 6.1 'A and 6.1 B show the distribution of total no. of steills and stems/ha. in each ." ilmeter class for the individual species found in this stratum, which has an area of 8078.5 ha. In this Stratum teak 'Jlas found to be occurring predominantly with 313042 no. of stems (i.e. '38.75 stems/h.).) followed by Lannea coromandelica with 161570 no. of stems (i .e. 20 stems/hal and then by Cleistanthus collinus 100981 no. of stems (i .e. 12.5 stems/hal and further by Boswellia serrata 98883 no. of sterns (i.e. 11.25 stems/ha) which are the main associ :"s of teak in this stratum. It further indicates that almost all species including teak except 60swellia serrata and Lannea coromandelica exist mainly in lower di ameter classes i. e. between 10-20 cr.l. di ameter classes vlh i ch is the stage of po 1e crop. However, Boswe 11 i a serrata and Lannea coromande­ lica were found in higher diameter classes also. Boswellia serrata is mostly absent in the lower diameter classes. 6.2 Total no. of stems and Stelns/ha, - Stratulll Sal. ---- . Table no. 6.2 A and 6.2 B give picture of occurrence of various _~cies by diameter classes in stratum sal which has an area of 95932.2 ha. In this stratum sal is predominant with about 10704012 no. of st~ms(i .e. 111.579 st~ms/ha.) which forms 44.7% of the total vegetation occurring in this stratum. Th~ other prominent associates of sal in this stratlJm are Terminalia crenulalta with 1383443 no. of steins (l.e. 14.421 stems/ha), ',juchanania latifol ia with 1252167 110. of stems (i .e. 13.053 stems/Ila.) Diospyros rnelanoxylon with 999714 no. of stems (i.e. 10.421 stems/ha.) etc. Besides these other miscellaneous species like Anogeissus latifolia, Cleistanthus collinus, Lannea coromandelica, Ougenia dal ber­ gioides, Pterocar-pus marsupium, Syzygium cumini, Xylia xylocarpa are also found abundantly. Species other than Sal mainly occur between 10-50 cm. diameter classes and their concentration in lower diameter classes is comparatively more. As regards sal,lthas uniform representation in almost all diameter classes. 6.3 T ota 1 no:..2.f stems and s tems/ha. - Stra tum - Sa 1a L..

Table nos. G.3 A and 6.3 B show the distribution of various species by their diameter classes found in salai stratum which has an ilrea of 14137.4 ha. In this. stratum, salai which is ,a predm"in'l.nt species occure.s with 489371 no. of stems (i .c. 34.615 stcms/ha.) followed by Clei- stanthus collinus with 293623 no. of stems (i.e. 20.769 sterns/ha) then by Lannea c(''1lnrmdelica with 293623 no. of stem (i.e. 20.769 stems/ha.) Other important associates of Saola; ill this stratum are Uiospyros melanoxy­ lon. Erythrina su~erosa, Gardenia resinifera, Tectona grandis, Dalbergia latHol ia, ChloroxylOIl sweitenia etc. I t further i nd.; cates that except for 130swe 11 i a serrata 50 - and Lannea corornandelica, all other species are found in lower diameter classes only i.e. between 10-30 CIl1. However, Boswel' ~;l serratd has repre­ sentation upto 70 cm. diJlTleter and lannea coroillanuel l .... .) upLo 50 crn. Ul<1rnC- ter class. ' 6.4 Total no:.2..f. steins and sterns/ha. StratufTI_:Miscellaneous.

Table nos. &.4 A and 6.4 I) indicate the distribution of var ious species by their diameter classes found in tile miscellaneous stratum which has an area of 309002.5 ho. In this stratum the species 1 ike Clelsta­ nthus collinus, Anogeissus 1atifolia, Terminalia crenulata, Lann~a coromandeoloica, Boswell ia serrata, Diospyros melanoxylon, and Lagerstroem­ ia parviflora etc. are found prorninantly. The other miscellaneous species have also significant representation in this stratuin. In all 66156062 no. of trees of various sp~cies and sizes were found in this stratum. Predominant species are ,mainly Cleistanthus co1linus ~/ith 10,662,164 no .. of sterns (i.e. 34.505 stelli/t'ta.), Termlnalia crenulati4l,w-ith.:.4,830,141 no. of stems(i.e .. 15.631 stems/ha) and Anogelssus latifolia 4,~92,28.5 no. of sterns (i .e. 13.891 stem/hal etc. However, there is no marked dominance of any particular species to form its own forest type and that is why such areas have been stratified as miscellaneous .. The diameter classwise distribution of trt:t:S ill tllis stratulll

is a Imost uniform having wide range between 10-60 em. diarlleter C I' "ses. There are some speCies such as Anogeissus latifolia, Da1bergia paniculata, Diospyros melanoxylon, Madhuca latifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Shorea robusta etc. which have repre,sentation in diameter rlasses beyond 60 cms a 1so.

