046.qxd 9/25/2006 12:01 PM Page 1 Batch number: 1 CHECKLIST (must be completed before press) (Please cross through any items that are not applicable) Front board: Spine: Back board: ❑ Title ❑ Title ❑ ISBN ❑ Subtitle ❑ Subtitle ❑ Barcode ❑ Author/edited by ❑ Author/edited by Edited by IN ASIA AND GOOD GOVERNANCE CORRUPTION ❑ Series title ❑ Extra logo if required ❑ Extra logo if required Corruption and Good General: ❑ Book size Governance in Asia ❑ Type fit on spine Nicholas Tarling Nicholas CIRCULATED Date: SEEN BY DESK EDITOR: REVISE NEEDED Initial: Date: APPROVED FOR PRESS BY DESK EDITOR Initial: Date: Edited by Nicholas Tarling ,!7IA4BISBN 978-0-415-36904-6 Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia www.routledge.com ï an informa business PC4 Royal Demy B-format Spine back edge Corruption and Good Governance in Asia In recent years much has been said about governance and corruption in Asia, both before and after the 1997 crisis. This edited volume analyses the causes of corruption in East and Southeast Asia and considers the means of limiting and, wherever possible, eliminating the problem through better governance. Taking a country-by-country approach, the book explores the diversity in the quality of governance and patterns of corruption among countries and regions. Insightful analysis of these differences and similarities is used to argue that political will, appropriate structures and legislation, and political transparency are required if corruption is to be stopped. All these are needed along with a strategy relevant to the circumstances of the particular country concerned. This volume outlines the key principles of good governance and the policies and practices essential for their application. Corruption and Good Governance in Asia represents an extremely valuable contribution to our understanding of corruption and how to tackle the problem. Nicholas Tarling is a Fellow of the New Zealand Asia Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia 1 The Police in Occupation Japan Control, corruption and resistance to reform Christopher Aldous 2 Chinese Workers A new history Jackie Sheehan 3 The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia Tai Yong Tan and Gyanesh Kudaisya 4 The Australia–Japan Political Alignment 1952 to the present Alan Rix 5 Japan and Singapore in the World Economy Japan’s economic advance into Singapore, 1870–1965 Shimizu Hiroshi and Hirakawa Hitoshi 6 The Triads as Business Yiu Kong Chu 7 Contemporary Taiwanese Cultural Nationalism A-chin Hsiau 8 Religion and Nationalism in India The case of the Punjab Harnik Deol 9 Japanese Industrialisation Historical and cultural perspectives Ian Inkster 10 War and Nationalism in China 1925–1945 Hans J. van de Ven 11 Hong Kong in Transition One country, two systems Edited by Robert Ash, Peter Ferdinand, Brian Hook and Robin Porter 12 Japan’s Postwar Economic Recovery and Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1948–1962 Noriko Yokoi 13 Japanese Army Stragglers and Memories of the War in Japan, 1950–1975 Beatrice Trefalt 14 Ending the Vietnam War The Vietnamese Communists’ perspective Ang Cheng Guan 15 The Development of the Japanese Nursing Profession Adopting and adapting Western influences Aya Takahashi 16 Women’s Suffrage in Asia Gender, nationalism and democracy Louise Edwards and Mina Roces 17 The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922 Phillips Payson O’Brien 18 The United States and Cambodia, 1870–1969 From curiosity to confrontation Kenton Clymer 19 Capitalist Restructuring and the Pacific Rim Ravi Arvind Palat 20 The United States and Cambodia, 1969–2000 A troubled relationship Kenton Clymer 21 British Business in Post-Colonial Malaysia, 1957–70 ‘Neo-colonialism’ or ‘disengagement’? Nicholas J. White 22 The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead 23 Russian Views of Japan, 1792–1913 An anthology of travel writing David N. Wells 24 The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945 A patchwork of internment Bernice Archer 25 The British Empire and Tibet 1900–1922 Wendy Palace 26 Nationalism in Southeast Asia If the people are with us Nicholas Tarling 27 Women, Work and the Japanese Economic Miracle The case of the cotton textile industry, 1945–1975 Helen Macnaughtan 28 A Colonial Economy in Crisis Burma’s rice delta and the world depression of the 1930s Ian Brown 29 A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan Prince Cuong De (1882–1951) Tran My-Van 30 Corruption and Good Governance in Asia Edited by Nicholas Tarling 31 US–China Cold War Collaboration, 1971–1989 S. Mahmud Ali Corruption and Good Governance in Asia Edited by Nicholas Tarling First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2005 