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The Changing Role of the State in Energy Efficiency Policy of Kazakhstan

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The Changing Role of the State in Energy Efficiency Policy of Kazakhstan THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE STATE IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY OF KAZAKHSTAN KUAT BOLATULY 870321091120 APRIL 2020 MSC THESIS ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY GROUP SUPERVISED BY MATTIJS SMITS Wageningen University & Research MSc Thesis The changing role of the state in energy efficiency policy of Kazakhstan Student name: Kuat Bolatuly Registration number: 870321091120 Programme: MSc Environmental Sciences Specialization: Environmental Policy Chair group: Environmental Policy Group Email: [email protected] Supervisor: Mattijs Smits Second reader: Gert Spaargaren Group: Environmental Policy Group Course name: MSc Thesis Environmental Policy Group Thesis code: ENP-80436 Study load: 36 credits Date: 01-04-2020 Hollandseweg 1 (Building 201) 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands T: 0317-484452 Website: www.wur.eu/enp 1 Table of content Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 5 List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Problem description ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Research objective.............................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Research questions ............................................................................................................................. 9 2. Theoretical framework ................................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Explaining ecological modernization theory ................................................................................... 10 2.2 Role of the state in ecological modernization theory ..................................................................... 11 2.3 Relevant debates about EMT for this thesis .................................................................................... 12 2.4 Energy efficiency in Kazakhstan through EMT lens ......................................................................... 13 3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Research area ................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Positionality ...................................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 16 3.3.1 Interviews .................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3.2 Academic literature ................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 Grey literature ........................................................................................................................... 18 4. Political modernization: the role of the state in Kazakhstan's energy efficiency policy ................... 20 4.1 Kazakhstan's energy efficiency policy in the 1990s and early 2000s and the role of the state in them ........................................................................................................................................................ 20 4.2 Kazakhstan's energy efficiency policy since the beginning of the 2000s onwards and the role of the state in them .................................................................................................................................... 22 4.3 Analysis of Kazakhstan's energy efficiency policy ........................................................................... 25 4.4 Sub-conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 27 5. Involvement of non-state actors in the field of energy efficiency policy ......................................... 28 5.1 Involvement of NGO`s and enterprises ........................................................................................... 28 5.2 Involvement of scientific actors ....................................................................................................... 29 5.3 Market-based initiatives .................................................................................................................. 31 5.4 Sub conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 32 6. Supranational institutions and international environmental agreements affecting Kazakhstan's energy efficiency policy ................................................................................................................... 33 2 6.1 Kazakhstan's international environmental obligations and their impact on energy efficiency policies .................................................................................................................................................... 33 6.2 Partnership of Kazakhstan with international organizations in the field of energy-efficient projects ................................................................................................................................................... 35 6.2.1 Collaboration with dena ............................................................................................................ 35 6.2.2 World Bank ................................................................................................................................ 36 6.2.3 UNDP / GEF projects .................................................................................................................. 36 6.2.4 USAID KCCMP ............................................................................................................................ 38 6.3. Sub-conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 39 7. Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 40 7.1 Discussion the key findings .............................................................................................................. 40 7.1.1 Discussion on energy efficiency policy of Kazakhstan ............................................................. 40 7.1.2 International perspective .......................................................................................................... 42 7.2 Discussion the theoretical framework ............................................................................................. 44 7.3 Discussion the methodology ............................................................................................................ 45 7.3.1 Interviews .................................................................................................................................. 45 7.3.2 Literature ................................................................................................................................... 46 8. Conclusion and recommendations ................................................................................................ 47 9. References ................................................................................................................................... 50 10. Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 57 Appendix 1: Interviewee list .................................................................................................................. 57 Appendix 2: The list of international agreements in the field of environmental protection, ratified, signed by Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................. 58 3 Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to thank my family for the love and continued support they have provided me throughout my studying. I am grateful to my supervisor, Mattijs Smits, for his academic support and guidance throughout the writing of my thesis. I learned a lot from his critical and pragmatic approach to work, deep questions and valuable suggestions. I would like to thank the Bolashak International Scholarship program administrator for funding my education. I really enjoyed doing this study. Although I experienced different difficulties at each stage of the research, I am pleased with the result. I learned a lot, for example, from interviews with specialists from Kazakhstani and international organizations. Unexpectedly for me, after interviewing them I received three job offers. I hope you enjoy your reading. Kuat Bolatuly Wageningen, April 2020 4 Abstract Energy efficiency is recognized as the
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