6.5 Total volurn~ and voolurne/ha. Stratum.:. Teak. Table ~IOS. 6.5 A and 6.5 B give picture about the distribution of total volume and volume/ha. for different species by their diameter classes found in this stratulTI which has an area of 8,078.5 ha. This indica­ tes that total of 284,341 M3 volume of growing stock of various species was found in this stratum. It indicates that the volume of Boswellia aerr .~a is reaoing in this stratum (llO;291'i'i 3 j follo~H~d by-Lannea coro:,,; 3 flldnU,-,ica(70,249 1_1 ), r·ladhucd latifolia (36,213 i",,3) and Teak (21,417 3 IVj3). Per hectare volume Lif these species ~'/as found to be 13.652 M , 8.696 M3 and 2.651 M3 respectively. It shows an inverse relation with regard to totalnumber of stems and total volume for teak in tl1i~ <'tratUIrl. ledk which is predominant in terms of number of sterns has .~~I·tll position in terms of volume. This is because of the fact that teak'was found 1I10re in number but due to its l.· urrence mainly in lower diameter classes the volurnetric representation wa~ found to be less. On the contrary, 80swellia serrata and Lannea corwnandelica, though they were found less in number their volumetric representation is much more than that of teak because of their occurence mainly in higtler diameter classes. The.other associates such as Cleistanthus collinus, Dalbergia latifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Gardenia resinifera and Anogeissu .101tifolia etc. have also enough repres.entation in this stratum. 6.6 Total volume and volurfle/ha. Stratum_: Sal. Table nos. 6.6A and 6.6 B give picture about the distribution of total volume and volumejtla. of different species by their diameter classes in Sal stratum which has an area 95,932. 2 ha. It indicates that a total 6,343,273 1"1 3 volume of growing stock of various species was found in this stratum. Out of this shorea robusta which the predominant species, alone accounts for 3,359,150 MJ of volume (auout 53% of V -' d volume). Other prominent species are Terminal ia crenulata (333638 I', ), 3 J Oiospyros me1anoxyJon (230260 M ), .1....dhuca latifolia (226797 M ), .... . 51 - 51 -

3 Syzigium cumini (203641 i1 ), Pterocarpus marsupium (171728 1'1 3 ) e-t:c. Per hectare volume of these species, beginning with Sal, was found .to 3 be 35.610 £1', 3.4781-1 , 2.4 ;4", Z .364 Ma. 2.123 Ma and 1.553 Ma respectively Sal being uniformly distributed 1n almost all the diameter classes gives similar behavfer as reflected in tables pertaining to n4rnber of stems (6.2 A and 6.2 8). 'It alone contributes about 53% of total volume in this·stratum.

