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(Aphelenchoides Besseyi Christie) Familya: Aphelenchoididae Gen Us: Aphelenchoide5, Fischer 1894 1

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(Aphelenchoides Besseyi Christie) Familya: Aphelenchoididae Gen Us: Aphelenchoide5, Fischer 1894 1 Hakemli Çeltik beyaz uç nematodu (Aphelenchoides besseyi] il k keZ 1915 yıl ında Kakuta tar af ından saptanmıştır (Van Nieuwenhuy­ zen, 1977]. Tanımlanması ise 1942'de Christie, tarafından ya­ pılmıştır. Franklin ve Siddiqi (1972l' ye gör e zararl ının tür si­ nonimi Aphelenchoides oryzae Yo­ koo (1948]'dir . Çeltik Beyaz Uç NematodV nun Taksonomik Sınıflandırma­ sı (Franklin and Siddiqi, 1972] Alem: Animali a Şube: Nemata Çeltik Beyaz Uç Nematodu Sınıf: Secern entea Takım: Aphelenchida (Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie) Familya: Aphelenchoididae Gen uS: Aphelenchoide5, Fischer 1894 1. Giriş 'Adnan TÜLEK SpecieS: Aphelenchoide5 2 Prof. Dr. Sultan COBANOGLU Bitki paraziti nematodlardan besseyi Christie 'Hakan HEKİMHAN çoğu genus ve türün çeltikte pa­ 2. Çeltik Beyaz Uç 1 razitik olduğu bilinmektedir. Fa-: Trakya Tarımsal Araştırma Nematodunun MorfolojiSi Enstitüsü - EDiRNE kat bunlardan sadece bazı tür­ 'Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat ler verim kayıplarına sebep ol­ Aphelenchoides tür ler i ar asın- Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü maktadır. Nematodlar bitkide da çok yakın morfolojik benzer­ DIŞKAPIIANKARA mekanik zararlara ve/veya bitki­ likler ışık mikroskobu altında nin fizyolojik yapısında bozuk­ yapılan taksonomik çalışmaları luklara sebep olur ve buda zayıf zorlaştırmaktadır. A.besseyi, in­ bitki gelişimi ve verim kaybı ile ce iğ veya iplik şeklinde bir vü­ sonuçlanır. Bazı türler bütün cut yapısına sahip olup ($ekil 1) çeltik alanlarında bulunurken uzunluğu 0.44-0.84 mm ve ge­ bazı türlere de daha sınırlı alan­ nişliği 14-22 urn'dur. Boşaltıf11 larda rastlanır. Çeltikte zararlı açıklığı vücudun ön tarafında si­ olan türler beslenme alışkanlık­ nir halkasının yakınlarındadır­ larına göre; toprak üstü aksam­ Dudak bölgesi yuvarlak ve hafif da (gövde, yaprak ve çiçek salkı­ boğumlu olup vücuttan biraz ge· mında] ve köklerde parazit olan­ nistir. Stylet 10-13 im uzunluK­ lar olarak başlıca iki gruba ayrı­ tadır. Median bulb oval olup lô' lır (Biridge J. et al., 2005]. teral alan 4 çizgilidir. KuyruK 1111 -=------------------------------...r~~~;;;i:!SHiEN~Orı:SL~l '. ----- konik olup, uç kısmında 2-4 par­ apikal meristemde ektoparazit çimlenmeden kısa bir süre son­ çalı çıkıntı bulunur. Fiksasyonda olarak beslenirler. Nematod sa­ ra gerçekleşirse bitki boyu yarı dişi bireylerin vücudu ventral yısındaki artış kardeşlenmenin yarıya düşebil ir . olarak uzanırken, erkek birey­ sonuna doğru meydana gelir 4. Çeltik Beyaz Uç Nemato­ lerde vücudun ar ka ucu yaklaşık [Goto ve Fukatsu, 1952). Nema­ dunun Bitkilerde Oluşturduğu todlar çiçeklenmeden önce çi­ 180° kıvrılır . Simptomlar çek sal kımı kın Çeltik beyaz uç nematodu, içindeyken giriş çeltik bitkisinin toprak üstü kı­ yaparak yumur­ talıkta, erkek sımlarında zarar yapan bir ne­ organlarda, to­ matodtur. Siddiqi !1980]'ye göre, dicula [pul­ styletlerinin zayıf olması nede­ cukl'da ve em­ niyle kök paraziti olmaları briyoda ektopa­ mümkün değildir. A. besseyi razit olarak bes­ hassas