Editorial matter and selection, Nicholas Tarling; individual chapters, the contributors Typeset in Times by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-415-36904-5 Contents List of figures ix List of tables x Notes on contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 NICHOLAS TARLING Keynote speech: corruption 5 NICHOLAS TARLING PART I East Asia 19 1 Developmentalism, corruption, and marketization of public policies in Japan 23 YOICHIRO SATO 2 The reform discourse and China’s war on corruption 39 XIN CHEN 3 Public attitudes to corruption in Taiwan 63 CHING-HSIN YU AND I-CHOU LIU 4 Corruption in the Korean public and private sectors 80 KYONGSOO LHO AND JOSEPH CABUAY 5 The ‘misery’ of implementation: governance, institutions, and anti-corruption in Vietnam 98 SCOTT FRITZEN viii Contents 6 Corruption control in Hong Kong 121 YING SHANG PART II Southeast Asia 145 7 Corruption: the peculiarities of Singapore 149 ALFRED OEHLERS 8 Profiting from disasters: corruption, hazard, and society in the Philippines 165 GREG BANKOFF 9 Corruption in Burma and the corruption of Burma 186 PETER PERRY 10 Governance in Indonesia: developing search strategies 198 AHMAD D. HABIR 11 The state, governance, and corruption in Malaysia 214 EDMUND TERENCE GOMEZ 12 Combating corruption in the transformation of Thailand 245 NUALNOI TREERAT PART III Viewpoints 263 13 Corruption: a challenge for modern governance 265 ANAND SATYANAND 14 Corruption and anti-corruption: an afterword 272 JAMES KEMBER Index 275 Figures 3.1 People’s behaviour in negative cultural practices 69 3.2 Attitude towards negative cultural practices 70 4.1 Number of criminal prosecutions of corrupt officials, 1972–98 93 5.1 Modelling policy implementation 102 5.2 Modelling state–community synergies implied by grassroots democratization 108 6.1 ICAC corruption reports, 1974–2001 129 8.1 Perceived extent of corruption in the public sector, 2000 169 8.2 The Philippines compared to other Eastern and South Asian nations, CPI 2002 170 8.3 Status of cases before the Tanodbayan, 1988–2001 177 8.4 ‘Top ten’ department cases filed before the Sandiganbayan, 1990–98 180 11.1 Model of the practice of political business 217 12.1 Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Thailand scores, 1980–2003 250 12.2 Thailand governance indicators, 1996 and 2002 251 12.3 Freedom House Annual Survey of Press Freedom, Thailand scores, 1994–2002 252 Tables 3.1 Gender and perceptions of negative cultural practices 72 3.2 Age and perceptions of negative cultural practices 73 3.3 Education and negative cultural practices 74 3.4 Career and negative cultural practices 75 3.5 Party support and negative cultural practices 76 3.6 Descriptions and measurements of variables 77–8 4.1 Evaluation table of integrity systems 94–5 6.1 Personal experience of corruption in Hong Kong, 1995–2001 130 6.2 The composition of the directorate, 1970–90 138 6.3 Reports of corruption, 1969–76 139 6.4 Public attitude towards corruption, 1993–2000 140 7.1 Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index, rankings of selected countries, 1995–2002 151 7.2 Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Ltd, corruption trends in Asia, scores of selected countries, 1995–2001 151 8.1 Status of cases before the Tanodbayan, 1988–2001 178 10.1 Indonesian political periods, 1901–98 200 11.1 Bank consolidation exercise: anchor banks and their partners 234–5 Contributors Greg Bankoff, Associate Professor, School of Asian Studies, The Univer- sity of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Joseph Cabuay, Associate Director for International Programs, Korean Institute of International Studies. Xin Chen, New Zealand Asia Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Scott Fritzen, Assistant Professor, The Public Policy Program, National University of Singapore. Edmund Terence Gomez, University of Malaya. Ahmad D. Habir, IPMI Graduate School of Business, Indonesia. James Kember, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Wellington, former Director, New Zealand Asia Institute. Kyongsoo Lho, Executive Director, Korean Institute of International Studies. I-chou Liu, Professor in Department of Political Science and Director of Election Study Center, National Chengchi University, Taiwan. Alfred Oehlers, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. Peter Perry, Geography Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Yoichiro Sato, Associate Professor, Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. Anand Satyanand, Ombudsman, New Zealand. Ying Shang, School of International Studies, Peking University, China. Nicholas Tarling, Professor, New Zealand Asia Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.