5.7 Total volume and volume/ha. Stratum - Sal~i •.

Table Nos. 6.7 A and 6.7 B give distribution of totaln wtimbrpe ,nd volume/ha. of different species by their diameter classes found in Salai stratum which has an area of 14,137 ha. The tota.l vonTme~of_ different species in this stratum was found to be 658,868 M~-out of which tioswe 11 i a serrata al6ne accoimts- for 317 ,803' K!(S7I.:ob.tbtal volume). Other prominent specie~ ar~ Lannea ccromandelica 64,338 M3, Cleistanthus collinus 36,235 Ma, Oir,spyros melanoxylon 22,286 M' and Gardenia resinifera 3 21,405-M • Per hectare volu~~s of these 5pecies beginning with sdlai are 26.724 M~, 4.551 M~, 2.563 M~, 1.575 H' and 1.514 Ma respectively. ~ Boswel1fa serrata, though was not found predominant in number has major volumetric representation in this stratum because most of the trees of this species werefound in,higher diameter classes only and that is why such areas were strat.f~ as salai stratum. 6.8 Total volume and volume/ha. Stratum - Miscellaneous. Table nos. 6.8 A and 6.8 B give distribution of total volume and volurne/ha. of various species by their diameter class~s found in this st'ratum which has an area of 309,002_5 ha. The total volume of various species iry this stratum was found to be 13,324,289 Ma • Since no species in this stratum has marked dominance in terms of their occurrence to form its own forest type such areas were stratified as miscellaneous. Volume of prominent species in this stratum is, Ter.m1nalia crenulata- 1,468,710 Ma, Boswellia serrata -1,287,301 Ma, Anogeissus lat1folia -1,032,599 'Mi, Cleistanthu5 col11nus-1,047,115 MI, Diospyros melanoxylon -885,532 Ma and Pterocarpus marsupium - 634,949 Ma. Volume per hectare of these species was found to be 4.753 Ma, 4.166 Ma, 3.342 Ma , 3.389 M·, 2.866 Ha and 2.055 M· respectively. Cleistanthus col1inus which has highest no. of stems but its volumetric representation 1s less(4th position) because of its confinement mainly to lower diameter classes. Since the stems representation of all the species in miscella­ neous stratum was uniform upto 60 cm. diameter class, the volumetric representation also depicts similar behaviour. 6.9 Abstract.2!. Growing Stock(Tree vegetation).

Table no. 6.9 gives composite picture of total g~owlng stock (tree vegetation only) found.in all the four strata(whole of Kalahand1 district 1n terms of total no. of stems and total volume and distribu­ ~ion of stems/ha. and Yolume/ha. in various diameter classes).

It indicates that the groWing stock/ha. in sal stratu~ 1s much more than what was found in teak, sala1 and miscellaneous strata both 1n terms of no. of stems and volume/ha. whiCh was estimated to be 66.122M·. The minimum growing stOCK was found in the teak stratum which has 140 stems/ha. having volume of 35.197 Ha Iha. Th~ average - 52 - volume for all the 4 strata was estimated to be 47.761 M3/ha.

r"'ap no. 6.9 M depicts the 10c~tion of forest in terms of their volume/ha. in various' volume classes i.e. 10M3/ha., 10-20 M3 /ha., 20-30M3/ha., 30-50M3/ha. and 50MJ/ha. and above derived from the average volu~meof the plot representing the whole grid. It \ndicates that the vegetation of the North-eastern' and North­ western parts of the district has volume more tll~n 5CM3jha. The volumetric representation of the remafning forest doe~ not depict any conspicuous locality due to heterogenous crop. About 38.38% of forest has more than volume 50M 3 /ha. and on the contrary 27.77% of forest has volume below 10M3/ha. which is mainly due to biotic interference near human habitation.

6.10 Growing stock £l forest type with standard error.

Table no. 6.10 gives total area, volume pe{'r hectare and the total volume in various forest types with their standard err~r calculated on the basis of no. of plots falling in each forest ·type. This indicates that the standard error in case of miscella­ neous forest is considerably less si.nce the representation of this type is adequate. On the other hand in case of salai and teak forests which have very little representation the standard error in calculating the above parameters was found to be quite high. For sal, which has moderate representation, the standard error was found to be comparatively less.

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    MAP SHOWING VOL/Md L13' IN KALAHANDI FOREST

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    From the inventory results it was found that in whole of the forest areas of Kalahandi district only 3 plots representing 3029.4 ha. area wt~classified as bamboo brakes (pure bamboo) as in­ dicated in table no. 1.1 out of which 2019.6 ha; was in the government

    forest land (table no. 2~). BeSides these t bamboo was found i~ other forest areas also along with tree vegetation. The description of various tables pertaining to bamboo growing stock are already given in Chapter IV from 4.10 to 4.15. However, they are further analysed below in de t a; 1s . 7.1 Bamboo forest area. Table no. 7.1 gives the distribution of bamboo forest area by its quality based on description of sample plots. These areas are overlapping with the tree vegetated ·forest land. Results indicate that most of the bamboo forest 116127 ha. (61.5%) has.- first qual ity bamboo (having height more than 6 meters). The main species is Oendro­ calamus strictus. However t some traces of Bambusa aurandinacea were also noticed but are without any significance either to total growing stock or to the total extent of area and therefore this species has not been estimated separately. The second and third quality bamboo (below 6 meters) contribute 31303.8 ha. (just 16.5%) of the area. The remaining bamboo area 41401.6 ha. (22%) are at the regeneration stage.

