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Reaction of Some Rice Cultivars to the White Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides Besseyi, Under Field Conditions in the Thrace Region of Turkey

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Reaction of Some Rice Cultivars to the White Tip Nematode, Aphelenchoides Besseyi, Under Field Conditions in the Thrace Region of Turkey Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Turk J Agric For (2015) 39: 958-966 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/tar-1407-120 Reaction of some rice cultivars to the white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, under field conditions in the Thrace region of Turkey 1 2, 1 1 1 1 Adnan TÜLEK , İlker KEPENEKÇİ *, Tuğba Hilal ÇİFTCİGİL , Halil SÜREK , Kemal AKIN , Recep KAYA 1 Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne, Turkey 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Taşlıçiftlik, Tokat, Turkey Received: 21.07.2014 Accepted/Published Online: 06.05.2015 Printed: 30.11.2015 Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the reactions of 41 rice cultivars to Aphelenchoides besseyi under field conditions in 2012 at the Thrace Agricultural Research Institute. The experiments were conducted as split plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. An infected plot and an uninfected control plot were the main plots; the cultivars were subplots. As a sign of nematode damage, white tip infection ratio on the rice caused by nematodes was determined in the experiments, and the losses in yield components for the rice cultivars were calculated. There were decreases both in the grain number per panicle (by 38.3%) and in the panicle weight (by 49.7%) in the infected plot with symptoms of white tip nematode. The Ribe cultivar had the highest yield losses due to nematode damage, with 52.1%. The Asahi cultivar, which is a resistant control, had the lowest yield losses with 7.8%. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.5068) between the average chlorophyll values (SPAD) in the flag leaf and average white tip ratio (%). Although there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.7571) between the yield loss and the white tip infection ratio in all cultivars, no significant relation was found between the yield loss and nematode density. Key words: White tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, rice (Oryza sativa L.), varietal reaction, yield component 1. Introduction besseyi were previously reported in 1949 and appear to White tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, is one of have become widespread since then; resistance (Bridge et the most widespread nematodes causing economic yield al., 1990) or moderate resistance in rice cultivars has been losses in rice-growing areas. White tip nematode is a observed in most rice-growing regions (Sivakumar, 1988). seed-borne ectoparasite of rice and it has been reported It has been reported that certain rice cultivars (Arkansas in the majority of the rice-growing countries of Africa; Fortuna, Asahi, Bluebonnet, Bluebonnet 50, Improved North, Central, and South America; Asia; Europe; and the Bluebonnet, Century 231, Fortuna, Hill Long Grain, Nira, Pacific. The yield losses caused by this nematode in rice Nira 43, Rexoro, Sunbonnet, Texas Patna, Toro, and TP– show differences according to rice cultivar, growing year, 49) are resistant to white tip in the United States. Century temperature, cultural practices, and other variable factors. 52, Century Patna 231, and Rexark are fairly resistant In infested fields, the average yield losses range from 10% (Cralley and Adair, 1949; Todd and Atkins, 1959). In to 30%; in fields where all plants have been attacked, yield Japan, the Tosan 38 cultivar is very resistant, the Norin losses of up to 70% for susceptible cultivars and 20% for 8 and Norin 43 cultivars are resistant, and Norin-Mochi resistant cultivars have been reported (Prot, 1992). 5 and Natsushimo are fairly resistant (Goto and Fukatsu, Aphelenchoides besseyi is an important nematode pest 1956). In India, the Gumartia and Chinoor cultivars are of rice crops in Turkey. It was first reported in 1995 in the nearly immune, and Surmartia is not significantly affected İpsala and Gönen districts of Edirne and Balıkesir provinces, (Dastur, 1936). In Italy, Rinaldo Bersani is resistant, and respectively (Öztürk and Enneli, 1997). The yield losses have Carnaroli and Pierrot are fairly resistant (Orsenigo, 1954). reached up to 57.9% for susceptible cultivar Halilbey in In Russia, an assessment of the resistance of 1003 rice fields having 77% plants with white tips on the infected flag cultivars to A. besseyi from different agroecological regions leaves (Tülek and Çobanoğlu, 2010). was performed in a glasshouse experiment. Three cultivars In several countries, control of this nematode has been were found to be immune (Bluebonnet, Bluebonnet achieved using nematode-resistant rice cultivars (Qu, 50, and Starbonnet), 10 were highly resistant, 164 were 1985). Differences in susceptibility of rice cultivars to A. moderately resistant, and 826 were susceptible or highly * Correspondence: [email protected] 958 TÜLEK et al. / Turk J Agric For susceptible to A. besseyi (Popova et al., 1994). Resistance to A. besseyi is said to be genetically controlled and carried by the Japanese cultivar Asahi (Nishizawa, 1953), and resistance is one of the best control methods for this nematode. It is important that genetic materials are tested with nematodes. