Eportfolio Part 2

Part 2, Vos Guides de Révision de Grammaire

L’impératif The imperative forms are used to give commands, orders, or to extend invitations. The three forms to be used are 1.) second person singular, 2.) first person plural, and 3.) second person plural.

1.) Second Person Singular parler =Parle! finir = Finis! vendre = Vends!

2.) First Person Plural parler = Parlons! finir = Finissons! vendre = Vendons!

3.) Second Person Plural parler =Parlez! finir = Finissez! vendre = Vendez!

Common Irregular Forms: Avoir: Aie! Ayons! Ayez! Être: Sois! Soyons! Soyez! Savoir: Sache! Sachons! Sachez!

C’est vs Il est Il (elle) est is typically followed by an adjective, while C’est is typically followed by a noun, but can also be used to refer to a previously mentioned idea. Ex. Il est sympathique. (Il est, followed by an adjective) C'est un Américain. (C’est, followed by a noun)

Passé Composé The passé composé is used to explain what happened in the past and is utilized by using two parts 1.) the present indicative form of either avoir or être and 2.) the past participle of the main verb. While most verbs use avoir for passé composé, all reflexive verbs and verbs of motion use être. ***Important*** When using être, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. The past participle differs between “er”, “ir”, and “re” verbs. er= parler - parlé ir= finir - fini re= vendre - vendu Ex: J’ai mangé des bonbons. Je suis sorti de la maison. Tout Tout can be used as both an adjective and a pronoun, taking different forms.

As an adjective:

Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Plural

Tout Toute Tous Toutes

The adjective tout means the entire, the whole, all, or every. Ex: Je suis fatiguée de toutes ces histoires! Il veut toujours tout faire.

As a pronoun: Masculine Singular Feminine Singular Masculine Plural Feminine Plural

Tout —————————— Tous Toutes The pronoun tout only has one singular form, meaning everything. The plural forms mean everyone or all of them. Ex: Mes enfants sont tous adorables.

Faire Causatif

Faire causatif is used to indicate that the subject is having something done. It is used by conjugating the verb faire + an infinitive.

Ex: Le prof fait signer le bulletin par les parents. (The teacher has the parents sign the report card)

Comparative Adjectives

Used to compare objects in saying that one is equal to, superior to, or inferior to the other.

Equality Superiority Inferiority

aussi + adjective + que plus + adjective + que moins + adjective + que Ex: Le chien est aussi grand que le chat. The dog is as big as the cat.

Superlative Adjectives

To describe something as being better or worse than all others Most Least

le/la/les plus + adjective (+ de) le/la/les moins + adjective (+ de) Ex: Ma mère est le plus sympathique. My mother is the nicest.

Interrogatives

Questions that require a simple affirmative or negative answer: 1. Est-ce que: simply add est-ce que in front of the statement. Ex: Est-ce que tu aimes ton prof? 2. Inversion: (formal way to ask a question) inversion of the subject pronoun and verb. Ex: Aimes-tu ton prof? 3. Addition of n’est-ce pas: N’est-ce pas goes at the end of a phrase and asks the question “Don’t you?” Ex: Tu aimes ton prof, n’est-ce pas? 4. Intonation: Informal and conversational. While asking a question this way, the phrase remains as a statement, but your intonation rises, especially near the end.

Questions that ask for specific information: Begin with an interrogative word: 1. Interrogative adverbs: Combien, comment, où, pourquoi, quand 2. Interrogative adjectives: Quel, quelle, quels, quelles 3. Interrogative pronouns: (invariable): Qui, Que, Quoi (Variable): lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles Imparfait Used to describe conditions that were taking place when another action referred, as well as habitual actions. Often used in conjunction with passé composé.

To conjugate the imparfait: the stem of the first person plural + -ais -ions of the present indicative (the nous stem) -ais -iez -ait -aient

Ex: Stem: -er Je restais nous restions

Nous restons tu restais vous restiez

il/elle/on restait ils/elles/ restaient

Stem: -ir je finissais nous finissions

Nous finissons tu finissais vous finissiez

il/elle/on finissait ils/elles finissaient

Stem -re j’entandais nous entendions

Nous entendons tu entendais vous entendiez

il/elle/on entendait ils/elles entendaient

Pluperfect (Plues-que-parfait) The pluperfect is used when one action precedes another in the past, the verb describing the first action will be in the pluperfect and the second verb will be in either the passé composé or the imperfect.

Formation: imperfect of the auxiliary verb (either avoir or être) and the past participle of the main verb. It is very similar as to the formation of passé composé, but the auxiliary verb is conjugated in the imperfect rather than the present.

Ex: J'étais déjà sorti quand tu as téléphoné. I had already left when you called. Direct and Indirect Objects

Direct Object Pronouns

me, me nous, we/us

te, you vous, you (plural)

le/la, him/her/it les, them

Direct object pronouns replace nouns that are receiving the direct action of the verb.

Ex: Je le mange. I eat it.

Indirect Object Pronouns

Singular Plural

First person me nous

Second Person te vous

Third Person lui leur

Indirect objects are also acted upon by the verb and is preceded by à. If the object is a person or persons than the indirect object pronoun is used. Ex: Nous leur parlons. We talked to them.