    Map No. 7.1 M indicates the occurrence of bamboo by density depending upon no. of clumps per ha. It shows that 15.87% area has

    den se bamboo growth hav i ng 150 or more clumps per hectare r About 21.69% area has moderately dense bamboo growth having 50 to 150 clumps per hectare. About 52.38% area has just scattered or 'sparse bamboo .growth with 1 to 50 clumps per hectare. Such areas include bamboo clumps which are completely hacked, 10% of area has young regeneration of bamboo where clump formation has not yet taken place. An assessment Of the -total bamboo area, its density and quality reflects that only one third of the government forest land has bamboo mainly in scattered form. That;s why it contributes very little towards total growing stock. 7.2 Cl umps ~ hectare.E1 gua 1ity and size cl ass. Table no. 7.2 gives distribution of clumps per hectare ~Y bamboo qual ity and clump size classes. It indicates that 177.304 clumps per hectare of first quality bamboo exist in clump dia class below 1 metre, whereas in second and third quality bamboo there are 102.258 clumps per hectare in the same dia class. The clumps in higher dia classes (1-2 meter and 2. meter and aove) are quite few i.e. 37.478 and 2.522 clurfl)s per hectare of first quality respectively. It shows that most of the bamboo exists mainly in smaller clumps only i..e. below 1 meter' dia. In all a total oftract. 346.013 clumps per hectare-of. various sizes are present in the 7.3 No. of culms..Qx soundness, guality~ clumE! sizes. Table No. 7.3 A and 7.3 B give distribution of total no. of culms (in 000) and culms per hectare by soundmss,quality and clump size classes. It indicates that maxi~um no. r~ culms exist in lower clump sizes only in all the three bamboo qualitks whic!' js due to the fact that most of the clumps are of lower Jia class only i.e. below 1 metre.' The tables show that there were 196951857 culms (1696.004 culms per hectare) of various soundness found in first qual itt in all the three clump sizes whereas 20372.077 culms (650.'.786 culms per hectare) of different conditions were found iA second and third quality bamboos. Out of this 5% are the decayed eulms which have no uti 1 i ty.

    7.4 Bamboo weight. As already described in para 4.15 under Chapter IV of Data Analysis the green weight of sound mature culms was recorded just after felling the culms from the enumerated clumps during the course of field work. The green weight was recorded for culm's in 'each diameter class i.e. 2-5cm, 5-8 cm and 8+ em separately and finally the average green weight of culms of each diameter class ...,as estimated. It ~'1as found to be 3.668 Kg. for 2-5 cm diameter class, and10.828 Kg. for 5-8 cm dia­ meter class. The bamboos in diameter class 8 em and aov,e were negl igible in occurrence and hence ignored. The weight factors were appl ied to culms of current year and one to two years old culms also. The followir1'g factors have been used for different categories of culms to obtain their green equivalent weight for that category. Dry sound 2.0 Dry damaged 1.0 Green sou nd 1. 0 Green damaged 0.5 Rotten and decayed 0.0 Using the above factors, culm weight and no. of culms, total bamboo stock in tonnes (Green) was estimated which is given in table ;; nos. 7.4 A, 7.4 Band 7.4 c. The inventory results indicate that total of 652000.390 tonnes ~of green bamboo are PI esent in Kalahandi district out of which 42837.350 tonnes are of current season, 147052.75 tonnes are of one to two season old. The rest are over two season including dry sound and dry damaged (T ab 1e 7 .4 A') • ' Table 7.4 B indicates the distribution of total green bamboo stock~ by soundness. It shows that 338229.37 tonnes of bamboo are green sound, 82259.95 tonnes are green damaged, 144314.723 tonnes are dry sound and 87196.347 tonnes are dry damaged. Table no . 7.4 C gives break­ up of total green bamboo stock under various age classes, culm diameter classes, clump size class, bamboo qua 1ity and soundness. 7.5 Air Dr'/ weight. An experiment was conducted by this zone to estimate the air dry weight of bamboo at 10% moisture from green wei~ht. The air dry wei911~ at J.G~ Ololstuce was ~stitiia~ett as 61.64% an~ 6~.46i of. 9!jeeD weigllt-­ at the time of felling of culms for 2-5 cm and 5-8 cm diameter classes respectively for the species Oendrocalamus strictus. These percentages were utilized to convert green ,equivalent weight to air dry weight at 10% moisture in Kalahandi survey. Table no., 7.5 A gives distribution- of bamboo stock in terms of dry weight by various age classes' and soundness of the culms. ~t indicates that a total of 40324t.6t, tonnes dry weight bamboo is present in Kalahandt. Table no. 7.5 B indicates that out of 403216.72 tonnes of1dry wei gt)bt, the green sound,z green damaged.& dry sound and dry damaged cu m contrl ute 2D9314.89, ~1005.33, ag03~.38 and 53886.01 tonnes - respectively ~w~..J,___ ,. ",:.s J.~ ~LJ,.U- .. Tab 1e No. 7 .1 Break up of Area (Bamboo)