bitkilerin sap ve yaprak­ lenir !Huang and larında meristem dokuda besle­ Huang 1972). A. nir. Zarar görmüş çeltik bitki­ besseyi par teno­ sinde kardeşlere ait yaprakların genik olarak ço­ uç kısmında 3-5 cm mesafede ğalabil ir . Geli şe- beyazlaşma olur [$ekil 2). Beli r ­ $ekil 1. Çeltik Beyaz Uç Nematodu bilmesi için opti- tileri magnezyum ve çinko nok­ IAphelenchoides besseyi) mum sıcaklık sanl ığı ile karıştırılabili r . Daha 21- 25 °C dir . Hayat devrini 21 sonra bu bölgeler bükülüp kıvrı­ 3.Celtik Beyaz Uç °C'de 1Ogünde tamamlar.A bes­ larak salkımın yaprak kınından Nematodunun BiyolojiSi seyi bulaşık tohumlarda anhid­ çıkışını engeller. Enfekte olmuş Celtikte başlıca inokulum robiyotik [dormantl dönemde 2- çiçek salkımı daha kısa ve uç­ kaynağı tohumdur. Tohumluk 3 yıl canlı kalabilir. Bulaşık to­ lardaki çiçekler dumura uğra­ ekildiğinde nematodlar aktif ha­ humluk ekildikten sonra aktif mış durumdadır. Çiçekler kısır le gelir, gövdeden büyüme nok­ hal e gelen A besseyi canl ıl ığını 4 olabileceği gibi cılız, biçimsiz tasına doğru hareket eder ve ay koruyabilir. Eğer enfeksiyon çimlenme potansiyeli düşük Sekil 2. Çeltik bitkisinde Aphelenchoides besseyi zar arı ~--===================ııı-ı.:::::== taneler de oluşabilir. Enfekte ol­ 6. Mücadele Yöntemleri 6.3. KimyaSal Mücadele: To­ muş bitkiler geç olgunlaşır [Ta­ 6.1. Kültürel Önlemler: humluklara nematisid uygula­ mura and Kegasawa, 1956b). Uluslararası Çeltik Araştırma ması tohumdaki nematodların 5.Ekonomik Önemi, Erıstitüsü'nde [IRRl-lnternatio­ ölümü üzerine çok az etkili ol­ muştur (Hoshino ve Togashi, PopulaSyon ve Zarar Eşiği nal Rice Research lnstitute] çel­ tik beyaz uç nematoduna karşı 2000]. Bununla birlikte tohum­ A.besseyi'nin taşınmasında en karantina amacıyla tohumluklar lara benomyl uygulaması ya da büyük etken tohum olduğundan 3 saat soğuk suda ve müteaki­ fidelemeden 1-15 gün sonra ya­ geniş çapta bulaşıklık söz konu­ binde 52-57 0c'de sıcak suda 15 pılacak benomyl (püskürtme sudur. Ekonomik önemi ülkele­ dakika bekletilir. Bulaşmayı ve ilaçlama] uygulaması çeltik bit­ re, bölgelere ve lokasyonlara zararı azaltmak için tohum yata­ kil er ini A.besseyi zar ar ından göre değişebilmektedir. Bir lo­ ğı sulanabilir yada doğrudan su­ önemli derecede korumaktadır kasyonda zararın yoğunluğu ve ya ekim yapılabili r (Cr all ey, [Gergon ve Prot, 1993]. şiddetinin yıldan yıla değişkenlik 1956]. Bu koşull ar da nematod­ 6.4. YaSal Önlemler: Çeltik göstermesi, yapılan kültürel iş­ lar çeltik bitkisi çimlenmeden beyaz uç nematodu, 6968 sayılı lemlere ve ekilen yerel çeşitlere çıkış yaparak canlılığını kaybe­ Zir ai Mücadele ve Zir ai Kar anti­ göre değişiklik göstermektedir. der ler . Kored e tar lada A.besseyi na Kanunu kapsamında 17. 08- Hassas bit kil er de zar ar çoğun­ populasyonunu azaltmak için fa­ 1995 tarih ve 22377 sayılı resmi lukla ekilen tohumdaki bulaşık­ sulye ile münavebe yapılmakta­ gazetede yayımlanarak yürürl ü­ lık oranına ve bulaşık tohumdaki dır (Kim 1996]. et al., ğe giren iç karantinaya tabi za­ nematod (A.besseyi) sayısına gö­ rarlılar listesinde yer almakta­ re değişir . 6.2. Konukçu Bitki Dayanıklı­ lığı: A.besseyi'ye karşı dayanıklı­ dır . 