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of A. besseyi infestation and its effects on yield components in selected rice cultivars. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Selection of cultivars used in the experiments Forty-one cultivars used in varietal reaction studies were selected. Bluebonnet (IRGC-Acc. No. 1799) and Nira 43 (IRGC-Acc. No. 1932) from the United States, Rinaldo Bersani (IRGC-Acc. No. 9468) from Italy, and Asahi (IRGC-Acc. No. 33983) from Japan were used as resistant Figure 1. White tip symptoms on flag leaves caused by controls in this experiment. These control varieties were Aphelenchoides besseyi. kindly provided by the International Rice Genebank Collection (IRGC) in the Philippines. These rice cultivars under field conditions in 2012. Plant seeds were sowed as have been used in varietal reaction experiments. Nearly all follows: 3 replications; 1 row is 1 m; the space between of the rice cultivars used in the experiments belong to the rows is 30 cm; there are 100 seeds in each row. Japonica variety, except for the Bluebonnet, Nira-43, and Treatment 1: For each cultivar, seeds produced the Aromatik-1 cultivars, which are of the Indica variety. previous year that were infected with A. besseyi were used. 2.2. Arrangement of experimental design In addition, the infected Beşer cultivar (468 A. besseyi 100 –1 The experiments were conducted at the Thrace Agricultural seeds ) was planted in spaces between the blocks and Research Institute in Edirne, Turkey. All varieties used in lines as a spreader in the experiments. Additionally, 5000 the experiments were sown in the middle of May for all nematodes per square meter were applied 10 days after experiments. The varietal reaction studies were performed germination. A. besseyi individuals were sprayed onto water- as two separate experiments. filled rice plots. The average panicle weight (g panicle–1) 2.2.1. Determination of white tip ratio (%) in cultivars and average grain number per panicle were determined by The seeds of all varieties used in the experiments were collecting 10 panicles from each row at harvest, both having sown by hand in a dry field in a completely randomized white tip symptoms present and without symptoms on flag block design with 3 replications, with 1 row as 1 m and leaves. Yield losses were determined according to grain a space between the rows of 30 cm, with 100 seeds in weight loss as a percentage and grain number decrease as each row. The seed beds were then watered. To test the a percentage compared with the values in uninfected plots. cultivars, the seeds were obtained from infected panicles Nematode analysis was performed on the grains from from the previous year. In addition, infected susceptible the bulk (mixture) of the panicles with white tips, with 3 Beşer cultivar (468 A. besseyi 100 seeds–1) was planted in repetitions using 100 seeds for each replication. the spaces between the blocks and rows as a spreader. The Treatment 2: Noninfected (nematode-free) seeds plants in each row were reaped during the flowering stage, treated with hot water prior to treatment (control) were and the ratios of plants (%) with symptoms of white tip in used in the experiment (Tülek and Çobanoğlu, 2011a). the flag leaf were determined. The average panicle weight (g panicle–1) and average grain On the tillers of the affected plants, the tips of the leaves number (number panicle–1) were determined by collecting whiten for a distance of 3 to 5 cm and then die off and shred 10 panicles from the rows of each cultivar at harvesting. (Figure 1). The panicles are shorter and often atrophied at Sterile grains were separated using a 1.75-mm oblong sieve the tips. The fertile flowers sometimes produce misshapen in all experiments. grains with low germination potential and delayed date of The weight loss of the grains used for the calculation of maximum germination. yield loss was calculated as described below: 2.2.2. Determination of decrease (%) of yield components Decrease in panicle weight 1 (%): decrease in panicles’ The experiments were conducted as split plots in a weight with white tip symptoms in the infected plot completely randomized block design with 3 replications, compared with panicles in the control plots. including the treatments (infected plot and uninfected Decrease in panicle weight 2 (%): decrease in panicles’ control) as the main plot and cultivars (41 cultivars) as the weight without white tip symptoms in the infected plots subplots. The plants were assessed for nematode resistance compared with panicles in the control plots. 959 TÜLEK et al. / Turk J Agric For The formulas used for the calculation of yield losses are and after harvest (Hooper, 1986). The seeds were separated as follows. from the hulls (lemma and palea).
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