    ------~------Qua 1ity NQ. of plots Area in ha. % Area S.E.% ------_.------

    1 115 116127.0 61.5 9.6

    2 & 3 31 31303.8 16.5 17 .2 Others (Other than 41 41401. 8 22.0 quality 1,2,3 +R)

    ______J ______

    Total 187 188832.6

    Tab 1e No.7. 2 Mean Numbet of Clumps/ha by Bamb?o quality and Clump size Classes.

    ------r------~------Bamboo Quality Clump Size Classes Total 1 2 3

    1 177.304 37.478 2.522 217.304

    2 & 3 102.258 25.806 0.645 128.709

    ------~------

    Total 279.562 3.167 346.013 ------. ~3-A NO.- 7· I .. . e 12 MAP SHOWING. OCCURRANCE OF

    r-f' ~ BAMBOO IN ,. ) ~ \5-" . 9 I KALAHANOI FOREST .t (. .r' \ - . I

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    1. ~h.::'i V.B. ,.J0-::hi,=>y.~ ir:rt~r, 27. ,3 hri Dans.l.. Ham, Fie Idr;1an I ;1C h

    II 2. P. v. :~av -::nt ,Dy .u i !:'2ct. or 28 .• II :J .G.«.Pillai, II

    It 3 • " J . • .a • Ja'·J\,."{"..l.I._., ...... 1.' (Grr.'un._ 'J Of't-__ l' CG r.) 29. Dhar,:!m S inqh, II Dy.!J i r:;ctor.

    II 4. 30. It I,

    II 5 • B. R .. P,::mc:cy,3'l'A 31. II

    U· 6. .3.I~.Daj=,ui, J'l'A 32. II K.N. Lal, II

    It II 33. Ja~eo Prasad, II

    II 8. •• 34. II Bhar<'lt Singh, ..

    II 9. " K • ~~ • G. R.;'lO , 35. II A.X.Bose, " It o. .. 36. .. N.C .Halakar, ..

    II It 1. H.:(. Joshi, 37. II B .K. l·!aharana, II

    II II 2. 3.1(. ROY.I 38. Ranadhin Yadav,"

    II 3. J .S.KumbhkarjDy .~an<:e r 39. It Cha:',an -Singh, II

    I. It 4. H.Po. Kanoje, " 40. Ram Ratan Singh, II

    It 5. G.G.Pathak, 41. It v .S. Bist, ..

    II n 6. 42. .. It .. .. 7. D..C.Ven-Ja, 43. ct, ikesh\'lar Prasad, II

    .1 It I,I .F. It 11 8. Singh., 44. Dvr a rika P ras ad I

    II It 9. N.C. Deuang

    II It o. P .D. Shukla, 46. It R.S.. Pandey, ..

    .t II B.D. D,,'/ ivedi, 47. .. ~.A. Dongre, II

    II' II 2. 3.S. BClghe 1, 48. " D .R. Kumar, II

    IIi 3. Basant Singh, 49. H.P. Giri, II

    u 4. ~.,: :.R.K. Rai, Fieldman 50. Ghasi Ram·, Peon

    II I. 5. P.A. SNamy, 51. •• HUkund Ram Lam, 1& I, 6. T.R. Sahu, - 52. ?1ukund Sukdeo, .. BIBLIOGRAPHY

    ------S.NO. Name of author Publication' - 1. Shri Dibakar Naik OFS (I) Working Plan for the Fores' of Kariar forest Division •

    2. Gave mmcnt of Ori$sa . Rev ised 'tlorking Plan for t '; Forest Department. Reserved Forests of Kalan-a Forest Division.

    3. Is:oueo. by th~ Chief S.tatistical outline of ConscnTetor of Forests, Orissa Fores~s. Orissa, Cuttack. •

    L.. District Statistical Distric~ statistical office. Hand Booy. of Kalahandi.