12.11.2006 tar ih ve 26344 Fukano [1962] yapt ığı çalış­ lık il k defa 1949 yıl ında A.B.D'de sayıl ı resmi gazetede yayımla­ malarda ekonomik zarar eşiğini yapılan bir çalışmada rapor edil­ nan "Zirai Karantina Yönetmeli­ 300 canlı nematod/100 tohum miş olup çeşitl er in A.besseyi'ye ğinde Değişiklik Yapılamasına olarak beli r lemiştir . A.besseyi'ye karşı hassasiyetleri arasındaki Dair Yönetmelik" te EK -3 Bitki ilişkin verim kaybıyla ilgili bir ve Bitkisel Ürünlerin İthalatında varyasyonun farklı olduğu belir­ çok rapor bulunmaktadır. İstenen Özel $artlar, başlığı al­ lenmiştir. Bu çeşitlerden; Ar­ 1950'li yıll ar da A.B.D'de hassas tındaki 60. sırada yapılan degi­ kansas Fortuna, Nira 43, ve Blu­ çeşitlerde farklıyıllara ait olmak şiklik aşağıda belirtildiğ] şekil­ ebonnet çeltik beyaz uç nemato­ üzere %17.5, %4.9 ve % 6.6 ve­ dedir. Buna göre; Oryza satiVC1 duna karşı dayanıklı bulunmuş­ rim kaybı tespit edilmiştir (At­ (çeltik] tohumları uygun bir ne­ tur (Cr all ey ve Adair , 1949]. kins ve Todd, 1959]. Japorıya'da matolojik test sonucunda to­ %10-30 verim kaybı rapor edil- A.B.D'de dayanıklı çeşitlerin humların A.besseyi'den ar i bu­ rnistir (Yoshii 1951]. kull anımıyla A.besseyi önem li lunduğu, sofralık çeltiklerde; al derecede kontrol altına alınmış­ Geçm işte Sovyetl er Bir li - taneler in A. besseyi'den ar i bu­ ği'nde %80 oranında A.besseyi tır . A.besseyi'ye kar şı dayanıklıl ık lunduğu, b] A.besseyi'ye kar şı sı­ bulaşık tohumlar kullanıldığında genetiksel olarak Japon çeşidi cak su muamelesine ya da diger hassas çeşitlerde %54 verim Asa-Hi çeşidinden diğer çeşitle­ uygun bir muameleye tabi tutul­ kaybına sebep olmuştur [Popo­ re aktarılmıştır INishiza­ duğu Bitki Sağlık Sertifikasında va, 1984]. - wa, 1953b). beli r til meli dir . A.besseyi, Avrupa -=------------------------'~f.;,~~:~, tiliilEN~DIS~'L ---- Ve Akdeniz Bitki Koruma ması, çeltik beyaz uç nematodu­ Aphelenchoides besseyi in rice florets and developing grains. Bo­ Organizasyonu tarafından A2 na kar şı dayanıklılık çalışmaları­ tanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica karantina listesinde yer almak­ na başlanılması gerekmektedir. 13, 1-10. tadır Kim, J.I., Han, S.C. and Choi, D.R. 1996. lnvestigation of plant parasitic ne­ 7. Ülkemizde Çeltik Beyaz Uç Kaynaklar matodes in paddy-upland rotation. Atkins, J.G. and Todd E.H. 1959. Whi­ Nematodunun Yaygınlık RDA Journal of Agricultural Science, te tip disease of rice. 111.Yield test Crop protection 38, 387-391. Durumu and varietal resistance. Phytopat­ Mısırlıoğlu, B. 1999. Çanakkale ve hology 49, 189- 191. Ülkemizde sertifikalı tohum­ Balıkesir İlleri Çeltik Ekiliş Alan­ luk üretiminde, 1998 yılından bu Br idge, J., Plowright, R.A. and Peng larında Zararlı Olan Çeltik Beyaz O. 2005. CAB lnternational 2005. Uç Nematodu (Aphelenchoides bes­ Yana çeltik beyaz uç nematodu­ Plant Parasitic Nematodes in seyi Christie, 1942]' nun Yayılış na karşı tohumluklarda analiz Subtropical and Tropical Agr icul­ Alanlarının Saptanması. Ege Üni­ Yapılmaktadır . Yapılan bir çal ış­ ture, 2nd Edition [eds M. Luc, R.A. versitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sikora, J. Br idge) Bornova, İzmir . mada, Balıkesird en 326, Çanak­ Crall ey, E.M. and Adair , C.R. 1949. Ri­ kale'den ise 261 adet bit ki örn e-_ Nishizawa, T. 1953 b. Studies on the ce disease in Arkansas in 1948. varietal resistance of rice plant to ği alınmış ve zar ar lıyla bulaşık Plant Disease Reporter 33, 257-259. the
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