Use of Clean, Renewable and / Or Alternative Energy Technologies for Rural Areas in Kazakhstan»
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«Use of clean, renewable and / or alternative energy technologies for rural areas in Kazakhstan» Contents Part 1. Introduction. Improvement of power supply efficiency to consumers 2 in rural and remote areas by providing access to energy services and introduction of advanced technologies in the field of renewable sources of energy Part 2. Power industry in Kazakhstan 6 Part 3.Problem solution of consumer access to energy services and use of 10 renewable sources of energy 3.1. Legal documents of Kazakhstan in the field of consumer access to 10 energy services and use of renewable sources of energy 3.1.1. Legislation in the field of consumer access to energy services 10 3.1.2. Legislation in the field of use of renewable energy 13 3.2. Activities of the Republic Government to provide sustainable energy 17 services and support the use of renewable energy in rural areas 3.2.1. Providing sustainable energy services for consumers in rural areas 17 3.2.2. State support for renewable energy 26 Part 4. Placement of renewable sources of energy in rural and remote areas of 33 the country Part 5. Recommendations to improve the efficiency of power supply in rural 37 and remote areas and introduction of advanced technologies in the field of renewable energy References 40 1 Part 1 Introduction Improvement of power supply efficiency to consumers in rural and remote areas by providing access to energy services and introduction of advanced technologies in the field of renewable sources of energy Lack of access to clean, reasonable and reliable sources of energy restrains social and economic development and is a major obstacle to achieving the goals of the Millennium Declaration adopted by United Nations General Assembly on September 8, 2000. According to the UN, more than three billion people in developing countries are still using traditional biomass and coal as the main source of energy for cooking and heating, and almost half a billion people have no access to electricity. Moreover, even in those cases where energy services are available, millions of poor people are unable to pay for them. Meanwhile, the demand for energy in developing countries has increased. Increasing growth of population and rising standards of living will increase even more the scale of the problem. If universal access to electricity is provided up to 2 million people could be saved annually. According to UNDP [1] a fifth of the world's population living in countries with the highest income, or "golden billion" consumes 58% of the world's sources of energy, 65% of electricity. Wherein, it accounts for over 53% of total emissions of carbon dioxide. As you know, energy largely determines the socio-economic development in each country. At the same time, it exacerbates the problem of energy reserves and exacerbates irreversible anthropogenic impact on the environment. Energy and sustainable development are inextricably linked. Undoubtedly, to eradicate poverty can be achieved through providing energy access. In April 2010, the Advisory Group UN Secretary-General for Energy and Climate Change under the chairmanship of Mr. K. Yumkella urged the international community to ensure universal access to modern energy services and reduce power consumption by 40 percent by 2030. 2 At the Vienna Energy Forum, held on the 21-23 of June 2011, it was noted [2] that the lack of affordable, reliable energy services is a major obstacle to social and economic development. The forum also noted that without access to modern forms of energy it is almost impossible to achieve the goals of the Millennium Declaration, adopted by 189 nations and signed by 147 heads of states and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. There are already successful examples of how the government of several countries have increased the population's access to modern and reliable forms of energy. In addition, it should be noted that the use of renewable energy has become one of the fastest growing areas in economy of industrialized countries. Increasing the share of renewable sources of energy in the fuel and energy balances of these countries has become one of the trends of their modern economic development, determining its stability. According to Eurostat, in 2004 7.9% of the electricity was obtained from renewable sources of energy in the European Union (EU), and in 2011 this indicator has already been 13%. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), power generation from renewable energy sources is annually growing by 10-20% in the leading EU countries. Taking into consideration all these facts, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki- moon in 2011 launched a global initiative "Sustainable Energy for All", which provides the solution of three interrelated tasks by 2030: • ensuring universal access to modern sources of energy, • doubling the level of energy efficiency, • doubling the share of renewable energy in global energy balance. These three tasks identified by Ban Ki-moon, complement each other. Increased availability based on the use of renewable energy technologies, allows supplying electricity to rural areas, where setting up conventional power lines is unacceptable and very expensive. Today, electricity is a major integrating factor for all industries in all countries. The international community expects electricity to be available to everyone and the technologies of energy generation to be clean and efficient. It is a matter of justice, and its importance was the motivation for the development of the UN Secretary-General's initiative "Sustainable Energy for All". Ban Ki-moon stressed that sustainable energy is necessary to promote sustainable development in order to reduce poverty and change the climate. "We encourage others to follow these examples and build commitments" - said Ban Ki- moon. 3 The report of the IEA World Energy Outlook 2011 states that timely investments in sustainable power engineering pay off: every dollar invested in the energy sector until 2020, will provide an opportunity after 2020 to avoid the costs amounting to $ 4.30 to compensate for the increase emission levels. In addition, the access at least at the basic level of energy supply has minimal impact on greenhouse gas emissions. United Nations General Assembly in recognition of the importance of energy for sustainable development proclaimed 2012 the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. During this year, the entire world community had the opportunity to raise awareness of the importance of increasing sustainable access to sources of energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy at local, national, regional and international levels. On the 21 of December, 2012 the UN General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, decided to declare 2014-2024 the Decade of Sustainable Energy for All in relation to all sources of energy [3]. The General Assembly noted that wider use and promotion of new and renewable sources of energy for sustainable development could make a significant contribution to sustainable development and the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including those contained in the Millennium Declaration. The General Assembly has called on UN member states to intensify efforts to ensure universal access to modern services in the field of sustainable energy. Ensuring universal access to modern energy services and the use of renewable energy sources is determined by not only the main tasks of Sustainable Energy for All, but global security. The Republic of Kazakhstan faces the task put forward by the President Nursultan Nazarbayev to join the top list of the 30 most developed countries of the world. This means that the country must use advanced technologies and actively participate in global international programs, one of which is a UN initiative "Sustainable Energy for All". Therefore, Kazakhstan supports the UN initiative "Sustainable Energy for All"; within the Eurasian Economic Union, the country pursues a coordinated energy policy aimed at the efficient use of energy resources, non-discriminatory access to transport systems and formation of a common energy market, as well as development of renewable energy sources [4]. Therefore, on April 25, 2014 the UN Economic Commission for Europe and the Electric Power Council of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed a memorandum of understanding in the field of sustainable energy, including issues of energy efficiency, renewable energy, environmental protection and other agreed areas [5]. It should be noted that the CIS countries carry out considerable work on cooperation in the area of access to energy services, energy efficiency, energy 4 saving, and promotion of renewable energy sources [6]. So even on October 7, 2002 the CIS countries signed the "Agreement on cooperation of CIS countries in the field of energy efficiency and energy saving". The task to form the interstate energy saving policy, through joint action, in particular in the development of technologies for renewable energy is stated in Article 1 of this document. Moreover, constant scaling up of involvement in the energy balance of renewable energy and alternative fuels is in Article 3 of the document. The strategy (main directions) of interaction and cooperation of CIS countries in the field of electric power for the period up to 2020 was approved on May 26, 2005. The CIS Economic Development Strategy for the period up to 2020 (approved by the Council of Heads of CIS of 14 November 2008) was concluded in 2008. This document provided for deeper cooperation in the energy sector in order to optimize the use of energy resources and the development of alternative energy sources including alternative and renewable sources. The Council of the CIS Heads of Government approved the Concept of Cooperation of the CIS countries in the field of energy on November 20, 2009. The Concept is a set of coordinated views and approaches of CIS countries to cooperate in the energy sector. It defines the aims, the main objectives, principles, mechanisms and basic directions of cooperation of CIS countries in this area.